Document pBjjYErn03qk1d0okY402oNqE

FILE NAME: Union Carbide (UC) DATE: 1943 DOC#: UC005 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Transactions of the 32nd National Safety Congress The Control of Fumes in Shipyards rtf tty u%*<- 'a*' l i a d K T IO M 1 %>. S J8T t Ocva- H - 1*4* Hottoaol Safety Council toc. 2Q Hor Wadc*r W*. CSdcaoo $ Copyright. 1W3. Natta! Safety Ccwndl * Mntod l04fc*. Foreword VOLUME I THE and Transactions of die 32nd National Safety Congress Exposition of the National Safety Conoid! are J>ub- in two volumes. Volume I contains the Genecd Sub ject and Industrial Section sessions. Volume II contains the Public Safety, Child Education, Home Safety and Farm Safety sessions. Volume I is distributed to m3 members of the Council. Volume II is sent to those members who arc believed to he interested chiefly in the sessions it contains. The Transactions are a record of the proceedings of die Congress, condensed and edited for reference purposes. They are therefore an abridged version of the w * r s * * i discussions. The original manuscripts, some of which have drawings and charts too expensive to reproduce here, are available in the files of the National Safety Council. The National Safety Council, at its Congresses, seeks to eliminate from discussion matters which are . at Ptm to the aims of the Congress, cr which may be contrary to the Council's policies. However, it cannot accept respooribihty for all views expressed, either in the discns*ons of the Congress itself or in this record of them. Extra copies of Volume I may be obtained * Counal members at the foBowine r a t e . : 1 to 10 c o p e t j 11 or more copies at *175 each. Extra cop, of Volume II are 75 cents each. the NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL INC. 20 North Waeker Drhrw Chicago. B hw h CONTI Volume 11 -f: BOARD (1943-1944) At Large _ T _ _ p,w-v Co. New H*> Co*- R. J t o - u m i . Defe * * * . B * * - ' C ot H M A. '> " " W Cm1'" A*"v. R o a w o o . nDortfa-thi.. U* ba,iw * U "** **flww ^ r atath. Mi*- _ ov etan d . Ohio j UD Lut E. So b , Appdta* * xn ' putA -rh, Pa. ^ F. S .m ., O b I - * - *-- c - YoA ^ Chkaco, 10- of New York, 1*~ O Hew York C H. W at*ok, M .D, Brookfield Center , R n r . . Radio Station KVOO. - \S iixiAM B. hor W'ahnfton, D- C. c* r r *1 V. v Z.n. V i f S S S i ( ,, * * * - 0- < ^t o s* Kmmo* o n . r , a M Bu*s. Kansas City Safety Coodou G H r r Vo*t Machine Co, U ***M *> Ky G A. H a u Henry Vo* -rnril Borton. M* __ ,, CrhaBner Brother Co., E n , H" ,v G s.l r O " * * 4 0i"" t o L. Sir. ^ ' ' C^ "c o o t o , ol S w 0 ( Represent!tire of tne New F B ,. t o - * " -1 ^ 01 York Cit7 P r^ e r Co.. Bluefieki, W. Va. c. DV.OU.. n*TM ' r " , . ppfiAlic Steel Corp-. Clenlwri, >- H F " Ct" 0V' ^ _ S , Co. B M * ~ e * w A. >-- B^ V a l F w W m A - b t o . Torto. W ills M acL achlam, Electr Vr^. Coi.CR,"- Cf . StxaTMtto.k, SS.aI .y S t o * B -*~h ' a , k *I`U.' C E W.oouevo. rG>eneerraali Moator Corp, Melroe VI .THE EXECUTIVE M em bers Doxalb B. Aemstuonc, M.D,, Metropolitan Life Imurance r o , New York City. J. I. Baxash, Consulting Engineer, Chicago, III. Wallace N. Baaexb, PdOman-Sta/idard Car Manufacturing Co, Chicago. I1L Folke Biceeh, Rhinelander Paper Co, Rhindander, M is. L. J. Bexsox, Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul ft Pacific Railroad. * Chicago, 11L C W. Bebgqlit, Hinsdale, BL A. J. R. Curris, Portland Cement Association, Chicag ), 111. iP- Ned H DcAEboax, National Safety Council, Inc, Chicago, 111. f R. E. Dokovax, Standard Oil Co. of California, San Francisco, Calif. J amc-> L. FiE'EE, American