Document e7gwy3OQdjdGx36By2zM0Lygp

p. V ? s PHELBiUfRY REPORT '; . o the TKTRAKTHYL LIAD COI^ITTKg muguet 194 "V'-vy - R F '0005758 N 7414 (I PRELIMINARY REPORT OP THE TETRAETHYL LEa D COMMITTEE august -- 1924 .1. erBonnol. - functions. o outline of Investigations and Research. 4. Chemical Processes Involved. fa. Chief Hazards. 6. Loud Poisoning in General. 7. cymptomu of poisoning fay Tetraethyl Lead. b . Caoo histories in Detail. 9. Autopsies. 10. IntoaBitj of the ioieouing. 1112.. ..odee of :oioonlng. Humber of Cases of Poisoning. 13. .uiimal Experiments. (a) At buywuy. ib) at Deepwater Point. (o) .t Rdgewood arsenal, id) at Dayton. 14. Experiments with Vuriouu Mixtures. it. Experiments on .uu. 16. Experiments with Exhuust Gas from Tetraethyl Lead. 17. Treatment. lb. Possible aoouraulutive Hazard. IV. ^egul Aspeota of Lead Poisoning, 20. ublioity. 21. e k c o m m k h d a t ions - () Rules for Employees. (B) Preoautiona to bo talcen by the L'mployor. (c) Notioo for Handlers. .. (D) Pani/ig Ethyl;..Gas safer for Domestic use. fS) Rules for Company Bootore. (F) Enforcement *. c o n c l u s i o n s . S-: 3. appendix. Myv Exhibit "4" Activities of the Committee. Exhibit "BH Photographs of Rabbits and Dogs Experimented Upon. Exhibit "C" Misleading Publio Statements. K 0005759 -:>V- -, ,... /r: + <** P8KLI&I2IAKY HKPO;g ` 1 Of til# 1'' '` ; TKglUSgHYL LSaD COMMITTER Ms ; V M - ' ' 1 . rSILOlITEL .i;, ;<.. ", W* Gilnwn Thompson, M.D., Chairman, representing *. .. the standard Oil Company (Hew Jersey) >'* . A. H, Smith, SUD., representing E.I. Du Pont de *.t Nemours and Company, . Robert A, ileboe, M.D., representing the General *? \ Motors Chemical Company, U--.. y'r- ; ; 2. ruNosioBs ;/ . *'<* '*'* The Committee ras established for making an exhauB. lye study of all facts obtainable concerning the ha sard of **;** ><.*. * "poisoning by tetraethyl lead, in its; manufacture, distribution V * , '#**/.. . . . 'and handling by the general public ^ She Committee also as . '' - *** {I, , ,-r . . s m .. ' ' direoted to oaks suitable rooomroendatibn for dealing idth this problem as to prevention end treatment of poisoning Be fore the Committee as constituted, a considerable number of experimenta already had been ocmduoted by thb; tturee Companies represented and a fairly extensive oliniCal experience had been derived from a study of the employees o^tbe-Companies, made through their respective Medical Departments* It seemed, therefore, to the Committee on assembling the data already available, that the extreme toxicity of.tetraethyl lead in its process of nutnufaoture was already amply established and re* < qulred no further experimentation or olinioal ovidenoe to form ulate conclusions. The Committee has therefore deemed it advisable Immediately to formulate rules for the protection of all employees handling the undiluted tetraethyl lead, these rules to be made uniform for the throe Companies in so far as possible and put into prompt operation ' The Committee, therefore, presents herewith these rules with the earnest recommendation that they be adopted and strictly enforced > " a second hazard to be investigated is the possible danger from the inhalation of exhaust fumes of the cosuaeroial ' ethyl gas product, us they might be inhaled in garages or else- where. Experimentation regarding this possible hazard has b e e n - conducted during the past nine months by the U.5, Bureau of * ...ines in Pittsburgh, Pa. for ;tho General Motors Chemical Company. Thus fur, the animals experimented upon, including a large number u n d o considerable variety; namely, monkeys, dogs, rabbits and guinea pigs, have shown no symptoms of poisoning of any kind It remains, however, for some of these animals to be killed and through oheaioul analysis, to determine whether or not they havs absorbed any lead, a full report upon this subject is expeoted to be published by the Bureau of Mines in September, 1924, and furnished to the Committee* There remains the third and highly Important problem of the possible accumulative hazard for the general public in the long-continued use of the commercial ethyl gas. This ie by fur the most difficult problem with which the Committee hae to ' -' * . ' deal and necessarily considerable time will be Required before reliable eoientifio date, both experimental and! oliuioul, can be obtained. nxporiments to determine this possible hasard . _ ; * * have ourefully been outlined and are immediately': to be under* * *- ' taken und all olinioul foots are to be etudiedV, It is the be* . .** lief of the CoEsnittec that although there are sufficient re* uouroeu in the three Companies to conduct further experiments along these lines satisfactorily, It would be much more convinc ing for the general public to huvo such experiments made through sources independent of the production and sale of the product. Therefore, arrangements to this end have been made at the U.S. Bureau of Mines and Columbia University. Owing to the great danger attached to the manufacture and handling of the undiluted tetraethyl product, the Committee deems it advisable to present the accompanying report and recommendations ut once, covering this part of their Investigation without waiting for the oom* pletlou of the study of the entire subject. K E 00C57G2 3. OUTLINE of 1. Experience ui choralsts in studying the Product (a) Pumbor of oherniate ho have had symptoms of ` poisoning. (b) Mature of their symptoms. c. Experience of Employees in Manufacture (a) Degree and nature of exposure. (b) "umber oi mon presenting symptoms, fo) E'ature of symptoms. id) "umber of deaths among these v.oricors. (e) Flndingu of autopsies. (f) Degree und duration of disability. (g) Precautions used aguinst poisoning. 3. Experience of Handlers of the Undiluted Product. (a) Methods of exposure. (b) dumber of men presenting symptoms, io) Uaturo of symptoms, id) Degree and duration of symptoms. (e) Degree and duration of disability. *,{f) Precautions used. 4. Experience of Handlers and Users of the Diluted "Ethyl ? 1717666) (a) Ptny instances of poisoning. (b) Uaturo of the symptoms. 6* "Aoouanlatlve Hazard** - * .; , ;J *- Its possibility and extent. - * .' * * ;* v. ,v d. Kffeot upon -animals and Han of Inhalation of the Kxhaust Gas 4 .. '' '- - ** . . ' * * 7. Animal Experimentation v Aesulta obtained at: ; - (a) Barton (b) Pittsburgh (o) Bayway (d) Deepwater point (o) Ldgewood Arsenal .ixpurimentu upon .an Kxpoaure to - t'a) Concentrated aolution. tb) Dilute aolution. t (o) Lxhauat.funba. ' ..- ; .. ... " ' V . ' ' .*.*.*-. " . (d) Long continue expoaure to dilute aolution. ** . (e) Findirig&'of. animal autopsies. -i ' * CV . . ^. 6. Further experinentB reoonraended - {v . " . ' ; r : (a) Fharr.acologioul experiments. * -. t ' .. . .` "- (b) "xporimeiits with prolongea exposure to minimal dosage of the. dilute solution. ;9. Treatment .' ' < \ 10 Legul Aspects of -Lead Poisoning 11* neutralizing Substances. _ 12. Conoluaions in Summary . 13. aeooneaendatlons: f. t*t*.*t`v ' /* . ... 'Vn . . 4 A ' ** ; * it ia) Bduoat ion : \ v*. - vlU.: xk* -- '*-4A*-*.. : ' * * M . -.y.-. *. I. ' -'i '**V. ' V''* ea>- v. /.-'sUi-iS:' - .ii.-'.V. (b) notification (labeling warnings, eto.) (o) Protective neusuresand appliances. (d) Precautions for handling: ` '(I) Phe undiluted product (S) The diluted product ' .p () Holes for Company Doctors , (f) Supervision . (g) Furnishing only the read; madeeth;l gas to the Public* v. **;* ** vV.* - -4 . . > a *. ** . i* "^ . *'V-. < V . yV . '--* * I . K ' K 057G5 4. CHKHICAL PROCESSES INVOLVED UKMOHaITDUM BY DR. ,C. 0. JOHES OF THE STANDARD ------------ g g .m s rM t mmimm* ' *-4 OSnKRAL MOTORS * METHOD "The General Motors' method,: as oarrled oat by the Da Pont Company, consists in the action of ethyl bromide on a leud-sodium alio; During the oooree of reaction, it la also necessary to ase oertain catalysts, such as derivatives of aniline The sodiom in the lead-sodium alloy reaots with the bromine in the ethyl bromide, forming sodium bromide and the ethyl groups then attaoh themselves to the lead, forming tetra ethyl lead There may be some intermediate reactions, but the products mentioned are finally formed borne quantities of alcohol, water und magnesium bromide are also used to some extent in carrying out the process. After the*main reaotion is over, the mixture oontains tetraethyl lead; sodium and lead ' ` * * bromides, dimethyl aniline and magnesium bromide. The tetra ethyl lead is distilled over with steam and carries with it the dimethyl aniline The dimethyl aniline is removed from the tetraethyl lead by means of sulphuric acid This process gives crude tetraethyl lead which needs but a slight purification to make it fit for the purpose intended. STHVL CHLORIDE PROCBS8 "The ethyl ohloride process, as carried out by the standard Oil Company (N.J.), consists in arming a lead-sodium alloy 1th ethyl chloride in an autoclave The ohlorine or the ethyl chloride reatfts lth th sodium of the alloy to give sodium chloride und the othy1 groups of the ethyl chloride then react with the lead to give tetraethyl lead. No catalysts are employed in this prooess. `hen the reaction in the autoclave is over, thoro remains a mixture of tetraethyl load, sodium chloride, lead and some of the lead-sodium alloy v&ioh may have esouped reuotion, together with some ethyl chloride which is pumped off. after the ethyl ohloride is pumped off, steam is passed through the autoclave and this carries over with it the totraethyi lead, giving a mixture of the water obtained by the condensed steam and tetraethyl lead. These two ure sepa ra tea by gravity since the tetraethyl lead is maoh heavier than water. This prooess is, therefore, somewhat simpler than that employed by the Du Pont Company sinoe no catalysts ure UBed. The final purification of the crude tetraethyl lead can be curried out by washing it lth very dilute sulphuric acid and subsequent neutralization of the excessive acid with an alkali* TOXICITY OF TKTHABTHYL-LKAD "It la very probable that there io but little dif* ferenoe in the toxicity of the tetraethyl lead finally obtained in both prooeases. For some time it as supposed that the peculiar effects produced on the workmen oarrying out tha Du Pont prooess were due to the formation of an alkaloid - tfE 00C5767 from the aniline derivatives whloh ere used as catalysts. . .. This;theory as adv&noed to account for the peculiar hslluci- *. ' *, '* ' ** catine experienced by; someof th workmen who had become . affected, hr. Hldgley,' himself, told us about this theory when we were In Dayton about last November. "r'e have been oarrylng out our prooess ~6n a labora tory and semi-commercial scale for about two years.