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Toi J. F. Smith From: J. F. Cole Date: January 31, 1972 LH 86-Lead Glares for Dlnneruare Enclosed is a copy of a memorandum which was sent to all school officials, principals and art teachers/Delaware by harness R. Gervan. I have reviewed the material and think that it is alright with the exception of the final attachment which was provided by the American Art Clay Company, Inc. In the second paragraph, the statements made are as follows:? "Not all glazes contain lead ingredients and very few contain cadmium. Such blazes swy be used without fear of haeard." I/wougjht this to the attention of Hr. Gervan and advised him that the real test of /the safety of a glaze is its acid resistance, and further, that a glaze may be free of lead and cadmium and still contain toxic substances which may be leached into foodstuffs. He seemed to appreciate this advice and agreed to take up the matter with the American Art Clay Comapny. Hr. Gervan aggesrly accepted my offer to be of assistance in determining is the hobby kilns at the schools are a potential source of high lead exposure. My plan is to contact du Pont to obtain equipment and analyses. Don Lynam will do the actual air sampling. Mr. Gervan had no specific information regarding the diagnosis of the lead poisoning case and said that such information was difficult to obtain because there has been talk of the teacher filing a law suit on this matter. Mr. Gervan did say that if he obtains any specific information regarding blood lead concentrations or other diagnostic parameters, he would inform me of them. / ^ncs. /' 1 LIA-76970 JOHN J. RYAN ASSISTANT SUPERINTENDENTS Dr. J. F. Cole Director of Environmental Health Lead Industries Association 292 Madison Ave. New York, New York 10017 Dear Dr. Cole: ,.A Per our telephone conversation today, I am enclosing a copy of' the letter and attached material that was mailed out to all public schools in Delaware. As I mentioned to you on the phone, Mr. Gervan will be in the office on Friday and he would be more than glad to talk with you at that time. The office phone is AC 302-678-4887. t-dad< (Z 'ft A.vf Sincerely, 1 1- r Doris Joy/eeuusaz, Secretary Supervisor of Art & Music Education /h % fcj/i- dj Enel. LIA-76971 N 1050.01 DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION DOVER. DELAWARE 19901 KENNETH C. MADDEN STATE SUPERINTENDENT December 8, 1971 RANDALL L. BROYLES HOWARD E. ROW JOHN J. RYAN ASSISTANT SUPERINTENDENTS MEMORANDUM TO: Chief School Officers School Principals Art Teachers FROM: James R. Gervan, State Supervisor of Art and Music Education SUBJECT: Ceramic Experience Related Lead Poisoning Report and Recommendations In reference to a recently reported lead poisoning incident in our State, and at the request of Dr. Kenneth Madden, State Superintendent, the following report and recommendations are being distributed. It should be understood very clearly by all school administrators, art teachers, students, parents and hobbyists, that allergenic people should be extremely cautious as to any utilization of materials possibly irritant to their condition. Lead poisoning is the result of accumulated lead intake into the human body systems over an ex tended period of time. The effect on the individual depends on the tolerance level of the individual, and the amount and frequency that lead toxicants are taken into the body. I am pleased to report that the art teacher announced as having lead poisoning, has completed a brief hospital stay with numerous tests and medication and returned to ner teaching position this week. The fact that the art teacher in question has returned to her teach ing position should not in any way diminish our ,joint concern for other persons who may also suffer