Red Cross, Washington, 1). C. JtU Ex H. H as ty, National Conservation Bureau, New York City. X T. Lyle Hazlett, W.D, Westingbouse Electric A Manufacturing Co, East Pittsburgh, Pa. H. T. Heals, Ph.D, Illinois Institute of Technology, .'hicago, 111. . W. A Jaeyis, Chase Brass ft Copper Co. Inc, Wateibury, Com. " ; W. Drax K u r a , Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Co, Chicago, 111. Jon x E. Loxc, The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corp, Albany. * N. Y. J. W illaeo Loss, Atlantic Refilling Co, Philadelphia, Pa. T hos. H. MacDoxalb, Public Reads Administratw n. Washington. D. C I. W. Molaeo. Industrial Cloves Co. Danville, 111. H asoid L. Mixes. E. I. du Pont de Nemours A Co. Wilmington, Del. J ohn J. N ash, Office of Secretary of State, Springfield. 111. Eliot Ness Federal Security Agency, Washington, I). C. W aites S. P aihe, Aetna Life ft Affiliated C o" Conn. C E. PrmioNE, American MutuMass. M a r in e S e c t io n i^.r^J 'tfl O ffic e 1942-1943 CW Vi G*~W K ^ <X^ iJ* n h & McLennan, Ine-, Ne* York, N. Yf ^ ittabartix Stour strip Co, Oertland. Oh.___ o , Picxaw>>Wateriroct Em plort AiZCZA3T3SjI* ZTpwtMC. H o^*i y ^ m oil Co, IVne*, Ns <e**York, N. * N' Y' Wten K. R. Co, Cattaui F*a* x H . Coca . T be ii ** The Marithne S^ f w 2 S D e^.-n * :_ , * .^ / * W ? * & R*U*ie*s>-X: = B^chaxam. " T S ^ ^ F e Tp : H ^ _ U * S; S ta ^ P .U ^ / " rkiArwii*. t ftr* ^ Krptomr . . . , 1 ^ ^ ' - l r t H ,-. :-: ; ^ i v : i / ; *<* W A shin^nJD rC . - ,_ V . S . C o * G o ri.;W h * ... /.r;,,.*r.;;..vv:-,;r. ..;. * fr -!>V ; <% JS? T ^ x x v P A Jf. U. S- Q w t Gtard, CW Corp-, New York, N. Y- |tg. <***> R * g * r-* - r . -W W n C ali- J, * W * > *~ - ^ fo rti^ I-onf Boefa, G ^ _ ^ w T. 1 Carrienf AaaocxSoti, Ck! ^ n`^ i ^ W. MeGrm^. ^ S ^P ^ ^ . 0 . * - ,, r ~ - , , *C" . , : ^ ^ con rf - \ 7T^ ' 383 ~r}!fijriJ:;: ft-K m.g 384 c * , Cpmrnim. - ^ 3 % 2nd K a o n ri Safety Congress, 1945 ? i m m n C w F * * - C m * V * * * C" "A'- W .'mcGw t. J. Jo- w . S i C * *< f L Z i ^ i s t i u i t t s 0J < m C o il r--B r a j i.i H. S i u , T I T u r a o u c ^ r^ Ys ^ - j . w"-- -"-i"'^ ow- C W TM . />o.lr C c m - i H ^ A . T. J o . A g r i n E^poo, Lloos. loo. J. h -- * . "saTM . * " " - S-- -- -- " - J .-S -T O iUrioo 005 o. America. New ^oric, * Mosa Atlantic R c & Gx, Philadelphia, Pa. C hairm an, Tankers Coitv-n.ttee--J '___ _ , y 5 Navy, Washington, - Chairman, V . S . \ a v y , Yards Safety C om m ettes-E . B. L a h y . U. h . . ry. ^ ' D <-- . . T 't . . r : Chairman, Mantorne Associations F siaxi: C Gaxcoar, W aterfront Employers' Y .. C * * , . -- o, E ^ , . : ir.g, New H aveo, Ccnn. \ \ n,, w *-- A-- oc W. Fu. - L\ S, Navy, Washington, D. L. V Committee-- M mdol H. L. V ic r a v , - Chairman, Xew Shtfi P on?* ami Commission, Washington. D. C. U. S. Navy, Commiss.or.er. L. b. >.ar,t.ir.. x. p rrVentoan Measures)-- J akxs L. C W w n, r e r W o i Ct-mmi. ( C t T ^ J ^ ^ C ' r . tts U S Maritime Commission, Washington, D. C- _ < ' n c Ship W ? . r C - ~ l U . s . ---------------> B - -- - * " ' D. C. O d 34 3| 4 ^ \ Ocncrc l'icr-C Advise C B' C C Je C A Assisi Joi Assisi bon Axrirl N*ei Assisi Coe Assisi Ass Assisi Poi ViceWi 5"erre dito Inc Assis TOO A dm) Chat) Gu Axrij En Drret pat Arx D iDrrr Assi BV Dire Ca Assi Ai DDiirree tri Dirt Assi Pi Dirt M a rim Section 385 Officers 1943-1944t _ , --, -____ \ v r- c.