-'. One of our men has been employed in this work during all that time and ; another one has boon employed with him for about sixteen months. During the lust two months, we have been carrying . out the process in u laboratory at the hayway tefinery and have employeu several other men who are currying out the work on a semi-oommeroial scale; <?e have had no indications of any poi soning and all of our men recently have been regularly examined by our Uedloal staff In order to look for any symptoms of poisoning, but none have been found. "This is but a brief description of the two methods. MANUFACTUM J *i* At the General Motors' Laboratories, the only ' > r- .': manufacturingprooess consists of the addition to the tetrs- ethyl lead,'prepared by the Bu-Pont Company, Of slightly less than an equal quantity of ohior-brom-ethylene and a red distin guishing aniline pigment known as "Sudan R*d,v. Of theee^ two latter suhstanoes, the ohior-brom-ethylene hue the general properties of a general anaesthetio and is likely a eouroe of some of the symptoms arising from the inhalation of the fames of tho fluid. However, the greater number of all ths Important symptoms have ooeurrsd In the absence of this substance and safely may he assumed to ariso from the lead compound alone. < . e. c h i k f iiAZAiim The ohlef danger of possible poisoning in connec tion 1th the foregoing processes arisesi-in oonneotion withi (1) Toiling Bumples for analysis. . (2) Filling the drums lth ethyl fluid. (3) Filter pressing the sludge. (4) Occasional uooidental leaks and cure of machinery (5) Mixing the vurious ingredients of ethyl fluid. (6) Filling the small containers. i `4 03 A rr /r* - 6. LSAD POinnWIffg ITT O^ITKRAL ****** Lead poisoning may be either aoute or ohronlo with definite symptoms, or lead may be stored in the system in oonsidoruble quantity for a long period of time without producing an} subjeotive symptoms of which the patient complains. Again, a workraun, ouch as a painter, may present a group of symptoms, which although not In thomsolves absolutely diagnostic of ohronio lead poisoning, yet, owing to their frequent recurrence, A. without other explanation than the man's occupation, may justi fy the diagnosis of lead poisoning* Suoh a group of symptoms for example, are constipation, ooliohy pains in the ubdomen, a hauvily coated tongue, sweetish taste in the mouth, pallor, loss of appetite and weight* These symptoms may arise from a variety of oauses, yet their frequent reourrenoe in a lead woricor justifies the diagnosis of speolflo ohronlo poisoning due to the accumulation of lead In the system. In order to produae symptoms of poisoning, lead must enter the circulation and be conveyed in a more or less soluble form* It may be deposited and stored in certain organs or structures, suoh as the liver or bones where it may remain inert for a long time, even for many years, when, ue it is believed, some altered condition oauses it to beaone soluble and it again olroulates, giving rise to aoute symptoms of greater or lees sovority. There are, however, several absolutely diagnostic -18- j< 0005770 signs of laud poisoning of whioh the patient is unconscious, such us the presence of lead in the urine and stools (through which it ultimately pu$i.es out of the sjetem), und changes in the red blood cox*puBcles, such as gruuulation and irregulari ties in fora, There is much idiosyncrasy in personal eusoeptibiiitj to lead poisoning, son j.-ereons storing it in the system in considerable quantity for long periods of time, while others cror-.ptlj are affected by relatively amull doses. Possibly the rate of elimination through the urine and stools explains this, at leuBt to some extont, There are other symptoms of whioh the patient himself is conscious, such us the well-known "drop wrist" and other phenomena of the nervous and muuoultxr systems. peculiur and intorestijig phenomenon regarding poisoning bj the ethyl fluid is that its major symptoms as thus far studied in all the patients examined, are not at all typical of ordinury lead poisoning, but constitute a group of phenomena, whioh, in the opinion of the Committee, are speciflo and unique, Thus, the typical paralysis mown as "wrist drop" is absent and, although many cases have been examined carefully, the typioal blood pioture of ordinary lead poisoning iB wanting. On the other hand, certain symptoms appear which are quite foreign to ordinary leud poiuoning. Puch for example are un immediate, extreme and long-continued fall in blood pressure, lowered pulse rate and temperature, marked insomnia, rapid loos of weight, etc. The conclusion, therefore, seems Justified that we are dealing with a wholly new and specific variety of poison, and for thin reason a considerable time must elapse before defi nite knowledge can be obtained of the ultimate results of long- 13. *i * ' , continued exposure to-suoh very minute doses of lead as might ;/ possibly be ubsorboct by <those u*sing the one-to-o*ne-thousand dilution, or "ethyl gas"* .* - ' .` * ' ' Experiments upon this phaee of the eubjoot have' been under wuy for cone time and will be prosecuted ae rupidly ae is consistent with scientific thoroughness. ` , .v ean time, while definitely reserving fine! judgment in this mutter, and awaiting the outcome of further experiments, the Committee is of present opinion that this risk is at no . time in the future likely to become very serious or to be of a nature which cannot be eliminated successfully. It should further be borne in mind that minute traces of loud in the human body are not generally regarded ae in any way doloterious', and in faot it has been contended by some competent scientists'that they even may bo present as a normal ingredient* : I; A man may carry, a lead bullet or lead buckshot for years imbedded in various parts of the body," or a painter, for ` I,;* i* ' . .. '* example, may store considerable lead in different organs of the body for long periods of time without exhibiting any symptoms whatsoever and it is only when phyeiologloal or ohemioal changes take plaoe, whloh render the lead soluble and free it in the general oiroulation, that the typical symptoms of plumblem may arise* .' ' *V' : ' KF.;..0SC5772 7. SVMPgQfclF 0? Por:-alira BY TKT1UKTUYL;LKAD The symptoms have boon found to constitute a eerie which is quite unique in the reoords of industrial poisonings end the; constitute a group of clinical phenomena which, although numerous, are remarkably constant in the patients who have been observe, although they varj, naturally, with the de gree ox exposure to the poison, its dilution and to so:_e slight extent, with individual idiosyncrasy, although the latter is less often observeu than with nuny other industrial poisons. very large prop ortier* of those thus far employed in the manu facture and handling of the concentrated product sooner or later huve had symptoms of poisoning, and a considerable number of employees have had these symptoms in raarfceo degree. Tetraethyl lead, which was discovered in 1064, has boon haudldd in small quantities in chemical laboratories for many years. Tho chemists who have handled the product in smull quantities in their laboratories, being used to dealing with poisons and aware of its special toxicity, have escaped poisoning, but a few of them report that occasionally they have had symptoms in mild degree. The employees, however, in the munufaotaring plants who handle the product dally in large quantities, uro subjeot to the ouble hazard of ountaot with the substance through spattering upon the clothing and akin and through inhalation of its fumes. While the latter method of poisoning is known to possess some danger, in praotloally all -16- t\ H 0iCi>773 . ti. employees who have been poisoned, skin contact could not be eliminated. It is definitely proven that very brief skin contact, either upon the hands or any part of the body, results in almost izaaediate absorption without, however, any local irritation to the skin It is this immediate absorption, with the effects it produces, which become so serious, the aotion in this respect resembling the offeots of nitroglyoerine* The earliest symptom complained of by all patients is pronounood insomnia. They are unable to sleep et all at night and beoofie exceedingly restless* boms of them state that they are drowsy in the daytime, and feeling that they would like to sleep, lie down, but immediately upon lying down, they become wide awake, The second early symptom is loss of appetite whioh ie complete, all food becoming repugnant* I.'aueeu ensues which may bo oonutunt throughout the day, and morning vomiting of the food first eaten lo very common. Other early s, mptums not noticed by the patient but readily detected upon physical examination; are an immediate, extreme, and long-continued fall in the normal blood pressure, whioh may drop In a man.with a previous pressure of 140 milli S3* meters of neroury or more, to below 100 m.n* In all the serious -O oases, the blood pressure) reacheo this very low level, in O C5 the lowest case observea, it fell to the dangerous limit of O bO ra.m. of systo.lio pressure, and in many patients who are still able to walk about, it may range from V6 to slightly above 100 d .q . This symptom of low blood pressure, moreover, is one quit work for. some time, is beginning to Improve in other ways. There ia* an accompanying fail in body temperature which huu boon recorded ua low us 94.6 degrees Fuhronheit, or four degrees below normal (beloro deuth the temperature rosy rise). The heart action is slowed, the pulse rute having dropped*' in one cats au lov. bn 4b, that is, twelve or more counts below normal. /.notho r very com on symptom is lose of weight. number of <atients have lost as much aa fourteen pounds in two weeks. This partly nay be aocoui.teu for by the failure of appe tite and the ioaseueu quuntity of food eaten, but the poison may have sone further specific effect in interfering with nutri- tlon. There is aupor-uoidity of the urine, and usually an increaue in rate of respiration. In a few cases only, albumen and uootono have been obuerved in tho urine. In one coae re ferred for study to Dr. aub of Harvard, he reported finding lead in the urine. . . * fc- t -a iu to be expected with greatly lowered blood pressure, vertigo iu oommon. ...any putionts present decided tremor of tho handu like a raun with ohronio alooholiura. The normal muscular reactions may be Increased, but there is general muscular weuknose and the putient is unable to lift heavy weightu. abdominal cramps are quite often oumplained of and many patients rofor to unacoystotned and annoying dreams, a few complain of headache and many of extreme itching of the ekin. Come refer to a sense of constriction in the oheet. ' .- ,r.j *. 'T'# * * * * * '' ' ; Other minor. symptoms which 111 a f o w itiotanaes-huve ` ' .;. :*'. -!, '* _ v;-:. . ',7^>" it- been observer, are dread of u strong light (photophobia)., 7 '' . ^ scotoma (u blind patch in the fielrK-of vision), sluggish reao-f .'i ', ; ; , tion of the pupils to light and .dilated*pMU'pils* Tn one patient. tye.. irritation of the .-.tucoue membrane of the'hose and throat was '> . ; .. 7'*: ' *7 V complained of, and a few pationte referred 'to having a metallic taste in the'mouth* " * :' . "` '7`': . .' There is a akin test for lead in the system, whereby a blaos. sulphide, of lead may- be observed in the sweat* This tout was found positive in a little Io s b than one-half of the pationte specially exuraineu for it*-. .7 f ' -- ' 7-:r* ` ' ' .i There is no cyanosis (blueness of. the skin) und no shortness of broath, nor is.pain, excepting occasional headache, complained of* In severo oasos, other phenomena appear indloa- tivo of profound cerebral disturbance. The victim suffers from oontinuect insomnia and bo0 0 meu delusional, extraordinarily ^ restless and tuljcative.' ^Kia gait is staggering like that of ' ** * ... ' a drunken man, but thereis* no definite paralysis as in ordinary j, . "* . . . . lead poisoning, and convulsions do not appear* There is exag gerated movement of all the musolos of the body, accompanied by perspJLrhtion and the patient finally becomes violently manl- seal, shouting loudly, leaping out of bed, attempting to smash furniture or windows, etc* fa. p a c k h i x t o t u k ;: id r-;?'