Document ppGY815wO5knzMydJX4XZj9Rk
uate
CertainTeecO
March 30, 1977
Subject
FIBER RELATIVE STRENGTHS
10
See Below i
A
Mr. F. E. Hawkins
location and mail code See Below
Location and mail code VF P&PG #8
Mr. R. Wingartner Mr. J. L. Anderson Mr. H. G. Benhardt Mr. S. G. Leyshock Mr. N. Rhoades Mr. L. C. Kurfuerst Mr. M. R. Streepy Mr. T. A. Dougherty Mr. J. P. McGinley Mr. J. W. Walker
Santa Clara #256 Hillsboro #257 Ambler #258 St. Louis #259 Riverside #260 VF P&PG #8 VF P&PG #8 VF P&PG #2B VF P&PG #2B VF P&PG #8
PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT
He have reviewed all of our relative strength determinations made since August 1974 and have collected the results and test data in one report 1976 Relative Strengths for Asbestos Fiber which is attached. Reading of the first thirteen pages of the report should yield an understanding of the fiber test and of the precision of the results. The remaining pages cover the raw data from the laboratory and can be examined if you wish further information on the tests.
FEH/kem Enclosure - 1976 Relative Strengths for ABbestos Fiber
RECEIVED
t 1377
i-as-ooos i*
CTD000861
rn
1976 Relative Strengths for Asbestos Fiber
LJ
\/. $. /^i aj2o -r>uis
John A. Malone
March 21, 1977
prprrjycQ
" 1 1777
CTD000862
1976 Relative Strength Values for Asbestos Fibers
Objective of Report In 1976 the relative strengths of asbestos fibers were re-evaluated and the
values were Increased by an average of about 13 per cent. There has been some reluctance to fully accept these new values. The objective of this report is to 6how how the new values were determined, to show the reproducibility of the data, and to show how the new values can predict the relative strength of fiber blends processed in the pipe plants. It is hoped that readers of the report will become convinced that the 1976 relative strengths are reasonable values and can be used with confidence.
Description of Procedure Historically the term "Relative Strength" was first used in 1953 to define the
asbestos-cement reinforcing characteristics of an asbestos fiber as a percentage of strength supplied by a specially prepared C&G/3 sample which was chosen as standard. The laboratory test procedure used to determine this relative strength is detailed in CertainTeed Technical Specification TM-7, and is included in the Chrysotile Asbestos Test Manual published jointly by the Asbestos Textile Institute and the Quebec Asbestos Mining Association.
In the evaluation of a fiber for relative strength, test cakes containing a specified amount of asbestos, cement, and pulverized silica are prepared under controlled conditions by mixing the dry materials with water, filtering the resulting slurry under vacuum in a Buchner funnel, and pressing the filtered cakes in a confined mold. The pressed samples are then cured under controlled humidity conditions, and are finally autoclaved using saturated steam. After curing, the cakes are dried and
CTD000863
2
then tested in flexure in two directions. From the average breaking load, the reinforcing characteristics of the fiber being evaluated relative to the standard are determined and expressed as relative strength. Aside from following the specified procedure in detail, it is essential for reliable results that a uniform slurry distribution be obtained in the Buchner funnel during cake formation, and that damage to the wet samples due to improper handling be carefully avoided.
Standard Fiber
Since the original supply of standard C&G/3 is almost gone, a new fiber
(Cassiar AX) was standardized against the C&G/3. The results obtained are lis-ted
in the appendix on page 15. Three tests were run, each consisting of nine standard
C&G/3 cakes and six Cassiar AX cakes. The relative strengths obtained were as
follows:
Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Average
93 93 96 94
This average of 94 was used for the standard Cassiar AX in determining the
1976 relative strength values.
Example of Relative Strength Determination (Relative Strength of Cassiar AK) In practice, three standard cakes are prepared at three different fiber contents
for a total of nine cakes to establish an average flexural breaking load versus fiber percentage curve for the standard. Using the current standard Cassiar AX with a relative strength of 94, the following is an example determination of the relative strength for Cassiar AK.
CTD000864
TABLE 1 Standard Cassiar AX - Flexural Strength
Sample
3% Fiber pounds average
1 82 83.0 84
2 106 104.0 102
3 107 103.5 100
Median Average
101 97
9% Fiber
pounds
average
152 156.5 161 157 150.0 143 152 165.5 179
155 157
15% Fiber
pounds
average
226 219.0 212 216 221.0 226 232 233.5 235
226 225
Cassiar AK - Flexural Strength
Sample 1 2 3
Median Average
15% Fiber pounds
249 281 259 275 257 292
267 269
average 265.0 267.0 274.5
CTD000865
4
A set of standard cakes was run to determine the strength contribution of the cement and silica and the breaking load for the 15 per cent standard fiber cakes. At the same time, three cakes were made containing 15 per cent of the Cassiar AK. Each cake was broken twice. After the first break the two halves were placed to gether and the cakes were broken into quarters. The results obtained are tabulated in Table 1.
The data for the standard were then plotted^Figure l^and the breaking loads for the 0 per cent and 15 per cent fiber points determined from the graph. (When the data is scattered from a straight line, the graph is constructed by the least squares method in order to get the best fit for the data. In the present case, this was not necessary).
"Standard Cassiar AX"
Breaking Load 157. Standard AX
225 pounds
Breaking Load 0% Fiber
6A pounds
Breaking Load 15% Cassiar AK
269 pounds
Relative Strength Standard AX
94
Relative Strength Cassiar AK = (269 - 64) (94)/(225 - 64) = 120
Reproducibility of Relative Strength Tests Inherent in the test procedure are differences in strength caused by variations
in curing conditions, variations in the cement, silica, and fiber used, variations in drying conditions, and the ever present unknown factors. It has been found, howeve that these effects tend to cancel out when a fiber is always evaluated against a standard, and although the absolute strengths might vary, the relative results hold fairly constant. As an example are the following results for Clinton CY which was tested three times using the same fiber sample.
CTD000867
6
Breaking Load CY Breaking Load Standard (1) Breaking Load 0% Fiber (1) Relative Strength Raw Data Appendix Page
Test 1
210 225
64 85 19
Test 2
208 226
60 84 20
Test 3
218 234
89 84 21
It should be noted in the foregoing that the breaking loads for the 0 per cent and 15 per cent fiber points in the case of the standard were taken from the average flexural breaking load versus fiber percentage curve. The breaking load for the 15 per cent fiber point used in the Test 3 relative strength calculation is 4 pounds lower than the average experimental value for 15 per cent standard Cassiar AX. This results from the influence of the 3 per cent and 9 per cent standard fiber cakes on the average curve.