**rTT Pittsburgh Steamship Co., Cleveland, Ohio. ^ J Z T n ~ > - o TM Kxnbail, Bethleten S e rf C o w , B e*hW =l ^ A dvisory Committee (P ost Generai CktumnenJ . . Vnrfc N Y Bw k % H p S U ^ ^ a t ^ f r o n t Employers' Association ttf the Pacific Coast, San F rancisco, California. - p * T Azencv Inc- New York, N. Y. & kaTM r r C ow . J u . T o t a -- l * E P ~ r. U 3 f r ` T y ^ i i L L F G~rol C t n ~ .e*"" - * " i " * " 1" F ' *L2 f s- c ^- c ,- * ^ New York Shipbuilding C orporato^ Camdetv New J ~ y _ =- law " ` ToQi ' A ssistant General Chairmtm (M arine Indottem i R e la tu m s}-T . E. Buchanan. Ih e lex as ? " C" " C" A!`- z Z iZ X fc Z Z V Z S z w - -- y Z ! Z ' f i Z ~ j - R " " E- "" * " Wal" E f r sh,pt" JCT5' ^ Sopmo'' i z v z s z _ ^ ft3COO*a^ ^ Vj Q YVicx, American Bureau of Slipping, New York, N. Y. s z r s s ^ ii- ,--- * - * - p- 4 1 a s w - F M-- Shiw , e i A b- i ~ CowstUor--Hamy & M W H . I li Jote S t, New VoHi N. Y. c J O J , c i * J R e ? ~ - V ,= A M IM . I1. R * * S. C<Mt T E ^ S T ^ i t o * R e^o^-T uS ieie c y K- E'B" ' 1 ShipbwildiK 4 D rr Doek Com : R * - * * ? M. T cee*. *Newport New, S hip^i.dh,* 4 D'r D0 . , f r !W' ? ^ F z S m S S w * I Steel Coep. O r . T , S S S n S . R E-- * * * Co.. H A eenb b * J . * MeDos aio, P-- M e ., C o ,, ., Richmond. California. T S m ith, Consolidated S teel, Corporation, Los Assistant Director, Pontic Region-- b. i . omit, ^ Angele^ California. _ T W (:w Carriers' Association. Cleveland, Ohio. % ',X . C W b . R e p ^ - J o W. M oG .m . CaoMd S.eM ,*ip U ~ , MA. Moo- treal, P- O . ^ ^ R ^ n - G 0 . C a irn * . Dravo Corp.. Pittsburgh. Pa. , < Z r o t % ~ R ep io o -J. E. J .e i - A , MeC ,d ,-R od*ee, Compoo,. ,,SE?, Branch, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Ax, Washington, u . 4 *""* , / 32nd N otional Safety Congress, 943 SPECIAL SERVICE COMMITTEES e . j ^ j-trti mj W S ^ " " - C-' S 4 IE c , Y o*. N. Y *-- c^ M < * K .-1 -C .- =*" " UCG-- J - Jte w H. s - -- L. Hm m a . --^ T m S to- J. H-- . E * - . - W iv^ f i r s S t S S T -- CT & J * y * - V - Y-, p M , T X A ,toc Chair**. T * * * C o r n * * " - ! * * ................ d d p h a, Pa- ^ ^ y ,, d s Safety C am m itU e-E. I- 3. * - - -- ot a Refining C o to T . ^ E ^ a b lb b - ' K . DW, i t o C C .rv. W ,cheto E p to ^ - U n to n * . S iio o l oi En*>- M(f4 ^ * _ - * * - -- I- -- "- ' a ^ C OE ? < * - * - ^ > sbeo al oov^ ^ co- ^ DEFENSE, SHIPBUILDING, in . NATIOXM . ^ * & S . TBAUnNO ,rnJt_ j RSj * A W M L C w . F ish . c u T n? " c^ S S ^ T u-C l ^ ^ r s s s ^ ^ t ' i E w ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ r t j j o o , Washington, D. C : . War Shipp* A-Jtnmrtra0^ t.V* electd m CoTt So* L J E S S f \ pets*4'*# the I In Ofi and efSe oi " the cooed* cm nient indireetl ieini. I liaison and N ' Of&ce W ar an as well the N at Petrolet sives, tl w riters, socia tio courage coordin other a in sert form al of repn a tene tectkm ject ha unnece th a t aJ are ass their n mum In the Co balano for th> meat >J that rt be bsl 4<>1 Marine Section ' " i t 8, T*' SSoS' " * o , r-. to L are atway* taken around the dea On th e :ra d of each landing b oo ;Kht ha* been ins-tailed, the ,, directed downward and bnghtly iun.mate. the te n d s have to land. these TM S c T p o rte d to date has been a " r tl^ w r^ ^ rn th at the *QCC" \ ^ ^ a ^ ^ T th u * w - <*" u ; V j^^ruT S ss^si *" taOV ^ \ b o t h the U nited States and system ot .bo.ta that the present Canada, it u m i* nQt ^ g ^ y a t e d by " ^ K i T p S S S f injuries. This challenge T J ^ T L a k e freighter are carrying "d vital to our war program- arg~ 5 T H U R S D A Y AFTERNOON SESSION' October 7,1943 S. Maritime Commission, a u: h -- philadriph. Pa. * ? > CCT^ " '- 1 T h C ontrol oi Fum a in S hipyard " W ILLIA M K. LAW RENCE , ^, ^ V* c