*IL . : Four tutul oases only have been obuorved thuu far ' among employees. In these, the victims became maniacally delir-;- ious li<ee a man with most violent delirium tremens. There were.:/. " . . ' ' '. * *' t hsluclnuCions of vision and hearing, extraordinary restlessness! ' . v ' :. -- 1 ", ' running amuck, as trying to jump through a window and alter *<*> nately muttering, shoutix.g and screaming. Morphine only accen-' tuutee the delirium. >ue man who smashed a window out hie hand budly. He had delusions of vision,', seeing imaginary groups of persons, und accusing the Doctor of trying to cut him up. .mother man saw the wall paper converted into swarms of moving files and thought plotures of his family on the walls were olive and moving ubout. ;>f tV(0 fatal oases, the body temperature in one patient rose to 110 degrees just bofore death, und in the other to 109. Both these men hod been at work only five weeks. The elder, 63.years of age, was not very vigorous, originally huv- ix;g a ehronio fibroid condition of the lungs. The younger man was of fine physique. The doctors who attended these patients stated that they never had seen anyone die in suoh agony. They . . *"4 '' ' '*`i' said "they died yelling"* One*man had to be strapped in bed by an expert accustomed to restraining tho Insane. Following is a tabulation of twenty-eight non-fatel Oases of poisoning observed in the plant of the General iiotors Chemical Company: - X E 00G5777 Insomnia......................... 28 L.0 U8 of ,,.puotite................. lb Jiaueeu. ..... .................... 16 Mornii.g vomiting........ ....... 10 Abdominal ranps....... 18 Unuoouutoued und annoying dreams..........11 bodily weakness..... ............. 16 l/ocided Iona of weight...... 9 Markedly d;* Iniehed blood pressure..... 20 Slowing of 1pulse rate.......... 7 Photophobia. 1 Mettili io tasto in tho mouth............. 6 Subnormal temperature....... .....19 Hyper-acidity of the urine.......... 18 albumin in*tho tirine. .... 2 .oetone in -the ur ir.e............. ....... 1 Skin teat for lead........ 12 .rosoni.............. 6 liootouu.3 laoreuaeo muscular roaotions............ 7 Iilated pupilt..................... ...... 1 Itching of the uxin......... 4 .arked drowsiness in the daytime........ 1 .lluggiuh pupils................. 2 Headache.................................. 7 Vertigo.............................. 10 Irritation of muouue membranes of tho none und throat....... 1 ^ all of theue patients lad had akin coutaot in greater or iesa degree and all were subject to inhalation of fumes. It is quite roraurkuble that ue compared with ordinary leud poisoning, which is so oharuotorised by blood changes, purtloulurly in the reu blood cells, no euoh definite ohangeo have been observed thus far in any of the tetraethyl lead oases. Owe of them show a slight degree of anemia suoh as anyone in poor generul health might have, but nothing diugnoatio thus far has been found in the most ourefui examinations of the blood. -80- K h' escsvt  Smother important phenomenon 1b the extremely sloe recovery which appears to i*oeult from even moderate exposure to the poison-und cui.vuiesoenoe r;*vy require eight or ten weeks. -`ho bloou pressure renoix: low for many. weeks. Vho appetite ..nd normal weight are low in returning and the insomnia also porniatu. Cocas .k.iiuiiy relapses of acne of tfco uyxapt&mB have be on observes i:. petlexitu who apparently were improving, but who had not gsne back to worn. Only one patient, u forenun at the Oou^ral ..utors Chemical Company plant, appeared to have a certain degree -. immunity from the poiconixig. He told the committee thut he hud hud practically all the symptoms ubove enumerated;, in greater or lesser degree, excepting the delirium and yet he had lost very few daye at work. He was of optimistic tempemnoiit und disposed to make light of his symptoms. On being examined by the Committee, however, ho was found to be uneer weight and to have allow blood pressure. Cinoe his exam ination by the Committee, howevor, he has beoome troubled by veukneas, loss of appetite, with other lose striking uymptoma and has beoii relieved of all work and sent-uway for a prolonged rest. Upon a recent visit to Dayton, fifteen patients wore examined by the entire Committee, all of whom prosenteo some of the ubove described symptoms and gave a history of having had others. r -21- HE" 03C577! i V?'. ir3"*- . T. ` Tho following fdtal cnee ,observed; at the Du Pont plant is b o typical that the! history i8 given ,iri;full: jy Cui:: up JOffdPH ciniici \ July 14. . * *' Last day of vork!ln load ethyl building, patient '* " . * . . i i. .. has not been to hospital for synptorae or treatment ^ in three months# ' ! 4 -. *- .. . '*-. '* > :i * - 1 . ' . ,v ~ ! y- . 15. Patient did not report for worn. Seen at hone in 1,, *. '* - , - . .* . _ ' r !. - ' afternoon. ::aya he fvele oak, di.txy or light- ' < heado-: at ti'-.ea. Corao inoreaae in urinary frequency, not'sleeping well and dreams ut night. Headache, nausea and loss of appetite. Usual treatment and rest. ; Pulse uiovr, around 60. . - ., : .' ' 16. Ceen ut homo. Condition, about the same. ' " 1U. Upon at hone. -'.eelinK bettor; ftorauch more at ease, Sleeping better... Diggiuestr and hoaduohe chief uynpto'.i... ' ' `! , hi*.;. ' ' .! " 19. :>eon ut hone. Peeling fine. Little light-hoadednoes. bating and sleeping better. impresses desire to come in on light work Monday. -"f.L !!1. ,21 Called to homo about one in the morning.; Patient has been acting quoerly. irrational in hi speech at times. Knoss ^hat io said to him. Pulse slow, Hot violent. ?aken to Salem in Company our! at two in the morning. Meatless and talked that night* * " 22 Private nurse supplied. Patient becoming very irra- tionul; restraint necessary. Pulse 60, temperature ' 7 eT - ^ : o 4'e  ** *> * l'. * t. * * t and respiration normal. 'fakes nourishment. Usual *- ;* ; treutmont of eliminutl.n, sedation and rent. July '3. Patient very violent, Aestraint necessary Very . r''~!*- ;; irrational and noisy-, .ill take only liquids. ;*>eda- `* *5 '* tiuji mils. two /iiirees on duty. Pulse 56. Aespira `- * -* ** tlcne 0. i - . ;jatient violent, noisy and writhing in his restraint. venesection was thought advisable. lon.-oraturo normal. !ulee slow. Sixteen ounces of olood removed from vein. " 4. ;atiout hud a fine night after bleeding. Ulept six or aovon hours. In morning about, ten A.I1. became exulted anti restless, and was put back in restraint. " 26. P.oetlo ailid noisy at times; other times quiet. Only 1it-uid nourishment. Pulse and revpiratiun in- oreutec. temperature 102.5. ' M 6* Gouuition remains about the same. Knema given. '-iouidi; hard to administer. \ " 27. Very noisy and absolutely irrational. Unable to pet ; him to take nourishment, temperature 103 Pulse .. ' rapid. ' ... ' . .. ' . " 0. r.hous signs of neniritx?ul limitation. Very nervous and tuitehing. pinul puuoture at 11 A.M., 0 c.o. ; of fluid removed. Game cut under pressure iuiet P afforwards for some time. ^ble to remove restraint. " 9. -uiet, but nervous und twitohiug. Thought to have a , : fifty-fifty chanoe. Talking at random. Kot violent. bigns of brain involvement. Temperature same. Heart normal. Blood pressure 100/70* July 30. Remains about tho eamo in the morning. In early afternoon temperature rote to 107* Convulsions and nervous movements. Irrational speech. Rapid pulse. Respirations increasing. ;erupiration on faoe. iitimulunta given. Died at 3:06 V.M. 9. <.mong tho four fatal ouses obaervoc, tv.o came to autopay. ho reuordu nude at a Da}ton hospital autopay uni'ortunatol} are so meugro as to give little information. There h u b however some congestion of tho brain. In the autopsy norformea upon tho othor case from tho }'a i ront plant, permit sion to remove the abdominal viucora for oboorvtetion could not be obtained, but upon gross inspection, thej appearod normal. The brail*, however, showed mareu losionB. Tho subaurui space contained an oxcesaivo amount of intra-'cranial fluid, under pressure. i?he vessels of the brain v.ere greutly oong;'8tou. Tho fluid o nild easily account for the irritation and finul fatal paralysis of the vital oentors from pressure. (This was the putient Joseph Cianoi, whoso history is recorded in detail immediately proceeding) io. x?rr:::sm .?? ??; ?p i .v .k i :?q Certain of the soluble lead combinations have long bopn known by chemists to bo toxio, but the extreme toxicity of ethyl loud tua ut*first not fully appreciated. although all employee were turned originally against the danger of wetting the skin with this substance, they were careless in taking ade quate precautions, and tuo who died, had saturated portions of their clothing with it, Kecently* however, this great danger is bottor appreciated by all and more rigid rules are being well enforced with gratifying results. It has been found that gloves of all Kinds, rubber, oanvus, leather, eto., ufford only par tial protection as they aro penetrated by the product, or destroyad by it. Tetraethyl load, being an oily and fat soluble sub stance, reudily penetrates the skin upon briefest contact. ..r. ~idgley stated thut he himself had hod mild toxio symptoms from u single briof immersion of the hands in the lead fluid although he ut onee washed them. ~ It beoonea imporutive, therefore, that the fluid shall under no olroumatanoes be allowed to oome in contact with any part of the body surface, Should this by accident occur, it must be Washed off immediately with soap and water, or a neutralizing solution. A rabbit, whose thin skinned ears were painted with an unmeasured large quantity of ethyl lead, died of poisoning within two hours. This is anulagous to the promptness with whioh oertaln nitrites and anilines are absorbed, causing toxio symptoms. Furthermore, some degree of poisoning may occur *< * through inhalation of tho ethyl lead vapor, ' f* ?'Ar; '* ' '* '` f . ., Auny of the workmen, showing only Blight symptoms; V " .. ; v* '. '* -; ' . '. * have continued ut work. In other oases, .quite narked symptoms ;. . . : .'' fvy '* have developed within from three to six hours, ; !'*. ; * -- v . V' V.. j^.. r 0. r* O - ;fv -f'V" IX. MODB OF POISOIIINQ Th following report was nade ou laroh lSth, 1924, by Dr. A. K. Smith of th Committe for 3. I. DUgpyg DE NS11Q0RS & COMPAMY._____ ;________ "All of our ceeeo up to this time hors bn poisoned by absorption through the shin. It is proven that fanes under certain conditions, here they: are more or less oonfined and the supply of good air United, also oauee poisoning. There is no doubt but that ingestion of the material, just as the in- geetion of any soluble lead compound oould also oause poisoning. --s . # (A recent fatal oase in man of poisoning thus acquired has I been reported. He was not an employee). "The first noticeable indication of poisoning by tetraethyl lead has been loss of appetite. The blood pressure taken at this time will be found considerably below nomai and this condition is followed by restless, disturbed sleep, or an inabilitato sleep at all, oerebral congestion, with its attendant convulsions and delirium with'tremors. The cerebral *\ .. .. ' - . symptoms are;exactly those seen with delirium tremens, due to excessive use;of aloohollo drinks. In most of our oases, the condition of oerebral congestion and delirium have come on forty- eight, or seventy-two hours after the exposure to the poison. The poisoning appears to be character1stlo alone of tetraethyl lead and in the main resembles ethyl compound poisonings, . . . . - - . . . rather than the lead oompound poisoning. 