Statistical Evaluation of Relative Strength Values
Another way of looking at the accuracy of the test is to compute the probability
of being off by 5 relative strength units. This can be done roughly by using all
the data we have on test fibers and the standard fiber and calculating an estimate of
the variance of the average breaking loads. In making a fiber strength evaluation,
the following cases can occur;
Case
Average Breaking
Load of Test Cakes
Standard
Test Fiber
Effect on Relative Strength Value
1
high
high
2 low low
3
high
low
4 low high
minimal minimal gives low values gives high valuea
Cases 1 and 2 give relative strengths closer to the true values than Cases 3 and 4. If Case 3 occurs, we will rate the fiber on the low side and therefore will
CTD000868
7
overformulate. Case 4 would result in underformulating since the relative strength of the fiber blend would actually be lower than calculated. This worse case will be looked at in the following.
We will calculate an estimate of how often a relative strength value can be expected to be 5 units higher than its true value. After the estimate is completed, we will calculate the effect of a 5 unit high fiber rating on the effectiveness of furnish.
Using the data for the standard AX and the test fibers given in the Appendix, the variance of each cake average test break from the average breaking load for all the cakes in that test was calculated.
2 S=
-2 (X - X) N-1
X = Average of the 2 breaking loads for a cake
X = Average breaking loads for all cakes of the test
N = Total number of cakes - degrees of freedom used in calculating averages = 261 - 75 = 186
S2 = 14,068.86 "*155-- = 76,047
S = >/76.047 =* 8.72 Then since we use 3 cakes in a test, the standard deviation of the average is:
S = 8.72 = 5.03 lbs.
X TT
=
Now we will calculate what changes in breaking load of the test and standard fibers would result in a 5 unit change in relative strength. To do this, we will take a test case which is similar to many of our fibers.
CTD000869
8
Assume: 1) Test fiber has a true relative strength of 105 2) Standard fiber cake break at an average of 225 3) 0% fiber cake break correction of 64 pounds
Then:
X - 64 225 - 64
X
94
=
105
X = 244 breaking load of test fiber
The next calculation is what the breaking load of the test fiber and of the standard fiber must change to give a 5 unit increase in the test fiber relative strength. It is assumed both fibers vary by the same amount, the test fiber high the standard fiber low.
244 + Y - 64 x 94 - 110 225 - Y - 64
Y = 3.87 lbs Therefore, if the average breaking load is 3.87 lbs high for the test fiber and
3.87 lbs low for the standard fiber, the relative strength will be 5 units high.
Now to calculate the probability of this difference to occur. Using Sx as representative of
Z = 3.87 = 3.87 = .7694 5.03
The area under the normal distribution curve from Z-> Goto Z = 0.769 is .2212. Thus there are 22.12 chances out of 100 that an average of the breaking load of 3 cakes will be more than 3.87 lbs high or low. The possibility that the test fiber would be high by this amount at the same time the standard fiber would be low by that amount is then calculated by:
CTD000870
9
22.12 X 22.12 = .0489 100 100
or 1 chance out of 20.4
Thus there is about 1 chance out of 20 that we would rate a fiber 5 units more than its actual value.
Then to calculate how much a change of 5 units would make in the effectiveness of furnish -
Assume -
1) Relative Strength of Fiber Blend = 100
2) Amount of over-rated fiber
25%
3) Effectiveness of Furnish
1550
4) All other fibers rated correctly
so there are no compensating errors.
Relative Strength of Fiber Blend would be reduced by:
(.25 x 110 - .25 x 105) = 1.25 units
The fiber blend would then have a relative strength of 98.75 units and the Effectiveness of Furnish would be 1531 instaed of 1550. This is a small variable in making pipe.
Old and 1976 Relative Strengths Table II is a tabulation of the relative strength figures now in use compared
with the old values.
Note that the 1976 relative strengths are higher than the old values. The reason for this increase is mainly due to greater opening, although it may also result
CTD000871
Fiber
Clinton Clinton Cassiar Russian Cassiar Asb. Corp. Blue BT/AD Havelock JM JM Russian Russian Bell Blue ML6 Cassiar Asb. Corp. Asb. Corp. C&G C&G C&G Clinton
CT CY AK P-5 AX 40
4
5 *2 - ZS
P-4 P-3 4/'-Set'
AS
44TJ J&C
ir) 4r)
5 4 3 CP
Relative Strength
92 65 110 70 90 94 85 95 70 90 90 97 90 96 97 102 90 90 104 120+ 100
CTD000872
Clinton CT Clinton CY
Cassiar AK Cassiar AS Cassiar AX Cassiar AZ
JM 4T-30 JM 5R-28
Corp. 4D Corp. 4j Corp. 4T
Russian P-5
Pacific 4T Pacific 5R
ML-6 Blue BT/AD Blue
Old Values
92 65
110 97 90 73
90 70
94 102
90
70
90 70
96 85
TABLE II
Relative Strengths
1976 Values
104 84
120 114 105
83
93 76
106 108 107
81
105 75
106 94
1976 T&N
Surface Area sq.cm./g.
8,300 9,900
9,000 9,000 9,000 11,200
16,200 13,300
11,900 9,500
12,200
12,700
12,400 12,300
13,300 ___
Raw Data for 1976 Value Appendix Page
18 19-21
22 23 24 25
26 27
28 . 29 30
31-33
34 35
36 ----
CTD000873
11
in the case of some fibers from improvements at the mine.
Relative Strength of Plant Prepared Fiber Blends
(Calculated versus Experimental Values)
Over the years, many tests have been run on plant processed fiber blends. In
these evaluations, test cakes containing 15 per cent of the blend were prepared and
the relative strengths determined in the same manner as for individual fibers. The
results of these tests are given in Table III, where they are compared with the
strengths predicted by using the old and the 1976 relative strength values. Following
is an example calculation of these predicted strengths for Blend 17 received from
Plant 256 during October 1974.