o ^ c -a .N -J l i : .. . . . Maj^f rtkles^ have thia subkoC mdod" ^ ^ d ^ '` ' - ; shipyard in ,1fta n e nt 'effect to any__o_n_e a sas<o c a te d with welding, tacking, burning or heating. New Method and Precautions V ^ S S & S t o X has acquired knowledge ^ 2 ^ 2 r i^ n c e and Information un- throuteh ioneers in ship Swe5eflidm`'ygr^unitTdhtt s ^assumed tfhuamtecerelirmyoinnae You w velopment new tc us `X j refer to be new to som of y<m connCticn with carbon arc countersunk heads somf ouopthibnogluoffmth^e? u;rogrep U ^ dde cckkds. ^T hese heads were This was a r;-;.54 .tisfactory S T results. Kres- ***<*%*thc"tSTh,tLT^ V * * N * * : 2 J ? 2 f a * o s s * * - <5/i: ; : : 2 in tontine cised by P ^ t tnef ^ ln itio o s of w orkers re-checks and re-exannnabons o ^ ' have n o t had one case o. was accomplish .d by pressed air jet, carbon residue into the sUg and exhauster funnels . metallic ^ U r,u l ^ ~ / M)2 :2nd National Safety Congress, 1943 h aim crs at the outlet eads oi the*e same tubes. This equipment is kidded easily along the deck as required and is kept d o se to the job at all tin es, even clnninat- the iiecrssity lot *, *c use cf respira tor . Seasonal Hazard* Many other fumes m ust be controlled in shipyard*. O ne of the seasonal hazards in our own plant will liave to receive a t tention before the ad v f'it of cold weather, which is just around the. corner. Men will build fires in any kind of a receptacle in spite of safety men and supervision, and wiU use fuel, such as charcoal or coke, w ithout stopping to realize the danger in volved and the necessity for proper venti lation. The resulting rarbon dioxide and carbon monoxide gases are both deadly and create oxygen deficiencies. W e recently issued a notice in-connec tion with this hazard and posted it con spicuously. I t stated tliat if any fire pots were fpund on ship contracts, plant pro . : teetion men should immediately contact a ___/safety inspector and be governed by his v decision as to the retKiwal of same. ^ r Fumes From Fires . I think we should mention the danger ' oi fumes from fires in ships on the ways, w hile under construction, and in the w ater ' after- launching. Many of the fires may be trivial but there is always the possibility of men being trapped by smoke and toxic fames and unable to get out from below decks. This is when the trained safety inspector or a good watch force man comes into the picture. He must quickly don a mask, hook on a life rope and go -.down to make l i n t everyone is out. H e mu*t be followed s ck se ly as possible by another mam with a powerful electric lamp- It any deficiency of oxygen is sus pected, an oxygen breathing mask must be worn. Ventilation must be provided at . once, smoke and fumes must be exhausted and a fresh supply of air blown in. M uch w o ld be added hoot the msuritxwra allowable concentration for carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, but the main point to rem em ber is that carbon monoxide is the number one poison killer, bo*h is industrial and non-occupational life, following close upon auto accidents as a cause of death. I t is true that wher ever there is smoke you may suspect car bon monoxide. By all means take rvo chances. *on't wait for a chemist's report on the samples oi air from suspected areas. Ventilate! Constant alertness on the part of watch force men and safety inspectors is an absolute necessity to combat such hazards. The education of the men by their super visors and the use of viaraing posters is recommended, but above all, ventilation by exhaustion and the introduction