3*9(TS ` ` o- ;* 4 . wifO <cD * Vjv;';' ' ' * ` ' r .. :. " *\ ' ; "Ho oolio hue been observed, suoh as ooours in most aoute lead poisonings, and constipation has not been noted for the reason thut our patients bave been promptly.purged* Our * experience has been entirely uith aoute poisoning and none of . the more permanent effects of lead poisoning have been noted* ; No eruption on the skin has been observed in any of our oases* although when the pure material is applied to the shaved ear of a rabbit, it onuses u deep injeotion of the blood vessels and the skin of the ear has a dry, shrunken appearance." *'V*' Note. It should bo observed that these symptoms observed with the Du Pont product are identioal with those observed in Dayton, and hence the ohlor-brom-ethylene and coloring matter added in Dayton have little or no part in their production* .12 211116223 To RAPtvtCgigtaKTS"r orpr mpois--o-n--i-n-o- C.UESS 1 PAYTOB 'vorJtmen employed In blending Hoom.. 64 :.'umbor of ..orKtnon ill at some time............ 38 ttn employed boforo July lot, 1924. 36 dumber of this group ill at oomo time.......... .......E8 1,'ote Of the above group, all who have no record of illness were employed for a few day s only, ........ and then either <<ult or were . laid off for some reason. *11 who worked steadily for a month or more booume ill. 8 average duration of illness of above group, either provious to or sinoe July 1st............... 8 days lion employed eiuoe July 1st. 1924.../................. 28 dumber of this group ill at some time... 10 tvorage durution of Illness.....*................... 6 days It should be pointed out that men employed after July 1st were ourofully solooted for their physical soundness and wero wutohed for the appearance of the first symptoms of illness, whereupon .they were promptly relieved until complete i i recovery took place. Under thoce conditions reoovory usuully took place in a few days. furthermore, the improved condition . ' ***.., `` . under which the employees worked, provided for lese contact with ethyl fluid. - ,' ,. ^1 ' V.V*!V- ` .* ILLNESS A? DU PON? PL/JIT- At the Du Pont plant, 240 cases of poisoning were reported from January 1, 1924, to August 1, but, as a number of patients came more than once under treatment, the aotual number of employees affected wus about 160 Prior to'that date, Hourly us many more cuueu were reported. Of all these however, not more than fourteen were lost time oases. <4-v. O A o .ntr v O .o 6 o 13. aTiujal Kxpaamsngs-:. (a) KXSHIiCnTS'UD'i A'f B YV;a Y ?Q3 m r sO T 'W ! W J B F r TM T i m i . by ......~ - 'PRS THOMPSON AMD SCHOKHLEBBR . , * # . . ?hese experiments were* made to do tormina tha offacta of absorption through the akin on daily applications of: (a) concentrated ethyl fluid*' 0>) 1-1000 ethyl gas. (o) control with plain gasoline* < d f Dosage of varying sise* (e} Any difference between the Du I'ont and standard Oil px*oduota* .: (f) Long-continued applications of minute dosage* Both rabbits and guinea pigs were used; the rabbits because of the large capillary surface for absorption exposed on the ours; the pigs, to add a second epeoies of animal and ; because of their sensitiveness and the pronqjtness with which- they display symptoms* ; It soon was found that the large doses at firt used were too quickly fatal with the concentrated ethyl fluid* IThus one rabbit died in two hours and two others, in twenty-two hours with unlimited dosage* that is* brushing the earB thoroughly onoe with an unmeasured quantity of the preparation* Shis!:;:; prompt manifestation of symptoms and early fatality was a surprise* A further surprise was in the fsot that in u few instancea* after O n r't:n n ... . .' - . , ' trti ' minimal dosage, and after production of moderate symptoms, a certain degree of immunity appeared from the effects of further minute dosea, although in one rabbit in this series (whioh - accidentally was killed outdoors in a storm), leud was foui.d in the.body on autopsy Some difficulty wao experienced with all the ani mals in the soroneso and blistering of the ears, whioh possibly, to some extent, was protective against further absorption. In many of the animals the ethyl fluid was applied to a portion of shuved surface on the baok, whioh was followed by total lose of hair over a considerable surrounding area The symptoms in the sevorer oases are very striking The animal becomes momentarily restless, but soon very depressed keeping iuiet with drooping ears. He makes no voluntary movementu, refuses food and is obviously vory ill. Twitching of the ears is followed by that of the legs, and this soon umounte to oonvulslve (clonic) movements. The animal lies on its side with continuous twitohiug of the entire body, until doath ensues, . apparently from respiratory psralysie. The poison thus obviously affects the central nervous system in extraordinary degree, corresponding with the effects observed in the fatal oeees in man, exoept that in animals, os might be expected, the symptoms appear to ariao mainly through spinal irritation, whereas in man they are essentially cerebral. In the protracted oases,, enaolatiou of marked degree ensues with corresponding weakness t and lassitude, and loss of woight with poor condition of the hair. K GGC5730 -3 lio decided differences were observed in the reuotione oi' the two species of aninale experimented upon. ?he control experiments with pure gasoline showed !jj other pymptomu than murked excoriation of tho skin and lose of hair where applied through u uuinbor of oonoeoutive days. Dosage ^utOiuiies ' ho daily aosuge of the ethyl fluid applied to rabbits varied from .634 grn. of lead to .76 gn. Vhat applied to guinea ige varied from 1 . 1 1 2 to .76 pm. lead. a states, in some rabbits, much largor unmeasured applications were made. (One bruehful of tho ethyl loau \.as estimated to aontain .76 ng. of lead.) Ii; all, up to date of this report, (July 2, 1924), ni.,o rabbits und four pigs have died. In one rabbit whioh died 22 hours after a single gross application to both ears, autopsy showed narked rigor mortis, slight congestion of the liver, uoute congestion of the kidneys and bruin. V.o lead was discovered in the brain, but in the liver 3.4 mg. of lead were found. Shis extraordinarily prompt absorption of lead through the skin is quite a new und unlooked for phenomenon in the general history of lead poisoning. In a second rabbit treated also by u single gross application to the ears, autopsy showed identical oouge8 tiou of lungs, brain and liver, no lead in ' H Z 00C5791 the bruin, but in the liver 6 . 1 mg.*of lead were . * . * . ,' , . present, v .1 ;v i ** - * third rubbit wuo treated with one;unknown dose of ethyl fluid (ooiibehtrated), applied with an ab * "** -+*.-* -. *4 . * , *, . . dominal pad 'to the shaved skin and a total of 7,E(. gm. of lead given in 17 subsequent applicutionu. It recovered after 21 hours from initiul symptoms **/ *` * .. , * and lived 2 1 days, when it; was killed for analysis. although the symptoms had been slight, it showed, in the kidneys Pb. 3,07 mg. und in the liver Pb. 9.22 tag., a total of 12.27 rag. Pb. Thus, in throe weeks, without serious symptoms, it absorbed about 6 one sixth-hundredth of the total lead applied. ` " '*r ' The following case is exceedingly Important as showing the effect of daily application of 25 o.o. of the ethyl gas applied for oorameroial use. The animal, given the Standard Oil product, in 10 doeoB,lived 13 days and died from emaciation . ** and weakness, autopsy showed a t r a o e o f l e a d in the kidneys and in the liver, (0.76 mg. Pb.). a seoond rabbit, however, treated in all respects Identically,; died from emaciation in 1 2 daye, but analysis failed to discover lead in the organs examined. (It must have been more generally and minutely distributed in the body). v a u autopsy thus far has bean made on only one guinea pig which received 1.390. ga. Pb. in the Du Pont ethyl fluid. It died in 13 days, but no lead woo found post mortem. ilo very .arked difference as-manifest between the Du Pont and otandurd Oil products, but the impression was '" *-* * ' ' oonveyod to all the observers that*-the standard Oil product tppeuro slightly the more toxic.'; - single experiment was made upon u rabbit to as certain whether symptoms ariee from inhalation of vaporized straight tetraethyl lead. ?he unhouted fluid was blown into a Biaall closed chamber with an atomizer, treatments were given '' > * daily of from one to tv.o and a half hours for 6 days. Immediate ly after the treatments, the animul appeared a little nervou8 "V #. and excited and subsequently quite drowsy, but it recovered promptly upon release from the chonbor and showed no after ill effects of uuy kind, ' The animals now boing treated to determine the accumulative hazard of long continued application of small doses ol ethyl :ead gasoline will subsequently bo killed and anal ysed. " ill evporimonto thus far have, been conducted with ' * . the cooperation and Joint observation'of the iledioal and Chemical liesearch Departments so that a large mtmbox- of different ob servers huve confirmed them. - 000S78S (b) KXPBRlMKliaPii AT DKBP'.uiTOR POINT ----- - y a. srirr T u m -- m m a r i g r r a g------- u:ui':iiix:v,Td u p o n t h e p h y s i o l o g i c a l k k p k c t :* o f tetiuetiiyl l e a d *:n> OTHER CHK&ICALS -2ID SOLUTIONS ENCOUNTERED . i:r its iumjPACuiu:;4. * . * Rabbits were used exclusivelyin the different experiments. They were all healthy and had been under observa tion for throe or four days before being used. ,-Bi'ORi'TIOR. Both earc of the rabbits; were shaved * ,, and tho chemical aolutiona painted on the shavea areas. INHALATION. The aolutiona were placed in a Petri dish floated on water of various degrees of tennoruture. The whole buth surrounded by wire netting and placed in a small oage and tho entire oage covered except for small air leaks. INTERNAL aIEDICa TION. Experiments in internal medi cation were not carried on for the roueon that the main chemical to be investigated (tetraethyl load) is already .norm to be of high toxicity. - The following four solutions woro investigated; 1. - Tetraethyl load.solution from small still whichdoes not.contain tetraethyl lead, but is the liquid which remains in the hydrolizer after the tetraethyl lead hus been taken off. C. -Tetraethyl lead. 3. - Recovered Ethyl bromide 4. - -ater of Tetraethyl lead diutillation. :: -36- H e 0 3 C 5 7 3 4 ?v' ... TET1UKTHYL DK~D SOLUTION PHOn, SMALL STILL : I By absorption. On November 26th at 10:30 .k. both eure of a rabbit were shaved together with uu area about one inch by two inches on the buck. The right ear and back area wore painted with the sample labeled "Tetraethyl lead solution from small still". The rabbit licked the baok ureu perfectly clean shortly after the