Per Old
Cent
Values
Per Cent
1976 Values
Cassiar AS Clinton CT Cassiar AX Clinton CY Total
20 X 30 X 15 X 35 X 100
97 - 1940 92 = 2760 90 = 1350 65 - 2275
8325
20 X 30 X 15 X 35 X 100
114 = 2280 104 = 3120 105 = 1575
84 = 2940 9915
Predicted Strength (using old values)
8325/100 = 83
Predicted Strength (using 1976 values)
9915/100 = 99
Experimental Relative Strength
97
The data in Table III are arranged in chronological order. Note that the relative strengths calculated with the old values were always lower than the relative strengths determined experimentally in the laboratory. The figures in parentheses indicate those cases where the relative strengths determined experimentally in the laboratory were lower than the relative strengths calculated with the 1976 values. Note that all but two of these cases occurred in 1974 when the plants were running with low surface areas. After 1974 the plants were opening the fibers to a
CTD000874
TABLE III
12
Blench Plant
256 17 257 86 258 85 259 76 260 86
257 115
256 71 257 187 258 170 259 62 260 84 257 Std. 258 stdn 259 std-S 260 Std.
256 20X 256 20
258 64 258 64
258 94
257 61
258 144
260 49
257 105
257 125
Laboratory Calcalated Strength
Date
10/74 10/74 10/74 10/74 10/74
8/75
12/75 12/75 12/75 12/75 12/75
2/76 3/76 3/76 2/76
3/76 3/76
5/76 5/76
6/76
7/76
8/76
9/76
9/76
11/76
Laboratory Relative Strength
(97) (100)
(94) (94) (95)
101
100 113 (102) 105 106
118 108 110 110
106 110
99 109
(98)
120
104
120
114
111
Calculated. Strength
Old 1976
Values
Values
83 99 90 102 87 95 91 101 88 101
89 101
85 99 90 103 95 109 92 104 87 100
89 102 89 102 89 102 89 102
89 100 86 101
88 99 88 99
88 100
88 101
87 97
88 101
86 97
93 105
TOT Surface
Area sc], cmffg.
8,000 8,400 10,300 8,000 9,100 11,400
9,900^ 11,400
9,700 9,300 9,300
11,800
8,800 9,900 10,400
9,100 9,100
9,300 11,000
12,000
10,900
10,300
10,600
11,400
12,700
Raw Data Appendix
Page
41 42 42 45 44-46
47
47 47 49 49 49
51 51 52 52
53 53
54 54
55
56
57
58
58
60
<
Blends are given in the Appendix starting on page 37. Passed through two willow mills in series. Same fiber blend used in all plants. Appendix IV page 39.
CTD000875
13
greater degree and in only two cases out of twenty were the relative strengths determined experimentally in the laboratory lower than expected by calculations based on the 1976 figures. On the average after 1974 the relative strengths of the plant blends were about 7 per cent higher than the strengths calculated with these 1976 figures.
Considering the things that can happen between dumping bags of fiber into a mixer and getting a sample from the willow, these data indicate that the plants are doihg a good job and that the relative strength values are a reasonably accurate tool for use in formulating fiber blends.
CTD000876
APPENDIX I
Initially 3, 9, and 15 per cent Standard Cassiar AX samples were prepared to establish the standard curve for relative strength evaluations. Because of difficulty in handling the wet test cakes .containing 3 per cent fiber, however, the percentages were later changed to 5, 10 and 15 per cent. Further, average flexural breaking loads were used initially in relative strength calculations, but median values were used in later work as being statistically more reliable with the relatively small number of samples involved.
CTD000877
APPENDIX II
Sample 1 2 3
Median Average
Standardization of Cassiar AX vs C&G/3 Standard
Standard Cassiar AX - Test #1
Standard C&G/3 (1953 Sample) - Flexural Strength
3% Fiber pounds average
9% Fiber pounds average
157. Fiber pounds average
93 91.0 89 80 85.5 91 84 77.0 70
165 156.0 147 176 174.5 173 170 167.5 165
233 239.0 245 253 238.5 224 238 251.0 264
87 168 242 85 166 243
Standard Cassiar AX - Flexural Strength
Sample
157 Fiber
pounds
average
1 210 222.5 235
2 229 230.5 232
3 210 233.0 256
4 222 232.5 243
5 221 232.0 243
6 247 233.0 219
Median Average
231 231
From Average Standard C&G/3 Curve (using average values)
Breaking Load 157. C&G/3 Breaking Load 07. Fiber Relative Strength Std. AX
244 pounds 46 93
CTD000878
Sample 1 2 3
Median Average
Standard Cassiar AX - Test #2
Standard C&G/3 (1953 Sample) - Flexural Strength
37. Fiber pound:s average
97. Fiber pounds average
157. :Fiber pounds average
90 92.5
95 94 91.5 89 69 77.0 85
166 156.5 147 170 169.5 169 140 143.0 146
269 235.5 202 262 254.0 246 237 238.5 240
90 157 243 87 156 243
Standard Cassiar AX - Flexural Strength
Sample
157. Fiber
pounds
average
1 233 237.5 242
2 236 225.0
214 3 229 236.5
244 4 240 224.0
208 5 216 223.0
230 6 208 214.0
220
Median Average
230 227
From Average Standard C&G/3 Curve (Using average values)
Breaking Load 157. C&G/3 Breaking Load 07. Relative Strength Std. AX
240 pounds 45 93
CTD000879
Sample 1 2 3
Median Average
Standard Cassiar AX - Test #3
Standard C&G/3 (1953 Sample) - Flexural Strength
37. Fiber pounds average
89 82.0 75 65 68.5 72 68 69.5 71
72 73
97. Fiber pounds average
150 147.5 145 158 159.0 160 162 137.5 113
154 148
157. Fiber pounds average
237 227.5 218 217 229.5 242 210 227.5 245
228 228
Standard Cassiar AX- Flexural Strength
Sample 1 2 3 4 5 6
pounds
224 211 243 224 234 212 225 210 220 206 217 215
157. Fiber
average 217.5 233.5 223.0 217.5 213.0 216.0
Median Average
219 220
From Average Standard C&G/3 Curve (Using average values)
Breaking Load 157. C&G/3 Breaking Load 0% Fiber Relative Strength Std. AX
228 pounds 34 96
CTD000880
APPENDIX III
Relative Strength Tests for Fibers
Sample 1 2 3
Median Average
Standard Cassiar AX - Flexural Strength
37. Fiber pounds average
97. Fiber pounds average
157. Fiber pounds average
82 83.0 84 106 104.0 102 107 103.5 100
152 156.5 161 157 150.0 143 152 165.5 179
226 219.0 212 216 221.0 226 232 233.5 235
101 155 226 97 157 225
Clinton CT - Flexural Strength
Sample
157. Fiber
pounds
average
1 238 235.0 232
2 249 249.0 249
3 246 241.5 237
Median Average
242 242
From Average Standard AX Curve (Using average values)
Breaking Load 157. Std. AX Breaking Load 07. Fiber Relative Strength CT
225 pounds 64
104
CTD000881
Clinton CY Fiber - Test #1
Standard Cassiar AX - Flexural Strength Same standard as for Clinton CT Fiber Appendix III Page 18.