of a fresh supply of air is imperative under these dangerous conditions. Several nar row escape-* ttom death have been experi enced in shipbuilding due to the thought lessness of the men and not because of ignorance. They forget to think. . Insulation M aterials The use of insulation cement, if it con tains toxic solvents .such as carbon tetra chloride, is a menace to workm en unless precautions are taken to properly safe guard them under such hazardous condi tions. A large shipyard recently experi enced such conditions which were brought to the attention of the plant health com mittee and the management. T he result was that the entire .apply was re-distilled and a substitute talc solvent provided, thus eliminating the hazard without loss of material. This dem onstrates again that careful planning will assure safety with production, always a winning pair. T he use of w ater repellent asbestos in sulation has recently replaced some types of m aterial form erly used in ship work. For protection against dust or possible asbestos is from such m aterial, it is rec ommended that both on ships and in shops, o r where the m aterial is prepared, it be dampened and that dust respirators be worn, also that special ventilation be provided. Periodic medical examination of those exposed to such hazards is also necessary. Sand Biasting ad F tstia Sand blasting and shot blasting, with its silicosis hazard, can be done safely if provision is made for standard sand blast rooms or cabinets. Special vcntila- \ ' ' tion m ust b spectkm s of enced safety check-up m P.eet:ir ] X-rays, rncioa of a 1 detected by reported at for tmtnedii begins to & that his eqt F um es ai shops are * haust vend] ducts from out of-the s Plating r dlatiag syi longer a pr yard. A ft ferent story Recent cl on naval vt of zinc chn not parocu when ip n Respirator! ventilation, where larg are placed tanks, the recommend for effi c in ever, crane such local tanks, shot Fans may blow form operators. Protect jo b in whi any subsai daily, for t burning, si m aterial is tam ing le local exha less than 200 c-f.m. tarnm ated satisfacerve In ship tilation a r i I I --to ucoiicnts i -< th at wher- . su in e rt ; ir- `A riances. ' 'oo't on the sam ples s. V entilate! r-*rt Ot -.v-itch portors is an : such hazard, by their superting p otters is aii, ventilation r-o*iaction ot a peratsve un-lex . Several nare been caper j o the tbought)ot because ot think. rials nent. if it cotv carbon tetra orkm en on leas property safei ..riiou* condicently experii were brought it health com it. The result vas re-distilled provided, thus it hout loss of es again that c safety with jr pair. it asbestos in-d some types n ship workst or possible rial, if recships and < i is prepared, it ist respirators ventilation be 1 examination tazards is also ?!a tisg blasting, with e done safely M arin* Section 403 tjon m ost be provided, with frequent in spection* of all equipment by an experi enced safety inspector or supervisor. This fumes at the point of origin cad general ventilation to supply fresh sir to confined working paces. check-tip must never be neglected. Regular periodic examination*, indud- iag X-rays, are mandatory. The least sus picion of a leaking face piece can be easily detected by the operator and shooH be reported at once to the safety department Lacquer '-.praying, if dcae u app c-ved booths, properly ventilated, presents no greater problem. W hen cleaning com pounds are being used, chemical cartridge respirators will give protection if con centrations atre low. for immediate correction. If an operator T he use of proper extinguishers on dif begins to eat sand, be will realise at once ferent type fires m ust be considered. -.hat his equipm ent is not safe. Fumes from the use of the wrong ones Fume* and dust from friction o w i in shops are easily removed by proper faust ventilation and should be carried by iacis from the machine to dust collectors out of the shop* if, possible. Plating room fumes, with modern ven may cause the death of persons improp erly instructed.