solution was applied. No iooul or syetemio effects were noticed on the rabbit on November noth, 29th, 30th, December let and 2nd. . Jn December 3rd at 11:00 ...U., both earu were painted v.ith the solution both inside and outside and were repainted ; at 1:00 , 2:00 i-.ii., 3:00 i'.n. and 4:00 ?.ll. On December 4th this rabbit was still in a perfectly healthy state with a nurmal appetite und has continued so until the present time (December 13th). By Inhalation. On Decombor 12th placod a rabbit in u small cage with u quart jar of boiling water having a Petri dish with 30 o.o. of the solution suspendsi near the surface and covered the whole oage with a rubber oloth. No effect on the rabbit which is well today (December'13th) ' <r TKTRAKTHYh 1KAD ' `' ` By .ibuorution. Oh December fith both ears of a rabbit were shaved and painted with tetraethyl lead at 9:15 A.ii. At 10:00 A.li. the rabbit lays his ears baok and backs up around his oage. at 10:20 A.M. refuses to eat cabbage leaves. At -37- K G0G5735 1;413 *`.11. ho ooicu good again end is bright und active but not eating. At lH:4 l.H. both care wore repainted. ^t 1:00 P.A*. he is ugain restless, crouohee dov.ii mid bao^d; uroin.d the oago ooi.tidorublj. .t 1:30 } he is still buoicing up and jerking . ... * ,, his hoad buok. He uoes not eat and evidently has tn;: o cerebral irritation. There la; no muscular inoo-ordination as he hops ' *4 ' .... '' ' forward in a perfectly natural manner only to start backing -. again, .it 2 :lb i . ., * he stopped bucking up arid nut quiotly. . t k;4 b I'.ii. painted both ears with tetraethyl load and it was notioect that both the ears were somewhat swollen. The rabbit alnost iinedlutely resumed jerking his; head and backing again * '* . and at 4:00 P..I. is sitting uietly and has refusod to eat from i the start of the experiment. ." On December 6 th he v.as found dead in his cage at 6:00 A.Li. Autopsy showed the kidneys, liver and Bpleon to be normal. There* wore; small herraorrhagic "areas in the lungs and the lungs wore slightly dark in color mid without consolidation. The right auricle and- right ventricle of the hourt were engorged -- '* ' -' **'.' * ' with blood and the`left ventricle aiid left auricle were free from blood. There .were several hemorrhages in the brain, one * ". . t , -i.&:Kt4 ,' , ' of considerable else.' : .. ' ' ' .. . Bi Inhalation. On Deoej^er 6 th*at 10:30 A.U., - * ' < " f *, ' . 6 o.o. of tetraethyl lead was pladed-.in a Petri dish over a * , slatted cage containing u rubbit and 'the box and Petri dish covered with paper. At P : 0 0 r.A. the rabbit was not affected >. -4 . ` ' ` *. ' in any way and was euting quietly `At* 'i10 I.14. pluoed the ' : ' ' -au- :vK f 03C5?36 - Ptri dish ountuining L> o.c. of tetruethyl lead on a warm water ; bath of 1 1 0 * ? and again oovered the rabbit und box with paper, ^t 3 :BO i-.A.. the rabbit wuu in good condition und apparently not *d` affeotod in unj way. -ieheatod the water to ltOcP. and again oovered the rabbit until 3:45 P.A. Habbit in a normal condition at the end of that tine. On Decomber 7th at 6:15 A.ii. placed a rabbit in a cage with a Petri diah floated on hot water at 150?. putting the vessel containing the hot water and Petri diah in the oage and covered tho entire oage with a rubber apron. At 1:00 P.H. the rabbit way in a normal condition and apparently not uffected1 in uuy way. .it 1 : 0 0 ?.A* placed 1 0 o.c. of tetraethyl lead on a Petri diah in one quart of boiling water and at 3:00 P.A. it / had not affectod the rabbit in any way. 'fhie rabbit ie atill alive at thia tine (December 13th) and ie normal in every way. -- WATK OK TEJihiKTHYL LEAD DISTILLATIH . By Absorption. On December 10th at 11:45 .U. * '> .' shaved a rubbit'a oara und applied to both'some of the sample marked "i.'eter of tetraethyl lead distillation". At 1:00 P.tt. " . `T . - ' * " . . ' . - ** no effeota being noted, both ears were repainted and at*2 : 0 0 P.l:. the rabbit being still normal, both ears wore repainted and at 3:00 P.A. there being still no effect from previous paintings, both ears were repainted. TJp to the present tine thiB rabbit is in good condition. JBv Inhalation. On December 11th put a rabbit in a oage, oloaed with tha exception of small openings for air to enter, and in the oage surrounded by a wire soreen a quart of boiling water on the surfaoe of which was a Petri dish with 30 o*o. of the water of tetraethyl lead distillation was placed .after three hours the rabbit was in a normal condition and not uffooted in any way and has continued in a normal condition up to the present time (December 12th) HKCOVERBD ETHYL BROMIDE By absorption. On Deoember 11th shared and painted a rabbit's ears with recovered ethyl bromide severul times and without any effect upon the rabbit By Inhalation. A large rabbit was anaesthetised with the recovered ethyl bromide to a point of muscular relax ation and allowed to recover Aeoovary was prompt and up to the present time there has been no bad effect CQI?CLU3I0nS The conclusion is that tetraethyl lead is very toxlo on application to the uubroicen shin. Prom this it can readily be inferred that it would be toxic on mucous surfaces or by '; ingestion That fumes from tetraethyl lead would not be encountered aunless the chemical was heated to high degree and then undoubt- . edly they would be poisonous' - Nothing is to be feared from eoovered thy1 Bromide under ordinary conditions exoept that with fumes of ethyl '' . ' ; bromide and ulr largely excluded, an anaesthesia may be obtained vw-:' ' o*- which if not carried too far ia quickly recovered from and with * ' out any bad after-effect. The vmtere of tetraethyl load diet illation give no eyateuie effeotu on rabbitB b;. akin absorption or inhalation. The liquora from the hydroliaer after the removal of tetraethyl lead are not toxio by inhalation, absorption or ingestion in small quantities. 00G5739 1' RESULT of Inhalation * Chin Reaction Internal s kedioation. Tetraethyl lead solution iro:a small still Tetraethyl lead No roaotion None . -<*., No effects .. No reaction from < Slight iooul , . normal temperature, ; swelling. from v.ater bath of , i;- babbit died after Not given. lbO* E., from bath three applioa* of wator ut 2 0 0 -2 1 0 *T. ; tiona with head * aympton8 Ethyl Bromide .i The usual anaesthetic effect carried to a point of Intoxication. Prompt recovery*with no ufter-effeot. ; Negative Not given. Waters of Tetraethyl Lead ristillu- ti o n . No effect even when placod on boiling water. * *-'* ..... *' *. No reaction Not given. K ? 00C53io (o) OUTLINE OP EXPERIMENTS Ma DE BY CioL..E. B. VEDDEli Altf> HIS STAFF AT THE U.ST g ^ V ^ m tMStrrA^N^ITi^irromOD.MARYLAND, Thebo experimente were made to determine the minimum lethal dose of ethyl fluid* A dog weighing 19 KIIob received one shin applica tion of 0*3 o.o* ethyl fluid per Kilo of body weight* It died in 108 hours* A second dog received double this dose and died in 48 hours. A third dog* weighing 13*5 Kilos received only 0*8 o.o. per Kilo and is still alive after some days. A small dog weighing 4*08 Kilos received *1 o.o, per Kilo dally, .after 13 applications he became restless, nervous and developed tremors and died after the 81st application* Two guinea pigs weighing 0*5 Kilos receiving *1 ; and . 8 8 o.o. respectively died in about 96 hours* Two dogs " 3 : given 1 * o.o. and 0.5 o.o. respectively Intravenously were dead in 18 hour8 . .. A series of white mloe were tested as to the oumu- ,, _ lative effect of daily 1 0 minute, inhalations of the fumes of - 1* ,, ethyl fluid in the strength of *5 mg. per liter of air* Ona , died in 14 days,.1 in 15 days, 8 in 19 days and 1 in 80 days* Experiments are being made to find the effeot of prompt washing off otherwise lethal applications to the skin* Thus far kerosene has been found the most effective material; for use in this manner* (d) BXPSRILSIIgS AT DAYTON PRELDilEARY REPORT BY ROBERT A KSHOB 11P A, Chlor-Brom-Ethtlene - 1 Prom the chemical nature of this material, it mould be expeoted that it mould behave as a general anaes thetic. Such was known to be the case, it having been used for a brief period upon a man. 2. Whether or not any after effects of its use might be ecountered, was made the subjeot of an animal experizaent. a rabbit was placed in a cage, airtight with the exception of an intake pipe and an outlet of the same Bite. In this cage the animal rae exposed to the saturated vapor of Chlor-brom-ethylene in air. <ut the end of eight minutes, the animal was in a state of deep anaesthesia and was then removed from the cage. He recovered some degree of aotlvlty, though apparently ill. He was found dead the next morning. 3. Heoropsy showed considerable irritation of the respi ratory passages and a decided swelling of the lungs with much free fluid in them. Home degeneration of the other organs may have been due to usual post mortem changes. 4. Conclusion: The breathing of Chlor-brom-ethylene in high concentration is a source of danger in handling ethyl fluid. This danger cun undoubtedly be over come by a proper ventilating system. 5. Experiments are under way to determine the quantity of vapor of this material which may be present in respired air without producing harmful effects. B. Tetraethyl Lead. . (a) The inhalation of tetraethyl lead by experimental anima. ls. *. - 1. Tetraethyl lead vapor w u b passed in a slow stream (by bubbling air through it) into a ouge similar to the one previously described. Both the satur ated vapor and various mixtures of it with air were used. Under these conditions a rabbit breathing - -4 4 - ^ 000- 5b02 the saturated . vapor died in two hours without convulsions. The animal showed changes in rate of reapirution* and then developed a profound weak ness, dying apparently of respiratory paralysis* 2. In reduced concentrations of tetraethyl lead vapor in air breathed by the animals, the animals survive for longer periods of time and show somewhat dif ferent symptoms. One rabbit has been exposed to air in which the lead vapor constituted 0*5 per oent of the air and vapor mixture, by volume. At the end of the third day, six hours exposure per day, he was very ill, and died during the night* This experiment is being repeated as a check. 3. -<nothor rabbit exposed to a mixture of air and lead vapor, in which the lead vapor is 0 . 1 per cent of the mixture has survived after twenty days of six hours expOBuro eaoh. He seems perfectly well. 4. Necropsies done on dead animals with all ways of introduction of the poison show essentially the same lesions. The findings will be described later. (b) The intravenous introduoti n of tetraethyl lead. 1. The determination of the lethal dose of the lead compound, us well as the manner of death, the local ization of the polBon, the manner and rate of excretion, und methods of combatting it best, are being investigated. Certain facts are now capable of being stated as a result of the preliminary experiments. 2. When tetraethyl lead is injected into the veins of experimental rabbits, they do not die at ouoe, s b /do animal 8 injected; with inorganic salts of the heavy metals, but they die soon, after a consider able interval of tine, or not at all, dependent upon the size of the dose injected. - * . 