such an illness in the future. No specific research data on this case indicates directly that ceramic kiln firing or use of ceramic glazes were the immediate source of poisoning, at this time, but extreme caution should be observed by all concerned regarding possible future incidents of a similar nature. One of the known and clearly researched sources of lead poisoning is the use of glazes containing lead and/or cadmium which release in amounts in excess of those allowed by the F.D.A.L.I.B. Test No. 834, and are not safe for use on surfaces which may come into contact with food or drink. American Art Clay Company ceramic glazes on the State Art Supply Listing are clearly labeled as to appropriate uses for the glaze. All persons ordering and/or using these glazes should be careful LIA-76972 N 1050.02 2- - to select acceptable glazes for use on any food or drink ceramic con tainer. A special article about glaze solubility and the FDA test are attached to this memorandum as well as a list of Cone 06 Acid Resistant glazes and a copy of the American Art Clay Company list of lead based glazes. Based on numerous consultations and recent literature, all art teachers and students are urged to comply with the following recommendations concerning ceramic experiences, materials and equipment. 1. Check all ceramic glazes in their schools as to their contents and imprinted cautions for use, and follow manufacturers cautions regarding use. 2. Do not use and discard all glazes that do not clearly indicate manufacturers cautions for use. 3. Clean and wash down all glaze containers and areas where glazes are applied or stored. 4. Students should be required to completely wash hands and skin touched by glaze during glazing process, particularly under finger nails. 5. Do not eat, drink or smoke in any ceramic workshop area. 6. Place all ceramic objects being sprayed with glaze in a direct exhaust spray booth. 7. Check all ceramic kilns as to air leaks around lids or doors as well as around the firing chamber. Repair or replace kilns with air leaks. 8. Check for adequate room ventilation systems in the area where ceramic kilns are fired. Do not permit anyone to be in the immediate vicinity of a kiln during the kiln firing cycle, until further notice as to research on this problem. 9. Read and glaze according to the American Art Clay Company article dated 9/71. (attachment No. 3.) 10. Do not add copper oxide directly or as a stain component to any lead glaze intended for food surfaces. 11. Do not permit students to use any glaze known to show lead and/or cadmium release in excess of the limits indicated in the F.D.A. Laboratory Information Bulletin No. 834 (attachment No. 1), for glazing any ceramic surface which may come in contact with food or drink. LIA-76973 c -3- Persons interested in additional information may wish to obtain and review the following publications. "Lead Glazes for Dinnerware, ILZRO Manual, Ceramics it 1," New York, International Lead Zinc Research Organization, Inc. , 1970. Ceramic Technical Committee, "Lead in the Ceramic Industries," New York, Lead Industries Association, Inc., 1956. C. F. Leiser, "Importance of Lead in Glass," Glass Industry. Orlowski, H. J., and Marquis, J., "Lead Replacements in Dinnerware Glazes," Journal of the American Ceramic Society. Marquis, J. E., "Lead in Glazes - Benefits and Safety Precautions," Proceedings, 1970 Fall Meeting, Materials and Equipment and White Wares Divisions, American Ceramic Society, Columbus, Ohio, American Ceramic Society (1971). Koenig, J. H., "Lead Frits and Fritted Glazes," Ohio State University Studies Engineering Series, Vol. VI, No. 2, Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin No. 95, July, 1937. U. S. Bureau of Mines, Information Circular 8436, Respiratory