- Periodic demonstrations by those respo nsible should be made for the benefit of firemen, w atch force men. and safety inspectors. The use of instruc tive posters and bulletins is also advised. tilating systems now available, are no Fumigation of refrigerator paces in longer a probl'-ai in any up to date ship ships practically ready for delivery is im yard. A few years ago, however, a dtf- p o rtan t Precautions m ast be taken to fertnt story could be told. S . safeguard men' whose duty it is to open Recent changes in painting specifications on naval vessels have provided for the use of zinc chromate which, although perhaps not particularly toxic, must be considered when sprayed in small com partments. Respirators are advocated along with safe and ventilate such spaces after fumiga tion. They m ust wear all-service gas masks while installing temporary ventila tion equipm ent and, if a defici ncy of oxygen is suspected, an oxygen breathing apparatus must be used. ventilation. W hen w orking La large shops where large plates are sprayed, after they axe placed in racks from the^ pickling Cooperation of Managemen t and Eusployeee tanks, the use of air line respirators is An im portant item in ventilation of ship* recommended, as these areas are too large under construction is to impress manage for efficient exhaust ventilation. H ow m ent with the necessity for co-operative ever, crane operators handling m aterial in Pan n in g by the engineering departm ent such locations, especially above pickling and drawing rooms for the early installa tanks, should be provided with respirators. tion of as much of the ships permanent Fan* may be placed in the crane cabs to ventilation system as possible, especially blow fume* and vapor aw ay from the in engine and boiler room s. P resen t con operators. Protection must be furnished for any Job in which dust fumes or smoke from i any rubsance containing lead is breathed daily, for example; when welding, cutting, struction of naval vessels practically pro hibits the use of temporary ventilation units, due to the inaccessibility of such spaces and the im possibility of bringing in fresh air, especially after they are d osed in. burning, shrinking or straightening where The importance of the availability of m aterial is metal, coated with paint con- trained ventilation men m ust be con tam ing lead. Special ventilation, using sidered. Their services are vital m the local exhaust hoods or tubing kept not less ittv" 8* from th e job and draw ing avoidance of delays in m aintaining con tinuous production. T he elimination of 200 e.Lin. discharged where the con fumes by their alertness to such hazards tam inated air will not be breathed, i* and inconvenie ices will help to minimize satisfactory. Yn shin construction tw o types of vea- absenteeism and assure delivery of ships ahe.id of schedule, thus assuring a quicker 404 32nd Notional Safety Congress, 1942 We must not forget the importance of organ i/eii first aid crews trained in the u -r o iuhalators. resuscitators and ap proved methods cf artificia! respiration. These crews with portable emergency