Clinton CY - Flexural Strength
Sample
157. Fiber
pounds
average
1 205 206.5 208
2 207 213.5 220
3 197 211.0 225
Median Average
208 210
From Average Standard AX Curve (Using average values)
Breaking Load 157. Std. AX Breaking Load 07. Fiber Relative Strength CY
225 pounds 64 85
CTD000882
Clinton CY Fiber - Test #2
Standard Cassiar AX - Flexural Strength Same as standard for JMR-28 Fiber Appendix III Page 27.
Clinton CY - Flexural Strength
Sample
157. Fiber
pounds
average
1 2 3
Median Average
206 196 232 198 216 199
203 208
201.1 215.0 207.5
From Average Standard AX Cruve (Using average values)
Breaking Load 15% Std. AX Breaking Load 0% Fiber Relative Strength CY
226 pounds 60 84
20
CTD000883
Clinton CY Fiber - Test #3
Sample 1 2 3
Median Average
Standard Cassiar AX - Flexural Strength
3% Fiber pounds average
97. Fiber pounds average
157. Fiber pounds average
111 125.0 139 133 128.5 124 128 114.5 101
143 156.0 169 174 164.5 155 179 176.5 174
225 238.5 252 259 248.0 237 220 228.5 237
126 172 237 123 166 238
Clinton CY - Flexural Strength
Sample
157. Fiber
pounds
average
1 212 218.5 225
2 204 216.5 229
3 243 219.0 195
Median Average
219 218
From Average Standard AX Curve (Using average values)
Breaking Load 157. Std. AX Breaking Load 07. Fiber Relative Strength CY
234 pounds 88 84
CTD000884
Cassiar AK Fiber
Standard Cassiar AX - Flexural Strength Same Standard as Clinton CT Fiber Appendix III Page 18.
Cassiar AK - Flexural Strength
Sample
15% Fiber
pounds
average
1 249 265.0 281
2 259 267.0 275
3 257 274.5 292
Median Average
267 269
From Average Standard AX Curve (Using average values)
Breaking Load 157. Std. AX Breaking Load 07. Fiber Relative Strength AK
225 pounds
64 120
CTD000885
Cassiar AS Fiber
Sample 1 2 3
Median
.
Standard Cassiar AX - Flexural Strength
37. Fiber pounds average
9% Fiber pounds average
157. Fiber pounds average
73 74.5 76 76 72.0 68 90 83.5 77
143 139.5 136 157 140.0 123 141 141.5 142
212 213.5 215 193 205.5 218 202 198.0 194
76 142 77 140
207 206
Cassiar AS - Flexural Strength
Sample
15% Fiber
pounds
average
1 229 233.0 237
2 234 242.5 251
3 250 .249.5 249
Median
243 242
From Average Standard AX Curve (Using Median Values)
Breaking Load 157. Std. AX Breaking Load 07. Fiber Relative Strength AS
208 pounds 44 114
CTD000886
Cassiar AX Fiber
Sample 1 2 3
Median Average
Standard Cassiar AX - Flexural Strength
37. Fiber pounds average
97. Fiber pound s average
157. Fiber pounds average
92 80.0 68 71 82.5 94 96 88.5 81
157 152.5 148 143 142.5 142 152 146.0 140
209 207.0 205 225 211.0 197 214 218.0 222
87 146 212 84 147 212
Cassiar AX - Flexural Strength
Sample
157. Fiber
pounds
average
1 226 226.0 226
2 259 250.0 241
3 212 212.5 213
Median Average
226 230
From Average Standard AX Curve (Using average values)
Breaking Load 157. Std. AX Breaking Load 07. Fiber Relative Strength AX
211 pounds 51
105
CTD000887
Cassiar AZ Fiber
Sample 1 2 3
Median
Standard Cassiar AX - Flexural Strength
3% Fiber pounds average
9% Fiber pounds average
15% Fiber pounds average
64 69.0 74 79 79.0 79 71 66.5 62
143 144.0 145 148 141.0 134 140 144.5 149
197 204.5 212 205 206.0 207 219 230.0 241
73 144 210 72 143 214
Cassiar AZ - Flexural Strength
Sample
pounds
15% Fiber average
1 187 181.0 175
2 173 184.0 195
3 205 201.5 198
Median Average
191 189
From Average Standard AX Curve (Using median values)
Breaking Load 15% Std. AX Breaking Load 0% Fiber Relative Stemgth AZ
212 pounds 40 83
CTD000888
Sample 1 2 3
Median
JM 4T-30 Fiber
Standard Cassiar AX - Flexural Strength
3% Fiber pounds average
9% Fiber pounds average
15% Fiber pounds average
93 88.5 84 82 80.0 78 80 79.5 79
155 175 170 146 147 *140
165.0 158.0 143.5
245 234.0 223 235 228.0 221 222 217.5 213
81 151 223 83 156 227
Sample 1 2 3 4 5 6
Median Average
JM 4T-30 - Flexural Strength
pounds
15% Fiber average
203 221.0 239 219 216.0 213 240 237.5 235 203 213.5 224 223 229.0 235 240 234.0 228
226 225
From Average Standard AX Curve (Using average values)
Breaking Load 15% Std. AX Breaking Load 0% Fiber Relative Strength JM 4T-30
227 pounds 47 93
CTD000889
JM 5R-28 Fiber
Sample 1 2 3
Median Average
Standard Cassiar AX - Flexural Strength
37. Fiber pounds average
97. Fiber pounds average
157. Fiber pounds average
67 78.5 90 85 87.0 89 98 106.0 114
155 158.0 246 226.5 161 207 159 161.0 243 218.0 163 193 168 167.5 212 223.5 167 235
90 162 224 91 162 223
JM 5R-28 - Flexural Strength
Sample
pounds
157. Fiber average
1 208 202.5 197
2 203 193.5 184
3 171 187.0 203
Median Average
200 194
From Average Standard AX Curve (Using Average Values)
Breaking Load 157. Std. AX Breaking Load 0% Fiber Relative Strength JM 5R-28
226 pounds 60 76
CTD000890
Corp. 4D Fiber
Sample 1 2 3
Median Average
Standard C&G/3 (1953 Sample) - Flexural Strength
37. Fiber pounds average
97. Fiber pounds average
157. Fiber pounds average
95 76.5 58 61 70.5 80 85 84.0 83
154 150.5 147 181 166.5 152
137 148.5 160
219 212.0 205 231 226.5 222 215 220.0 225
82 153 221 77 155 220
Corp. 4D - Flexural Strength
Sample
pounds
157. Fiber average
1 246 245.5 245
2 233 243.5 254
3 233 222.5 212
4 239 220.0 201
5 233 231.5 230
6 249 237.5 226
Median Average
233 233
From Average Standard C&G/3 Curve (Using Average Values)
Breaking Load 157. C&G/3 Breaking Load 0L Fiber Relative Strength Corp. 4D
223 pounds 44
106
CTD000891
Corp. 4j Fiber
Standard C&G/3 (1953 Sample) - Flexural Strength Same Standard as Corp. 4D Fiber Appendix III Page 28.