Protective Devices Approved By the Bureau of Mines as of December 31, 1968: a revi sion of Information Circular 8281, Washington, D.C., by R. H. Schutz and E. J. Kloos, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Dept, of the Interior, (1969). "Facts About Lead Glazes for Art Potters & Hobbyists," Lead Industries Association, Inc., 292 Madison Ave., New York, N. Y. 10017. Any further questions regarding this subject may be addressed to: Mr. James R. Gervan State Supervisor of Art & Music Education Townsend Building Dover, Delaware 19901 Phone: 678-4887 jg/dj Enel. CC - Dr. K. Madden Dr. R. Broyles Mr. R. Hawkins LIA-76974 C ATTACHMENT NO. la Regarding lead release on food contact surfaces: *HOW IS GLAZE SOLUBILITY MEASURED? It has become standard practice In the U. S. dinnerware industry to measure the solubility of a fired glaze by determining its acid re sistance. More specifically, what is determined is the ability of a given concentration of acid to extract glaze ingredients from a sample under rigid test conditions. It is possible, using these tests, to determine the amount of lead, cadmium, copper, barium, or other potentially toxic heavy metals that leach from a glaze. If the glaze has been properly formulated, applied and fired, the quantity of any of these is very small. For lead, it is less than seven parts per million parts of solution - an amount scarcely measur able with accuracy less than 10 years ago. Normally, these extraction tests use an organic acid similar to vinegar. The best current test is that developed by the United States Food and Drug Administration, Division of Compliance Programs, Bureau of Foods. This method was originally published as FDA Laboratory Information Bulletin No. 834, and is produced on the attached page. The FDA test is used to verify and enforce product safety, and has gained universal application in the United States. It has replaced the older ASTM test. All glazed ceramic food utensils manufactured in the United States must meet the FDA lead release guideline of less than 7 micrograms of lead per milliliter of leaching solution when analyzed by the FDA method. *Article and FDA test from, Facts about Lead Glazes for Art Potters And Hobbyists, Lead Industries Association, Inc. July, 1971. JG Dec. 3, 1971 LIA-76975 N 1050.03 ATTACHMENT NO. lb FDA-LIB 34 METHOD FOR Dk TsF,RMJ NATION O EXTRACT CD FROM GLAZED POT Apparatus and Reagents (a) Atomic absorption spectrometer--Perkin-Elmer Model 303 or equivalent, with the following operating conditions: wavelength 218 mm; slit 4; lead hollow cathode lamp; air acetylene burner (0.5 x 110 mm slit) with supply of air at 60 psi (flow meter 9.0) and acetylene at 10 psi (flow meter 9.0) for an aspira tion rate of 0.8 ml/minute. (b) Standard solution--Dissolve any soluble lead salt in 4% acetic acid to a lead concentration of 1 mg/ml. Dilute this standard stock solution with 4% acetic acid to obtain working standards with final concentrations cf 10, 20, 30 and 40 ug of lead per ml. Preparation of Sample (Leaching) Solution (Individually analyze 6 units of each sample.) Prior to analysis wash all vessels with household detergent, followed by a thor ough rinse with distilled water. Discard the wafer and dry the unit; then fill each unit with 4% acetic acid so that the acid comes within Vi" of overflowing the con tainer. Measure the volume of acid, by difference, as the units are being filled (use graduates or burets calibrated "to deliver"). Cover each unit with a watch glass or other suitable cover, being sure not to allow the cover to come in contact with the acid. Let stand at room temperature for 24 hours. Determination Stir sample (leaching) solution and determine absorbence by atomic absorption spectrometry, diluting if required with 4% acetic