equipment must be available and ready to act at a moments notice. Perhaps one oi the m ost im portant methods of impressing employees, espe cially new ones, Mth the idea of danger from respiratory and other hazards is through safety instruction in orientation classes before they start to work. T his is being done in many industrial plants w th marked success. We believe that such a program will be of vital interest to those who have had no previous shipyard ex perience. Before closing I want to mention the ventilation standards as recommended in the U. S. Na.-y D epartm ent--U. S. M ari time Commission, "Safety and Industrial H ealth Manual in C ontract Shipyards" a recent issue, and the " 1021 A nsw ers to Industrial Health and Safety Problems" published this year by Occupational Hazards, In c They are most helpful and timely publications and should be avail able to everyone connected with aiety program s in any industry. Crane Safety LIEU T. COMDR. L. P. \ A. survey of the inform ation at hand on crane safety show s that there is a wealth of material on this serious subject It has been exhaustively studied and Reported. As you know, standards of safety have been set up by the .American Society of Mechanical Engineers, by the Bureau of Yards and Docks of the Navy D epart ment, by the-.National Safety Council, by the American Standards Association, by the states in th tir Industrial Accident Commissions and by the insurance carriers for private concerns. It should be apparent then, that since these extensive standards cover the design cf the structure and the safety of the mechanical equipment and pro.ective devices, cranes may be acquired, redesigned and overhauled with a maxi mum of assurance that from the items of design every 'mown hazard to health and .afety will be eliminated. Criticism cf Present Rule* From tb above sources there may also be gained a well-rounded set of rules covering inspection and test. N ot only is this information available from these sources, but methods of reporting, check ing and inspection can be set up, so that positive assurance may be had that these minimum standards will be m aintained . throughout .th e ..life of the equipm ent. These rules cover the vast majority of all crane operations. The only criticisms that X E N G L E , U.S.N. <B*t) h may be leveled at these rules arc: First, in the simplification of the rules so they may be easily understood by all operators; secondly, in the adequacy of the rules to cover all incidents; third, in the standardi zation of the equipment used: and, fourth, in providing weight indicators to supple ment on the part of the operators. It requires judgm ent to make the rules fit into one's own crane problems. It is recommended that they be perused thor oughly, so that sets of rules and instruc tions may be made out for each activity with extraneous material eliminated from he instruction books issued to the opera tive personnel. Basis for Discipline W e find it is better to base your dis cipline on a violation of a rule rather than upon an incident This establishes in the minds of the operating personnel a reali zation of the significance of a published rule or regulation. Although the violation of a rule may not result in an accident, the continued violation of a published rule will eventually lead to a serious incident After an incident of serious nature, its effect ba* a disciplinary aspect If the rules are ade quate, concise, and understandable and are \ complied with by personnel, no incident xcan occur. `" -v* " ' - I believe that if we will check all of our