Corp. 4J - Flexural Strength
Sample 1 2 3 4 5 6
Median Average
157. Fiber pounds
222 220 212 247 243 252 230 223 235 255 243 260
239 237
average 221.0 229.5 247.5 226.5 245.0 251.5
From Average Standard C&G/3 Curve (Using Average Values)
. Breaking Load 157. C&G/3 Breaking Load 07. Fiber Relative Strength Corp. 4J
223 pounds 44
108
CTD000892
Corp. AT Fiber
Standard Cassiar AX - Flexural Strength Same standard as Cassiar AX Fiber page 24.
Sample 1 2 3
Median Average
Corp. 4T - Flexural Strength
15% Fiber
pounds
average
252 235.5 219 233 234.0 235 229 228.5 228
231 233
From Average Standard AX Curve (Using Average Values)
Breaking Load 15% Std. AX Breaking Load 0% Fiber Relative Strength Corp. 4T
211 pounds 51
107
CTD000893
Russian P-5 Fiber - Sample #1
Sample 1 2 3
Median
Standard Cassiar AX - Flexural Strength
37. Fiber pounds average
97. Fiber pounds average
157. Fiber pound s average
75 86.5 98 84 87.0 90 87 91.0 95
157 149.0 141 161 153.0 145 160 158.5 157
214 229.5 245 260 236.0 212 202 212.5 223
89 157 219 88 154 226
Russian P-5 - Flexural Strength
Sample
pounds
157. Fiber average
1 211 199.0 187
2 238 214.5 191
3 224 213.5 203
Median Average
207 209
From Average Standard AX Curve (Using Average Values)
- Breaking Load 15% Std. AX ' Breaking Load 0% Fiber
Relative Strength Russian P-5
225 pounds 52 85
CTD000894
Russian P-5 Fiber - Sample #2
Sample 1 2 3
Median Average
Standard Cassiar AX - Flexural Strength
37. Fiber pounds average
80 80.0 80 74 78.5 83 73 82.0 91
80 80
97. Fiber pounds average
142 156.5 171 165 149.5 134 148 151.0 154
151 152
157. Fiber pounds average
237 235.0 233 235 215.5 196 221 218.0 215
227 223
Russian P-5 - Flexural Strength
Sample
157. Fiber
pounds
average
1 178 179.0
180 2 181 179.5
178 3 193 183.0
173
Median Average
179 181
From Average Standard AX Curve (Using Average Values)
- Breaking Load 157. Std. AX ' Breaking Load 0% Fiber
Relative Strength Russian P-5
224 pounds 45 71
CTD000895
Russian P-5 - Sample #3
Sample 1 2 3
Median Average
Standard Cassiar AX - Flexural Strength
37. Fiber pounds average
97. Fiber pound s average
157. Fiber pounds average
65 68.5 72 78 73.5 69 82 75.0 68
146 142.5 139 145 138.5 132 135 139.0 143
243 219.5 196 214 208.0 202 225 216.5 208
71 141 211 72 140 215
Russian P-5 - Flexural Strength
Sample
pounds
157. Fiber average
1 210 207.0 204
2 208 199.5 191
3 221 201.0 181
Median Average
206 203
From Average Standard AX Curve (Using Average Values)
Breaking Load 157 Std. AX Breaking Load 07. Fiber Relative Strength Russian P-5
214 pounds 35 88
CTD000896
Pacific 4T Fiber
Standard Cassiar AX - Flexural Strength Same standard as Cassiar AS Fiber Appendix III Page 23.
Pacific 4T - Flexural Strength
Sample
15% Fiber
pounds
average
1 218 223.0 228
2 225 216.0 207
3 235 231.5 228
Median Average
227 224
From Average Standard AX Curve (Using Median Values)
Breaking Load 15% Std. AX Breaking Load 0% Fiber Relative Strength Pacific 4T
208 pounds 44
105
CTD000897
Pacific 5R Fiber
Standard Cassiar AX - Flexural Strength Same standard as Cassiar AS Fiber Appendix HI Page 23.