3. (a) one cubic oentimeter of pure tetraethyl lead ... kills a rabbit in about two hours. ' (b) .. . ' (o) . One twentieth of this quantity kills within twelve hours. *\ Several rabbits receiving one-fiftieth of this quantity or.less have survived and are well after three weeks. 46- K i 00C5303 .. *xr * (d) If small but lethal doses^are. injected, the animals develop nervous system symptoms and ale In convulsions. In thse oases, inorganio lead may be fouud in considerable quantity in the central nervous system. . The lethal dose for rabbits of the' size employed lies somewhere between twenty and; fifty milligrams of lead, A s a comparison with inorganic Balts of lead, experiments have been made,:op the toxicity of lead chloride for rabbits. Thirty.milligrams of lead in this-form are found to be uniformly lethal co rabbits of the else employed. ' ' '' ' * ` . '' ;* " ' ` `,\4 V C , Sthyl Fluid Applied to the Bye. ' _ 1. Because of. the occasionalsplashing of fluid in the eyes of workmen, experiments were undertaken to - determine whether or not permanent injury to the eye would occur from this oause. These experiments are still under way, ... 2. One application of ethyl fluid into the eye of a rabbit produced no symptoms beyond a brief reddening of the eye. Ho illness was apparent and the eye was normal .in every way after a few hours. ;One of the animals so . 'treated gave birth to five normal young all of hloh . have survived and are quite weli.V; ; : : -`.f . .. . . 3. One application of ethyl gas (1 t:*1000 dilution of ethyl fluid in ordinary gasoline);':into the eyes of rab bits failed to produce any-observable abnormality, 4. One application of ordinary gasoline as a control < :rlikewlse failed to show any! abnormal result.. . . 6 . Frequent applications are being ;made to determine the >.. . ' possibility of producing pathological'changes in the X C "::'- eyes^.- ,*.: 1 >.**v , 1 * - .* .. . * ' ` - '.4 ^ ,r* . .4 ` *' / r * -* ; ; Note: Ho experiments have been carried out as to the * .. effects of the application of tetraethyl lead to : the skin because of the known facts in this matter, ' and also because of the difficulty of. obtaining . aoourate quantitative data in this way, - D. - : : ' ;' : * 'j . - The Pathology of Tetraethyl Lead Poisoning ip Animals; . * . 1 ` * "" ... - ' - . .. . . , y. , I . . ,;v ' '! . -* ' ' `' ': " 1 , Heoropsles have been done in all oases of death in animals whether from inhalation or injection of the . poison. The uniform findings Here ae follows: (a) Intense gastro-intestinal irritation, localised' especially in the upper part of the small inteetine*-- (b) Swelling and softening of the brain. In some cases (quick death) this waa alight. In more prolonged -.7. oases, it waa definite and unmistakable.- (o) No other organa showed an; marked abnormality. (d) It is necessary to study this phase of the matter further and to study miorosoopio ohonges in the ; organs. ; . B. ConoluBions 1. Tetraethyl lead is a poison which oan be absorbed in. poisonous doses b y w a y of the lungs (Inhalation), and. by way of the circulatory system. The lethal dose by injection directly into the oiroula tory system is between twenty and fifty milligrams,;:, and corresponds closely tooths lothay dose of inorganio salts of lead. l; 3.. at least a portion of the-poison is exoreted in the form - of inorganio lead, both in animals and in man, so that - i t is obvious that the oompound is changed to b o s s ly- tent within the body to an inorganio compound, whether . : or not the poison originally sots as a lead oompound, . it undoubtedly presents -the possibility of producing* -7 a. type of lead poisoning... ,, .- ; .' . ' .. r . . -.. . * 7 ' '* *>..." */" 4. The pathology of poisoning in animals indioates a :io- '77 oalisation in the central nervous system and in the 77;:;;; intestine. This latter corresponds to the localise ; tion of other inorganio compounds of heavy metal adits 77 including lead. It is also suggested that secretion ` ooours largely by way of the alimentary traot, a fam- ' iliar finding in the case of certain heavy metal poisons. fi. Prom the above experiments, admittedly Inadequate'for ;; sweeping conclusions, the writer is of the opinion that poisoning from tetraethyl lead is essentially lead poisoning, differing from the ordinary type in its rate of absorption into the body, and in its localisation in the body. These things may be explained on the basis of the peculiar form in whloh It exists In an organic, fat soluble state* : , Furthermore, the writer thinks that a therapy la Indi cated for the treatment of oases oftetraethyl lead poisoning which has demonstrated its effloaoy in several varieties of heavy metal poisoning, including lead poisoning, both acute and; chronic* .if. . * J. t, c-.. tf j?- 00C53C*6 Heported by Pr. a , II. Smith on -*pril 2, 1924. "o. 1 . The previous experiment of painting the shaven ears of a rabbit v,us repeated ae a aheok on the effeots of the compound by absorption. The shaved ears were painted, inside and out, with tetraethyl lead, Two applications tore made with un interval of two hours between applications. The rabbit almost immediately lost his appetite; beoame quiet and was apparently sick. It refused to eat for two days and then took food and by the fourth day wbb in good condition again and has remained so. :io. 2 . ni effort was made to simulate a spill and to ascertain if prompt removal of the lead compound from the sxin would be without poisonous effeots, A rabbit was rubbed with 1 0 0 c.o. of tetraethyl lead and the chemical allowed to stay on the rabbit two minutes (representing the time necessary for a workman to get his olotheB off and get under a shower bath} and then the rabbit was rinsed in lukewarm water and imme diately afterward thoroughly washed with soap and water. The rabbit died in five hours. The fine hair of the rabbit made this an unfair test as the lead compound is oily and pene trating and was difficult to remove quickly* 49 KET 000530? ... INHALATION. ; : .. .' No. 3. a rabbit was piaoed in a stooks with hie nose over a two-quart cup-like vessel with 30 o.o. of tetra ethyl leud in the bottom of the vessel and allowed to stay in that position six hours. No effect of this exposure could be noted and even the appetite of the rabbit was not impaired. This experiment was repeated on a second rabbit with like result. A oage with two rabbits was placed in the tetra ethyl lead building. This cage is easily moved and has been moved to any place where fumes were likely to be most prevalent, iost of the tine it has been near the top of the still. These rabbits remain healthy and are gaining flesh. A compound, water soluble, and composed of lead, ethyl bromide and pyridine has been suspected of being present in the material after the process in the hydrollzer is complete and a sample was obtained from the hydrollzer just before the _ ... _ -. ', * *e contents were run off to the still. This was allowed to stand and roughly separated into three layers; lead sludge in the bottom tetraethyl lead next and water at the top. ;; This top layer was deoanted and piaoed in a two-quart; oup-shaped vessel and a rabbit piaoed in the sttooks with its nose over the oup. No .' ;v . *v effoots were noted after six hours exposure. * .An absorption test:was made'with this top layer and an area four Inches square on the rabbit**:side was liberally painted. No effects were noted and the.'rabbit is still well. ten days after the exposure. v, -60- & % 00CS.508 - \ .-f Two quarts of the mixture from the hydroliser, just before it Is run to the still, were put,in a shallow pan about a foot square and this pan was placed In the bottom of a oege and a thin board flooring, in which numerous half-inoh holes were bored was made over the pan* A rabbit has occupied this .v . '4. ' oage five days and remains weljl, ' Three rats in a wire cage were placed in a hydro- 1 1 zer after the oharge had been run off and the fume exhaust hud been in operation for a time but was then- shut off. The rats did not oorae in contaot with any material except possibly by inhalation. They remained aliYe for an hour and a half and in two hours, were taken out dead and stiff as a board. The temperature in the hydrollger while the rats were in it was zero oentrlgrade and they were frozen, a mixture of gasoline with the lead ethyl mixture (procured from the Jaokson Laboratory) and made as used;for motor fuel has boeh usod to paint both shaved ears of &: rabbit, twloo daily, for fourteen days and the rabbit is well and! its ears are normal looking and without any skin eruption, - . CONCLUSIONS, The result of our further experiments ' ' confirm the original ones and show that in order to produos poisonous effeots, the tetraethyl lead or any of the inter mediate mixtures or sludges containing tetraethyl lead must get on the surface of the body to do harm, To date, there have been no oases of poisoning whloh oould'not definitely be traced to exposure by oontaot of the 00C5S09 -\ material with the skin. Rubber la not * safe materiel to depend on for foot or hand coverluge# . < 00053 0 " 1 6 axPwHiHKires og h a h ,, SUPPLKiEH? TO HE?OH? ON TKTHa ETHYL LEAD ^OI-'OMIItO PHBOEIfteD OTT MAY 19th. 1981, :: " , On Hay 21, 1924, Doctor Thompson and sahoenleber visited the Ohemioul Laboratories at 3yway for the purpose of exomining several parsons who had cone in contact with ethyl lead. .* Three pere-ns were examined. ?he first one, named had worked for about a year, handling for two or three days u weok, preparations of ethyl lead, both the- one made by the Da Pont Company and that manufactared especially for the Standard Oil Company. He had frequently spilled the eubetanoe upon his hands, but being warned of its poisonous nature, had always promptly washed them thoroughly immediately afterward He was examined, and his present condition as to pulse, blood pressure, temperature and general physique was found to be en tirely normal. He stated however, that on.opening the containers of the tetraethyl lead some; gas is given off, and that not in frequently, on inhaling it,' he felt uno oafortable with Light ; symptoms of vertigo and nausea He had had no more serious symptoms ut any time ; , The second man.examined was who had worked with ethyl lead for a number of weeks During three or four weeks he had been employed at the plant of the Du Pont Company, and had handled a good deul of their product. He also had always been careful!.to wash hi hands Immediately after spill lug any . of the produot upon then* He was found to be in present normal condition as to blood pressure, pulse, temperature, eta. He stated that he frequently had handled as many as thirty or forty quarts of the ethyl lead a day, pouring It out of the^containers. He had worn gloves, which, on several oooasions, had been satur* ated with the preparation. On at least two oooasions ha had had quite definite symptoms, of mild tetraethyl lead poisoning. On these oooasions he oomplained of nausea, more or less pain in the baok of the head and neok, and marked restlessness with insomnia. He also oomplained of slight irritation of the noae and eyelids and inorease in nasal seoretion, but what was parti* oularly notioeable was that on two occasions he bsoams mildly delirious. In one of these attaoka, coming on at night, his wife had sent for a physlol&n, who did not reoognlse the osuse of the sudden mental disturbance* . . The third person examined was who volun- tesrsd to wash his.hands In the Du Pont ethyl lead preparation* nils he did;in the presenoe of the Dootors, washing his hands and wrists In the ethyl fluid and immediately washing it off with distilled water* Frier to the experiment his pules was 8 6 * . .''"v:.V '-* . 