acid. Determine the absorbence of the standard solutions in a similar fashion. Prepare a standard curve of ab-. sorbence versus concentration. Determine the amount of lead from the standard curve. Calculate results as ug of lead/ml of leaching solution. A sample is considered violative if the average of the six units examined con tains 7.0 ug lead/ml of leaching solution or more. LIA-76976 N 1050.04 ATTACHMENT NO. 2 For art educators, potters and hobbyists making their own glaze, the Lead Industries Association, Inc. included a listing of tested cone 06 glazes in their recent publication, FACTS ABOUT LEAD GLAZES FOR ART POTTERS AND HOBBYISTS, which consistently gave a lead release of less than 7 parts per million (ppm) - even when fired in a static atmosphere electric kiln. The table of Cone 06 tested glazes is produced below: TABLE II CONE 06 ACID RESISTANT GLAZES (Glazes made from $0% Frit and 10% Kaolin) Empirical Formula of Glaze Na,,0 CaO SrO PbO b 2o 3 SI03 ZrO. 1 0.05 0.06 .-- 0.89 0.27 0.15 2.58 0.01 2 0.10 0.14 -- 0.76 0.27 0.32 2.69 0.02 3 0.05 0.07 0.22 0.72 0.27 0.24 2.68 0.01 4 0.16 0.21 .___ 0.63 0.28 0.49 2.80 0.03 5 0.10 0.13 0.14 0.62 0.27 0.36 2.65 0.02 6 0.16 0.20 0.08 0.56 0.27 0.51 2.78 0.03 Weight Per Cent Formula of Glaze 1 0.78 0.93 -- 49.53 6.96 2.71 38.83. 0.25 2 1.61 1.92 -- 42.69 7.03 5.55 40.67 0.52 3 0.81 0.96 5.78 40.51 7.11 4.22 40.34 0.26 4 2.49 2.94 .___ 35.71 7.11 8.54 42.61 0.80 5 1.64 1.96 3.89 36.47 7.13 6.63 41.74 0.53 6 2.51 2.97' 1.97 32.31 7.14 9.12 43.17 0.81 Note; White att of these glazes are clear, numbers 1, 2, and 3 develop a slight yellowish cast. Formula tions 4, 5 and 6 are clear and colorless. N 1050.05 ATTACHMENT NO. 3a GLAZES FOR FOOD AND DRINK. CONTAINERS Recent articles in various news media have aroused a certain amount of public concern relative to possible health hazards in the use of glazed ceramic products used for containing food and drink. Much of this concern has been directed toward the possi bility of the release of lead compounds from glazes and, more recently, questions have arisen relative to similar hazards in respect to cadmium compounds. Not all glazes contain lead ingredients and very few contain cadmium. Such glazes may be used wlthdut fear of hazard. The AMERICAN^AKUTCLAY C0, INC. preceded the field more than thirty years ago by developing a group of leadless glazes expressly for use on food containing pottery. The AMACO F-Series glazes together with many other AMACO glazes which contain no lead or cadmium are listed by number on the reverse side. The AMERICAN ART CLAY CO., INC. has, for over forty years, supplied a wide range of products without any known instance of health impairment resulting from their use. We feel this record speaks for itself relative to the practical safety of our products. The possibility does exist, however, that some glazes, when exposed to the attack of food chemicals, may dissolve lead and/or cadmium compounds into foods and be ingested to the extent of health impairment. Not all lead-containing glazes present this problem, since the design of a stable lead glaze incorporating other chemicals in proper balance will reduce the vulnerability of the fired glaze to the attack of food chemicals. We might interject, at this point, that it would be impossible for any glaze manufac turer to offer any guarantee of the finished properties of his products, since the application and firing of a glaze is a most important factor over which the supplier has no control. All statements concerning the safety of a glaze will presuppose the careful adherence of the user to the application and firing requirements as specified by the manufacturer. Most glazed potteiy surfaces will never contact food: purely decorative pieces, exterior surfaces of mugs