Pacific 5R - Flexural Strength
Sample
15% Fiber
pounds
average
1 175 179.5 184
2 165 157.5 150
3 174 174.0 174
Median Average
174 170
From Average Standard AX Curve (Using Median Values)
Breaking Load 157. Std. AX Breaking Load 0% Fiber Relative Strength Pacific 5R
208 pounds 44 75
CTD000898
ML-6 Blue Fiber
Sample 1 2 3
Median Average
Standard Cassiar AX - Flexural Strength
37. Fiber pounds average
97. Fiber pounds average
157. Fiber pounds average
84 81.0 78 71 68.5 66 110 105.0 100
164 154.5 145 154 156.5 159 145 155.0 165
223 217.0 211 213 213.5 214 224 219.5 215
81 157 215 85 155 217
ML-6 Blue - Flexural Strength
Sample
157. Fiber
pounds
average
1 238 239.0 240
2 277 262.0 247
3 235 229.0 223
Median Average
239 243
From Average Standard AX Curve (Using Median Values)
Breaking Load 157. Std. AX Breaking Load 07. Fiber Relative Strength ML-6
217 pounds 49
106
CTD000899
APPENDIX IV
Plant Blend Compositions
Plant 256, Blend 17-10/74
Casslar AS
20.0%
Clinton CT
30.0
Cassiar AX
15.0
Clinton CY
35.0
Plant 257, Blend 86-10/74
Clinton CT
37.5%
Cassiar AK
8.3
Cassiar AX
8.3
Clinton CY
16.7
S Blue
25.0
ML-6 Blue
4.2
Plant 258, Blend 85-10/74
Cassiar AK
7.6%
Cassiar AX
11.4
S Blue
4.2
Clinton CY
11.4
BT/AD Blue
12.4
JM 5R-28
7.6
JM 4T-30
45.4
Plant 259, Blend 76-10/74
Cassiar AK
16.6%
Clinton CT
16.6
Bell 4T-500
16.7
JM 4T-500
16.7
Clinton CY
11.1
JM 5R-28
5.6
ML-6 Blue
16.7
Plant 260, Blend 86-10/74
Clinton CY
18.9%
Clinton CT
34.0
BT/AD Blue
16.7
ML-6 Blue
3.8
Cassiar AK
11.4
Cassiar AX
15.2
CTD000900
Plant 257, Blend 115-8/75
HVL/3
5.27.
HVL/4
41.6
Russian P-3
14.5
Russian P-5
14.2
Clinton CY
9.4
BT/AD Blue
10.4
TA/K Blue
4.7
Plant 256, Blend 71-12/75
Cassiar AS
14.97.
Cassiar AK
5.0
HVL/4
5.5
Clinton CT
39.9
Clinton CY
19.9
Russian P-5
14.8
Plant 257, Blend 187-12/75
Cassiar AK
22.5
Clinton CT
27.1
Cassiar AX
18.0
Clinton CY
18.0
BT/AD Blue
9.9
ML-6 Blue
4.5
Plant 258, Blend 170-12/75
Cassiar AK
14.77.
Cassiar AX
14.7
Clinton CY
18.3
Clinton CT
14.7
JM 5R-28
7.3
ML-6 Blue
7.3
C&G/3
23.0
Plant 259, Blend 62-12/75
Cassiar AK
22.%
Clinton CT
50.0
Clinton CY
16.7
ML-6 Blue
11.1
CTD000901
Plant 260, Blend 84-12/75
Clinton CY
30.57.
Clinton CT
42.0
Cassiar AK
19.1
BT/AD Blue
8.4
Plants 257, 258, 259, 260 St
Cassiar AK
17.97.
Clinton CT
49.4
Clinton CY
17.9
BT/AD Blue
14.8
Plant 256, Blend 20X-3/76
Cassiar AS
10.07.
Cassiar AK
10.0
Clinton CT
45.0
Cassiar AX
5.0
Cassiar AZ
30.0
Plant 256, Blend 20-3/76
Cassiar AS
10.07.
Cassiar AK
10.0
Clinton CT
45.0
Cassiar AK
5.0
Clinton CY
30.0
Plant 258, Blend 64-5/76
Cassiar AK
3.87.
JM 4T-30
15.3
Clinton CT
45.7
Clinton CY
11.5
JM 5R-28
3.8
Corp. 4D
11.5
BT/AD Blue
8.4
Plant 258, Blend 94-6/76
Cassiar AK
3.77.
Clinton CT
11.0
Corp. 4T
22.1
JM 5R-28
7.4
BT/AD Blue
8.1
Corp. 4j
11.0
Corp. 4D
22.1
Russian P-5
14.6
CTD000902
Plant 257, Blend 61-7/76
Clinton CP
25.77,
Cassiar AX
12.9
Clinton CT
25.7
Russian P-5
17.2
Cassiar AZ
A.3
BT/AD Blue
14.2
Plant 258, Blend 144-8/76#
Cassiar AK
3.77.*
Clinton CT
18.4
JM 4T-30
14.7
JM 5R-28
11.0
BT/AD Blue
8.1
Corp. 4T
7.4
Corp. 4D
14.7
Russian P-5
11.0
Cassiar AX
11.0
Plant 260-Blend 49-9/76
Clinton CY
22.9%
Clinton CT
42.0
Cassiar AK
15.3
Cassiar AX
7.6
Pacific 5R
3.8
ML-6 Blue
8.4
Plant 257, Blend 105-9/76
Clinton CT
53.8%
Russian P-5
31.4
ML-6 Blue
14.8
Plant 257, Blend 125-11/76
Clinton CT
26.9%
Russian P-5
17.9
Cassiar AK
26.9
Cassiar AX
13.5
ML-6 Blue
14.8
CTD000903
APPENDIX V
Relative Strength Tests on Plant Fiber Blends Plant Blends - 10/74
Sample 1 2 3
Median Average
Standard Cassiar AX - Flexural Strength
3% Fiber pounds average
97. Fiber pounds average
157. Fiber pounds average
83 81.5 80 113 98.0 83 91 85.0 79
160 154.0 148 156 153.5 151 148 156.5 165
208 207.5 207 245 224.0 203 197 211.5 226
83 154' 88 155
208 214
Plant 256, Blend 17 - Flexural Strength
Sample
pounds
157. Fiber average
1 227 219.5 212
2 228 233.5 239
3 223 214.5 206
4 214 212.0 210
5 223 219.0 215
6 234 219.5 205
Median Average
219 220
CTD000904
Plant 257, Blend 86 - Flexural Strength
Sample
15% Fiber
pounds
average
1 226 219.5 213
2 235 218.5 202
3 247 232.5 218
4 220 227.0 234
5 228 224.5 221
6 245 227.0 209
Median Average
224 225
Plant 258, Blend 85 - Flexural Strength
Sample
15% Fiber
pounds
average
1 205 215.0 225
2 207 216.0 225
3 223 211.5 200
4 217 224.5 232
5 206 209.0 212
6 247 215.0 183
Median Average
215 215
CTD000905
From Average Standard AX Curve (Using Average Values)
Breaking Load 15% Std. AX Breaking Load 0% Fiber Relative Strength Blend17 Relative Strength Blend86 Relative Strength Blend85
215pounds 57 97 100 94
CTD000906
Sample 1 2 3
Median Average
Standard Cassiar AX - Flexural Strength
37. Fiber pounds average
97. Fiber pounds average
157. Fiber pounds average