'V ' , - ' his temperature 97*7, the systolio blood pressure was 140* and the diastolic &p* Ten minutes after the exposure the pulse had dropped 6 points, the systolio blood pressure had dropped SO points, and the diaetolie almost 10 points* . . This Is an extremely interesting end significant observation* entirely incline with the offsets of the Du Font. , *V ^ preparation which were observed and reported at Dayton in a number of persons there who had spilled the preparation o n ; 7 their shin, . * ' . This effeot in causing so ponsiderable a fall in blood pressure in suoh very short time after exposure Is as remarkable as it is definite, and indicates a profound effeot upon the circulation. It does not seem at all probable that so prompt un effeot of this type could be produced by lead alone. It is much uore unalagous to the effects produced through oon- taot of the skin with nitro-glycerine solution and various other u on-mo tall io ohomioal compounds,; 7 K)r 0JC5OO'l 0 /> Dr. Lowe stated that he had taken observations in case at 3:50 D.M. on hay Elat, and found his blood pressure 140/90, pulse 74, temperature 98. . About 10:20 A.M. May 22nd, washed his hands in the preparation made by the Standard Oil Company (tf.J.). His findings before this; experiment were as follows: Blood pressure 140/80, pulse 84, temperature 98. Ten minutes after this experiment the findings were: Blood pressure 120/80, pulse 76, , temperature 98. One hour later, the findings were: Blood pressure 140/90,. pulse 76, temperature 98. Blood examination in the case of and was negative for stippling. . Another of the ohemists of the Standard Oil Company stated that both he and several of his colleagues working in the laboratories of Clark University had experimented with te traethyl lead for a long time and never had observed any sjmptoms of poisoning whatever. 0005:; .4 ......' -. 16. Mxp-Mtnrares y ith s x h a p s t ca s ?rosa l b <>p Come nine months `ago, the General Motors Chemical Company arranged that the U..Bureau of Hines in Pittsburgh should make a scientific experimental study of the effeots of inhalation of the exhaust gases from gasoline nixed with ethyl lead, Two members of this Committee prior to their appointment had visited the laboratories of the Bureau on May 18th, 1924, and conferred with Mr. Vv, ?. Yant, the chemical expert in charge of the Btudy under direction of Mr. 0 . Pielder, and with , him inspected all the animals under experimentation. Phase ' animals inoiudec monkeys, dogs, guinea pigs and rabbits. All wero found in perfect health, none having exhibited any symptoms whatever even uftor exposures,of throe and six hour periods daily for seven months. Other animals had been purposely killed after exposure and autopsy showed no load in any of their organs. There were no blood changes^discoverable in any of the animals. * . The lead from tho exhaust isdischarged mainly as a chloride. : - Under ordinary oohdltions *. ..t.. h* e' carbon monoxide given ' off from the bxhuust and delved from the gasoline of tho mixture used, amounted to 7; of the total exhaust. In order to ' ' -'vv-... - ' . *' . ' \ eliminate tho' certain poisonous evil effects of carbon monoxide, however, thib peroentuge was reduced by dilution to less than. . one half of one per cent, and an increase in the ethyl lead \ * was made so thut the exhaust gus contained about five times the 7 'Qua.ntity of lead which . could - be expected as present in a! heavy *. traffic of automobiles. By this adjustment the lead.measured .. -67 ,, . . 1 .  tl'.v.' * V`.v' X 016 milligrams per aubio ft. of the total exhaust gases, ;;; Lead chloride, moreover, is not especially toxio as compared with tetraethyl lead. ?urthormore, much of the lead discharged is deposited in the muffler and exhaust pipe. ; It was an amusing incident that a setter bitoh who was enoiente was delivered while actually in the experimental cage, of six lusty pups who with their devoted parent have all continued to share in the daily treatment with the exhaust and the entire offspring has thriven upon it. In fact, they eagerly run back into the experimental chamber for their daily, treat . ment. A photograph of these pups is appended to this report. 'i'he final report upon the results of these experi ments will not be ready until September 1, 1924. K" 0005316 .> v* j- v"'.- i'." . 17. TRBATMBBT Treatment in severe oases avallB little and any drugs liable to increase oerebral congestion should be avoided. One of the fatal oases received blood transfusion but without benefit. Sedatives have proved of little value and usually sake the symptoms worse; this is particularly true of morphine. , Bromides and hyosoin have been tried. In the milder oases, the treatment which has proved most successful is based upon elimination through the bowels and kidneys by saline purges, enemas, hot non-aloohollo drinks and diuretlos. Alkaline salts ofsodium and magnesia are given to oounteraot supposed acidosis and elimination is favored with magnesium sulphate. : In the mildest oases, the only treatment followed has been the removal of the patient from further exposure to the poison and placing him undor conditions of abundant fresh air and sunlight* Patients of this typo who have been kept in bed have been found tq do less,well than when urged to go out . and live in the open air* "~* -;'v V " *' Ho antidote for the poison is known. ^.0.005817 ; 18 POSSIBLE ACCUMULATIVE HAZARD 'r . . . '^ * . -/* ' As elsewhere stated in this`report, the Committee le not yet prepared to make any final statement regarding the possibility of aoouauluting lead inv the. system through long* V ' ' ' oontinued use of ethyl gas us supplied to the general consumer * ' ' 'i* ; ' *'` At Bayway a number of animals huve received daily applications of this fluid for a period of more than two months. It is the intention, after furthor time has elapsed, to kill these animals and thoroughly examine their organs for any lead whioh may have been retained in the system. Meanwhile Dr. Frank r . Morton, Chief Surgeon of the Standard Oil Company (Indiana) has furnished the Committee with the following statements, as of July 23, 1924, and he hue been asked to furthor continue his observations: "We found that the ethyllser was rather dangerous and diffioult to use. First, because it was hard to keep oon* neations tight and quite a number of the ethylisere leaked. * Second, the ethyUsers, being plaoeii high up on the pump, meant that the men had to reaoh up, and in perforating the tin oap had. to punch it, with the result that quite often the ethyl fluid spilled over on the oon. For that reason we are now trying to . ethyllae the gasoline in bulk as much as possible. -/ " _ ** - "Our men have been cautioned "to be careful not to spill the ethyl fluid, or the ethyl1sed gasoline on their hands, or exposed parte of their bodies, or clothing. If; this occurs, they are instructed to use plenty of soap and watery and if necessary gasoline to olean off the fluid. They ar using rubber gloves; in handling the ethylisers. ' ^ ; "Those men who are doing the bulk mixing are supplied with rubber coats, oaps, boots and gloves. The mixing le done as much os possible in the open air, and they re oautloned to avoid contamination of any kind. After finishing work they are to change their clothing and use plenty of soap and water. W are also trying to plok out robust, healthy men to do this work. "So far we have had very little trouble with ethyl K ? 0005-318 ;... fluid. Quite u number of men have spilled the fluid on their faces and in their eyes. They complain of a burning and irritotion for some time, with alight redness, which usually goes away in the course of a day. . "We have had two oaaeu with olairaa Of serious eye inflammation, one a oustoaor and the other an employee, but upon investigation we feel that the eth^l fluid did not cause all the difficulty. "I have treated one oase where a man spilled the ethyl fluid over the front of his shoe and allowed it to remain a half hour or so, with the result that he got a burn something H i e a eocond degree burn which healed up promptly under proper treatment. So far there has been no complaint which resembled anything like lead poisoning. "V,'o aro anxious to learn what danger there will be from the use of the ethylized gasoline, that is, assuming that so called arauteur mechanics will begin to use ethylized gasoline to clean up parts in repairing their motors. *b yet we have had no experience along this line." HOT!?: It should be obeerved that the eye symptoms above referred to in Or. Norton's report, may readily result front oontaot with plain gaso line in the oye. 'while on the one hand this new product has now been distributed for more than a year in rapidly increasing quantity until it is being supplied to approximately 10,000 filling stations and 95 large bulking stations from which.ethyl gee is furnished in drums to filling stations, and no poisoning has been reported, yot, on the other hand, the symptoms of poisoning by this agent are as yet almost wholly unknown to physicians and symptoms of mild poisoning might easily pass unrecognized or be attributed to othor 8ouroos. We further are unable to state whether after long . continued exposure to quite minute doses of ethyl gas symptoms might not develop ultimately akin to those of ordinary lead poisoning just as a painter may escape lead poisoning for a number of years : 1 and then rather s.uddenl'y d*evelop it, Dayton filling stations have used ethyl gas for uboat 'sixteen months, prior to August, 1924. Uoro remote points have not boon supplied for more % than five months. ' - , 19.. .L.E.G.A.L..A.S.P.ECTS OF 'LE''AvD..P O -I--S-ONING. ., While the Committee is not competent to deal with! the complicated legal aspeots of lead^poieoniag, it nevertheless de sires to oall attention to their importance and their possible bearing oh tetraethyl load. '. * > ' ,* , ' ..; - * Host of the states which have laws effecting thin! question, have made them so worded as to include lead "and any' of its derivatives". Under this ruling tetraethyl lead, as con taining lead, would probably be classed even though it ultimately should bo proven, as possibly might be the case, that the lead Itself in the compound is not responsible for the peculiar symptoms u poisoning heretofore observed. It therefore might he held:by any State Compensation Court in a oase of poisoning from tetra~ ethyl lead that the product legitimately oame Tinder the State classification. In New York State recently, 19 industrial poisons have been classed in the Compensation laws, and among these is lead. Patients suffering from disability from any of these pol ,, . . ..... . sons are entitled to compensation very much upon the same bdsie - . . . ^* '/ . *7-tv .: as industrial accidents. The Committee-is informed that in Penn sylvania the luw goes further than this, and states definitely*; that anyone suffering'from^lead poisoning in any form and whs .J, has lost'time with that diagnosis, shall not subsequently be.re- 1 ' \i . "* , ' , ' ` . 