and bowls, etc. Any glaze may be used for such applications without concern. For such surfaces as could possibly contact foods, it is reasonable that some assurance be provided. To this end, the United States Potters Association in con junction with the Federal Food and Drug Administration have established, accurate test ing procedures and acceptable standards of test results for any glaze proposed for food contact use. The composition of most AMACO glazes would indicate that they would pass such tests. Before making any claims, however, the AMERICAN ART CLAY CO., INC. is currently embarked upon a program of submitting each of its several hundred glaze pro ducts to outside laboratories for testing. Many AMACO glazes have passed the test. These glazes are included in the glaze classification list. Same items, admittedly, have failed and are also appropriately listed. These products are currently under re vision to provide as many safe items as possible. Hence, the attached list is con stantly being changed with the hope that nearly all AMACO products may eventually be used without concern for this matter. To further assure the confidence of our customers, special labeling techniques have been instituted, advising the user of the relative safety of the fired glaze. Due to the large quantity of AMACO glaze already manufactured and/or in distributors* stocks, it will be some time before every container is identified as to suitability for use. We believe that in the light of the preceding statements, you will wish to continue your use of AMACO glazes, confident that the AMERICAN ART CLAY CO., INC. is, as always, vitally concerned in customer well-being. LIA-76978 N 1050.06 F-l F-10 F-ll f -i 3 F-22 F-23 F-30 F--IjO F-hl f -3o f -3i f -32 f -33 f -6o f -6i HF-11 h f -13 f t ATTACHMENT NO. AMACO GIAZES WHOSE PRESENT PRODUCTION FORMULAS CONTAIN NO LEAD OR CADMIUM BEARING INGREDIENTS 3b HF-lh h f -i 3 h f -i 6 HF-17 HF-22 HF-23 HF-26 HF-31 HF-32 HF-U2 HF-hh HF-32 HF-60 HF-61 LF-901 LF-910 LF-911 LF-920 LF-921 LF-930 Lb'-932 LF-9I4I LF-9h3 LF-930 l f -933 LM-l IM-10 IM-11 LM-15 IM-16 LM-20 rn-23 LM-30 (MG-201) (MG-210) (mw -Ul o ) (MG-216) (MW-U21) LM-UO LM-U2 IM-I46 LM-37 IM-60 l t -13 LT-16 MG-202 MG-213 MG-220 MG-221 MG-222 MG-230 MG-231 MG-2I4I MG-2I42 MG-2UI4 (MG-2hO) (MG-26h) MG-230 MG-260 MS-261 MW-ljOl MW-UL3 MW-U20 MW-U23 MW-U30 MW-h31 MW-U32 MW-IiItO MW-hhl MW-UU3 mw -1(3o MW-h3h MW-U60 MW-U61 AG-121 AG-122 AG-130 AG-161 AG-166 CTL-1 CTL-3 CTL-33 c t l -63 GG-20 GG-23 GG-23 GG-30 GG-3h GG-36 AMACO GLAZES WHICH IN PRESENT PRODUCTION CONTAIN SOME LEAD BEARING INGREDIENTS, BUT HAVE PASSED THE TEST FOR LEAD RELEASE. NONE OF THESE GLAZES CONTAIN ANY CADMIUM COMPOUNDS. GG-ljO GG-it2 GG-hh GG-1(8 GG-31 GG-3h g g -33 GG-60 GG-62 GG-760 HF-1 HF-2 HF-10 HF-20 HF-21 HF-30 IF-ho HF-hl HF-h3 LG-1 LG-10 LG-11 LG-lh LG-21 LG-2h LG-32 LG-30 LG-32 LG-61 l g -63 LT-3 (GG-1) (GG-10) (GG-11) (GG-21) (GG-2h) (GG-32) (g g -3o ) (g g -32) (g g -61) (g g -63) (GG-3) LT-12 LT-13 LT-2U LT-30 LT-31 LT-32 LT-h8 LT-113 LT-113 LT-133 LT-lh7 0-2 0-11 0-20 0-23 0-26 (AG-12h) (GG-31) (AG-113) (AG-113) (AG-131) (AG-1U7) 0-h2 0-32 o-37 0-60 SGE-l SGE-11 SGE-13 SGE-20 SGE-22 SGE-23 SGE-31 SGE-33 SGE-hO SGE-h2 SGE-30 SGE-60 AG-lhh CTL-11 CTL-12 CTL-20 CTL-22 CTL-3h AMACO GLAZES WHICH, IN TEST, HAVE SHOWN LEAD AND/OR CADMIUM RELEASE IN AMOUNTS IN EXCESS OF THOSE ALLOWED AND ARE NOT SAFE FOR USE ON SURFACES WHICH MAI COME INTO CONTACT WITH FOOD OR DRINK. CTL-h2 CTL-50 CTL-3h GG-26 GG-hl GG-h3 g g -36 IF-923 LF-9hO LF~9h2 LF-9h6 LF-932 LF-933 IF-93h IF-960 IF-961 l f -963 LG-2 LG-26 LG-h6 (GG-2) (GG-h6) LG-33 LG-66 IM-30 im-32 LM-63 LT-22 LT-lh2 (g g -33) (GG-66) (MW-h3l) (AG-lh2) AMERICAN ART CLAY CO., INC. Ii717 West Sixteenth St., Indianapolis, Indiana 1(6222 LIA-76979