70 77.0 84 93 94.0 95 71 79.0 87
164 154.0 214 227.5 144 241 151 150.5 232 227.0 150 222 139 143.5 214 227.5 148 241
86 149 227 83 149 227
Plant 260, Blend 86 (Test #1) - Flexural Strength
Sample
157. Fiber
pounds
average
1 228 211.5 195
2 218 221.5 225
3 245 228.5 212
4 245 232.5 220
5 224 223.0 222
6 239 229.5 220
Median Average
223 224
From Average Standard AX Curve (Using Average Values)
Breaking Load 157. Std. AX Breaking Load 07. Fiber Relative Strength Blend 86
226 pounds 45 93
CTD000907
Sample 1 2 3
Median Average
Standard Cassiar AX - Flexural Strength
37. Fiber pounds average
97. Fiber pounds average
157. Fiber pounds average
99 101.5 104 104 94.0
84 67 83.5 100
145 149.0 153 156 148.5 141 148 152.0 156
215 213.5 212 218 223.5 229 210 209.0 208
100 151 214 93 150 215
Plant 259, Blend 76 - Flexural Strength
Sample
pounds
15% Fiber__________ average
1 184 200.0 216
2 210 216.0 222
3 208 209.0 210
4 211 217.5 224
5 231 228.0 225
6 209 215.5 222
Median Average
214 214
From Average Standard AX Curve (Using Average Values)
Breaking Load 157, Std. AX Breaking Load 07. Fiber Relative Strength Blend 76
214 pounds 61 94
CTD000908
Sample 1 2 3
Median Average
Standard Cassiar AX - Flexural Strength
37. Fiber_____ pounds average
97. Fiber pounds average
157. Fiber pounds average
79 78.5 78 71 76.5 82 85 91.0 97
155 164.0 173 154 147.0 140 141 144.5 148
232 220.0 208 246 237.0 228 226 224.5 223
81 151 82 152
227 227
Plant 260, Blend 86 (Test #2) - Flexural Strength
Sample
157. Fiber
pounds
average
1 254 230.5 207
2 254 241.0 228
3 230 232.5 235
4 225 237.0 249
5 240 220.5 201
6 232 228.0 224
Median Average
231 232
-
From Average Standard AX Curve (Using Average Values)
Breaking Load 157. Std. AX Breaking Load 07. Fiber Relative Strength Blend 86
227 pounds 45 97
CTD000909
Plant Blend - 8/75
Sample 1 2 3
Median Average
Standard Cassiar AX - Flexural Strength
37. Fiber pounds average
97. Fiber pounds average
157. Fiber pounds average
84 81.0 78 71 68.5 66 110 105.0 100
164 154.5 145 154 156.5 159 145 155.0 165
223 217.0 211 213 . 213.5 214 224 219.5 215
81 157 215 85 155 217
Plant 257, Blend 115 - Flexural Strength
Sample
15% Fiber
pounds
average
1 241 220.0 199
2 239 215.5 192
3 232 228.5 225
Median Average
229 221
From Average Standard AX Curve (Using Median Values)
Breaking Load 157. Std. AX Breaking Load 07. Fiber Relative Strength Blend 115
217 pounds 49
101
CTD000910
Plant Blends - 12/75
Sample 1 2 3
Median Average
Standard Cassiar AX - Flexural Strength
37. Fiber pounds average
97. Fiber pounds average
157. Fiber pounds average
66 66.5 67 65 69.5 74 59 58.5 58
127 129.5 132
135 134.5 134 138 142.5 147
214 217.0 220 217 207.5 198
207 201.5 196
66 135 211 65 136 209
Plant 256, Blend 71 - Flexural Strength
Sample
15% Fiber
pounds
average
1 218 217.5 217
2 228 221.5 215
3 223 227.0 231
Median Average
221 222
Plant 257, Blend 187 - Flexural Strength
Sample
157. Fiber
pounds
average
1 246 262.0 278
2 236 244.5 253
3 248 246.0 244
Median Average
247 251
CTD000911
Plant 258, Blend 170 - Flexural Strength
Sample
15% Fiber
pounds
average
1 227 217.5 208
2 241 243.5 246
3 225 218.0 211
Median Average
226 226
Plant 259, Blend 62 - Flexural Strength
Sample
15% Fiber
pounds
average
1
2
3
Median Median Average
236 203 224 257 235 226
231 230
219.5 240.5 230.5
Plant 260, Blend 84 - Flexural Strength
Sample
15% Fiber
pounds
averagi
1 247 232.0 217
2 263 240.5 218
3 265 229.0 193
Median Average
233 234
CTD000912
From Average Standard AX Curve (Using Median Values)
Breaking Load 15% Std. AX Breaking Load 0% Fiber Relative Strength Blend 71 Relative Strength Blend 187 Relative Strength Blend 170 Relative Strength Blend 62 Relative Strength Blend 84
210 pounds 28
100 113 102 105 106
CTD000913
Plant Blends - 2/76, 3/76
Sample 1 2 3
Median Average
Standard Cassiar AX - Flexural Strength
5% Fiber pounds average
10% Fiber pounds average
15% Fiber pounds average
105 97.5 90 94 97.0
100 91 91.5 92
149 142.0 135 172 161.0 150 162 159.0 156
206 205 221 214 207 1900
205.5 217.5 198.5
93 153 207 95 154 207
Plant 257, Standard Blend - Flexural Strength
Sample
15% Fiber
pound s
average
1 255 247.0 239
2 249 243.5 238
3 276 270.5 265
Median Average
252 254
Plant 258, Standard Blend - Flexural Strength
Sample
15% Fiber
pounds
average
1 229 232.0 235
2 255 239.5 224
3 234 233.5 233
Median Average
234 235
CTD000914
Plant 259, Standard Blend - Flexural' Strength
Sample
157. Fiber
pound s
average
1 240 226.5 213
2 263 229.0
195 3 245 238.5
232
Median Average
236 231
Plant 260, Standard Blend - Flexural Strength
Sample
157. Fiber
pounds
average
1 224 226.5 229
2 262 247.5 233
3 240 254.0 268
Median Average
237 243
From Average Standard AX Curve (Using Median Values)
Breaking Load 157. Std. AX Breaking Load 07. Fiber Relative Strength Plant 257 Relative Strength Plant 258 Relative Strength Plant 259 Relative Strength Plant 260
208 pounds 38
118 108 110 110
CTD000915
Sample 1 2 3
Median Average
Plant Blends - 3/76, 5/76
Standard Cassiar AX - Flexural Strength
57. Fiber
107. Fiber
pounds average pound s average
157. Fiber pounds average
117
114.5
154
157.0
112 160
115
114.5
171
166.5
114 162
115
113.0
165
169.5
111 174
199 211.5 224 253 234.0 215 222 217.0 212
115 164 114 164
219 221
Plant 256, Blend 20X - Flexural Strength
Sample
157. Fiber
pounds
average
1 228 238.5 249
2 245 231.5 218
3 257 224.0 191
Median Average
237 231
Plant 256, Blend 20 - Flexural Strength
Sample
15% Fiber
pounds
average
1 200 211.0 222
2 212 227.5 243
3 229 230.5 232
Median Average
226 223
CTD000916
Plant 258, Blend 64 (11,000 surface) - Flexural Strength
Sample
pounds
15% Fiber average
1 247 246.5 246
2 237 235.5 234
3 240 252.0 264
Median Average
243 245
Plant 258, Blend 64 (9,300 surface) - Flexural Strength
Sample
15% Fiber
pounds
average
1 200 211.0 222
2 212 227.5 243
3 229 230.5 232
Median Average
226 223
From Average Standard AX Curve (Using Median Values)
Breaking Load 15% Std. AX Breaking Load 0% Fiber Relative Strength Blend 2 OX Relative Strength Blend 20 Relative Strength Blend 64
(9,300 surface) Relative Strength Blend 64
(11,000 surface)
218 pounds 63
106 110
99
109
CTD000917
Plant Blend - 6/76
Sample 1 2 3
Median Average
Standard Cassiar AX - Flexural Strength
57. Fiber pounds average
107. Fiber pounds average
157. Fiber pounds average
113 114.0 115
97 102.0 107 108 99.5
91
177 177.5 178 170 162.0 154 169 164.0 159
250 229.0 208 245 232.0 219 213 218.0 223
108 170 221 105 168 226
Plant 258, Blend 94 - Flexural Strength
Sample
157. Fiber
pounds
average
1 226 229.5 233
2 217 227.0 237
3 237 221.5 206.
Median Average
230 226
Fran Average Standard AX Curve (Using Median Values)
Breaking Load 157. Std. AX Breaking Load 07. Fiber Relative Strength Blend 94
223 pounds 54 98
CTD000918
Plant Blend - 7/76
Sample 1 2 3
Median Average
Standard Cassiar AX - Flexural Strength
5% Fiber pounds average
107. Fiber pounds average
157. Fiber pounds average
99 108.5 118 107 105.0 103 105 110.0 115
174 170.0 166 173 175.5 178 167 166.5 166
219 218.5 218 263 239.5 216 216 209.5 203
106 170 217 108 171 223
Plant 257, Blend 61 - Flexural Strength
Sample
pounds
157. Fiber average
1 242 263.5 285
2 259 266.0 273
3 286 266.0 246
Median Average
266 265
From Average Standard AX Curve (Using Median Values)
Breaking Load 157. Std. AX Breaking Load 07. Fiber Relative Strength Blend 61
220 pounds 53
120
CTD000919
Plant Blend - 8/76
Sample 1 2 3
Median Average
Standard Cassiar AX - Flexural Strength
57. Fiber pounds average
107. Fiber pounds average
157. Fiber pounds average
97 105.0 113 110 110.0 110
96 106.0 116
164 171.5 179 158 155.5 153 154 152.0 150
209 217.0 225 200 202.0 204 243 226.0 209
110 156 107 160
209 215
Plant 258, Blend 144 - Flexural Strength
Sample
157. Fiber
pounds
average
1 209 223.5 238
2 198 221.5 245
3 270 231.5 193
Median Average
224 226
From Average Standard AX Curve (Using Median Values)
Breaking Load 157. Std. AX Breaking Load 07. Fiber Relative Strength Blend 144
208 pounds 60
104
CTD000920
Sample 1 2 3
Median Average
Plant Blends - 9/76
Standard Cassiar AX - Flexural Strength
5% Fiber pounds average
10% Fiber pounds average
15% Fiber pounds average
123 118.0 113 113 112.5 112 107 102.5
98
156 157.5 159 169 161.0 153 173 169.0 165
229 220.0 211 211 215.0 219 228 227.5 227
113 162 223 111 163 221
Plant 260, Blend 49 - Flexural Strength
Sample
15% Fiber
pounds
average
1
235
262.0
289
2 268 267.5
267
3 264 255.5
247
Median Average
266 262
Plant 257, Blend 105 - Flexural Strength
Sample
15% Fiber
pounds
average
1 266 254.5 243
2 258 256.0 254
3 214 245.0 276
Median Average
256 252
CTD000921
From Average Standard AX Curve (Using Median Values)
Breaking Load 15% Std. AX Breaking Load 0% Fiber Relative Strength Blend 49 Relative Strength Blend 105
221 pounds 56
120 114
CTD000922
Plant Blend - 11/76
Sample 1 2 3
Median Average
Standard Cassiar AX - Flexural Strength
57. Fiber pounds average
100 102.5 105 101 98.0
95 86 93.0 100
100 98
107. Fiber pounds average
150 156.5 163 145 149.0 153 168 160.0 152
153 155
157. Fiber pounds average
194 211.5 229 224 208.5 193 205 210.0 215
210 210
Plant 257, Blend 125 - Flexural Strength
Sample
__________ 157. Fiber pounds
1 237 248.5 260
2 271 244.0 217
3 241 222.0
203
Median Average
239 238
From Average Standard AX Curve (Using Median Values)
Breaking Load 15% Std. AX Breaking Load 0% Fiber Relative Strength Blend 125
209 pounds 45
111
CTD000923