1 , turned to any olass of work in which lead in any form is used. This obviously is a serious matter, and if suoh a lew at preeent obtained:in Ohio, it would be impossible there to return to work employees who have been poieoned by tetraethyl lead. - ' *''0005321 -The following report has been received on request from . the Annunitles and Benefits Committee of the Standard Oil Company ' (Hit Jireiflj ;. In accordance with your request for a report of tha . Company* a liability tmdar tha various workmen's compensation laws v. of tha United States in tha event of disability to its employees * resulting Aron tha manufacture or distribution of tatrsathyl lead, wa wish to adrlss as follower - . ' - , **t. Tha general purpose of compensation statutes Is to pro Ida a remedy for employees disabled by reason of sooldent (and In sons states by oocmpatlonal diseases) while In the Berrios of the employer. In lieu of the employee's right of notion at common law, - whloh obtained before the enactment of the oompensation statute* The relationship contemplated under tha oompensation statutes la *' therefore that of master and servant* This report la limited to , an expression of our opinion of the Company'* liability to pay *. oompensation to its employees as distinguished from those not In Its serrioe but who. nevertheless, oome In oontaet with the product and suffer disability thereby* ia owr understanding that an unusual exposure to tetraethyl lead, even on one oooaslon, if the same be over a con siderable part of the body, would result In disability and perhaps even in death* In suoh oiroumstanoes, we feel that pefchaps all P* the oompensation Jurisdictions of the United 3tates would regard such disability or death as attributable to an "accident" and com- penoate^accordingly, it Is also our understanding, however, that In the handling of tetraethyl lead a single or several exposures of anticipated severity would not Incapacitate but, rather! that the cumulative effect of these exposures .would manifest Itself S ^ r ? " ?*? "" ontMt Kith th. produet on mmeroe. oosulena. In this 1attor oliil of t u n , :it ,1 ear opinion that disability resulting from suoh contact wlth th# product would be - considered an occupational disease rather than a well-defined aooident* v>..- . *- The various oompensation laws distinguish between die- abilities resulting from occupational diseases on the one hand and iron Injury by aooident on the ether* In determining the line of demarcation between oocmpatlonal diseases and injury by aooident the generally accepted theory Is that an occupational disease has its inception in the occupation and develops over a period of time as contradistinguished from an tmforseen oause or event which ! regarded as an accident. ;V ` *_ * .' ' 4<... '' .-. .* Since it appears that:the great majority of disability r oases to be anticipated from contact or exposure to tetraethyl lead would be construed ae occupational diseases by the rer lens Compen sation Boards, it is our opinion that we would be held liable for disabilities so arlsiny in the following states - Hew York, Hew Jersey, Ohio, Minnesota, Massachusetts and probably in the states of Wisoonsln, California and Connecticut* All of the other states, haviny compensation laws in effect. either exempt the employer from liability or disability attributable to occupational diseases or else hare no provision ooveriny such oases* t . . In states where no remedy for disability attributable to occupational diseases is provided under a workmen's compensation law, we presume an employee would have his remedy at oommen law. : . K F 0005323 r m i accurate scientific description of this new poison and tbs fVV Committee, which has very carefully guarded all its investiga tions from any publicity, would welcome advice in this matter There are many other highly poisonous eub stances whfe h : are in quite general use, suoh as nitroglycerine, which is employed as a medicine msny of the anilines aid even lead it-* " ' " ~y . ` .i self which had former widespread use as in the fora of a;lead '. *` . ' and opium pill the lead and opium wash etc yet the public has never been stampeded in regard to these hasarde Gasoline however* is in more universal use than almost any other chemical* product owing to the ease with whioh it is obtained for cleans ing purposes, not only by garage men but by housewives and others * * * . /'t **> .' *# -, 00C5SS4 20 PUBLICITY - ' ' " * * > ,* ',' ' Whatever publicity the Manufacturing Companies mayeleot . to giro in the way of <earning against the taxioity *of ethyllsed gasoline ae need by the general public it ie likely to receive more or lees publicity through outside soureas -.This already ` has been done by Professor Yande11 Henderson of Yds University who has published several articles one of these in the Hew- York Times and another in a widely circulated California journal* in which he makee the unwarranted statement that there will be great risk of poisoning from the exhaust gas of tetra ethyl lead* The report of thiB Committee could be used to contro vert this or similar unfortunate mis-statements after they have . ' ' ' > been promulgated but it is a question of policy for the Compan ies to decide whether or not to antioipate them On the one hand it is easy to overdo the matter by unnecessary preoen- - - . ' . , tionary statements* but on the other hand it is of course highly undesirable that the public should be needlessly alarmed One great difficulty in the matter, is that the Medical profession in general as yet has no knowledge whatever of the . . ... %. . . . . . . _ ;* . ' w . . : 1" * 4 : ` . . !peculiar sjmptome of .tetraethyl lead poisoning and if too much publicity be^iven it is quite possible that many physi cians might class under ,this heading symptoms whioh have arisen through entirely different sources It might therefore be good policy eventually:to have made before a representative Medical organisation such as the American Medioal Association ' 0305325 *--..ar.y k:> 'I - *4 8lf RBO(Mem?ATIOg3 . U) m u n r o & j m w f m Sat -- before going to work* Sat -- only in the luaoh-rooa while in the plant* Sewer -- eat food in the woxfc*roen* Tood -- srust not he kept in the work-roobu Drink plenty of nilk* Drink -- Plenty of water* . Drink no alooholio liquor* Lead and liquor nako a dangerous combination. Chewing tohaooo -- should not he usod$ but if used, should newer he put into the south with dirty fingers nor oarrled in the working clothes, gTEgg aTMLX Wash -- the face, arms and hands thoroughly with soap and hot water before eating and on loawing the work* room* . Bathing -- Take a warm hath daily before 1caring the Works or before ohanging into street olothes* Finger nails should he kept Short and eorubbed with a brush when leawing the plant* ; Safer -- should ho kept short and washed on leering the works* Beards and oustashes should not ho worn, hut if worn, should he kept short and thoroughly washed daily* . *,", ' - . 'V..' ; :; ;: - sat .rosaa ' J ,4 . , The smith -- should be washed out before eeting* ' ' Fingers -- should not be put in the suth* . 4. (. . ' *- i* ' feeth -- should be kept olean, brushed daily and kept in good repair* X X OOG5S26 1 , : The bowels Should be movedl'at least onoe a day* Bet : irauij figs, apples, oranges, bran bread or .other laxative foods* If constipated, take ' ;a doae of Hpsom or Glaubers salts or other hare* less laxative* HEg sick Consult the Company doctor promptly if not feeling well* Po not take home-made remedies or medicines on the advice of friends or neighbors* 3PATTBRIBE - Should any fluid be spattered upon the akin or olothing, IUUBDIATSIY wash the akin thoroughly and if the fluid be spattered on the olothing, jump under the emergency shower, tear off the olothing *nd get out of it ae quickly as possible Compliance with these rules is of the utmost importance* By so doing, you may avoid poisoning* TABS HO HISK3 SAFETY yiRST Further Instructions to be printed and given to all workers fn ' t o m *"---------- " "------- -- :---------------- Bthyl fluid is poisonous and produoos serious illness - * whan put into the mouth, when breathed or when applied to the skin* You are instructed, therefore, not to be " oarolees at any time in handling it, but to take tho utmost care to prevent contacts of any kind with it. 1* Inhalation* . .' .. ... ; \\ " ... (a) . :. : ` !; ** ' (b) When you are working in a place whore the vapors of ethyl fluid can be smelled, immediate put on a gas mask* You should not be able to smell the fluid with a mask on* If the mask leaks* or if after somo time the vapor begins to be smellod, report at once to the foreman for in struotions as to what to do* :, Care of masks* ; : . `1; (1) Po not handla the face mask except with '.lean hands - .69- never with gloves on. ''lI (2) Do not H o w the face raaak to ooAo in oontaot with, the apron or boot or any other object which *7 here ethyl fluid on it reap the aeeke . : olean end free of ell oon', teota with fluid `jM*' * ,, 2 Oontaot with Skin* * , . 4. (a) Bundle oana or other eontainere with1 ` : groat oare to prerent spills ao aa to protoot yourself and the men who work . near you' ;; : :., .' . (b) Report any oarele8neaa in your fellow workerg to the foreman* (o) Handle wet oane and other oontainera with the tonga and not with your handa (d) In oaae of any akin oontaot with ethyl fluid on any olothing other than the boot apron or glorea remora the olothing at once* waah the part with aoap and hot water and put on fresh olothing* (e) Be sure youriftnda are free of even the smallest quantity of the ethrl fluid before putting them in the glores* Do not touoh any objeot which may hare . fluid on it with tho bare handa* . (f) If ethyl fluid ia apilled or aplaahed on any portion of the akin waah at, ono# with soap and water. . (g) ! ' tfae oare in touohing the out aide of your , glorea your apron or sliokor or boots with the bar# handa* Carry them with* out allowing the outside to ooma in oontaot with your akin or other olothing* 3 Bthyl lluld taken into the mouth* (a) Always waah tbs hands and face wall with soap and water before eating* (b) Always remora glorea before taking ; < drink Be careful not to touoh the in- *, ` aide of the oup with your fingers* <. (o) Do not eat anything in the work rooms* - (4) kOheohpnewtteiongtuhttooeitbdooaoreethoferiwoeoerikAofrgootremeirtyiiitmrnoatcleetoouaoofhtheedethtoyonlblyfMicnetiotthio ' ' . . (e) uDbooneinnosoetouyrorknioootrroonsotc;ooboryptothlatinobthceooboenf.yopnrerofmeMileo*no.wh:erkreer ;. : 4 Kiooollonootto 4>;. . ; " -s'., . ` , tV* . ' . * l > ` , ' .('o) kgreoewpholr ont sho'rt a.ni do not a-.&.lowtho bonort to ':''- '' _ (b) nnlbToooihxwndroianooettlrtneoloagoanntthbloapon'roonnholhptofowoeurooolaaoriBdobtbaxlbyueriyornnehafolacahttrihhtroootthp4noforroopystpryiobooooterroukt^hottlloallo/ogo'otohaAosrootetiOtonflontbogtmtoolM'yoorrontfnnrdtofiihigonhhtoanttrrotntott-othhf (e) Drink water* nilk or lenonato in largo quiatitle (t) Sfaert bbrroeoakkffoaostt bioefOgerneoeorneinpogrttotowotshk toZoftoyronr appetite (o) 4eeptert*ho bowel. opon Zf oonoti.potot rqport to tho.. . (f) 4Zooftielri. in ny w oy ani for ony r,oaoon reporvt'::t,o th. ti- -. *-* v'* V . 'V. <f. * X e 00C5S29 4 ., '' ' * -i-V/,' ... . (*) nasoAjmoss t o b s tigni b y n mcplothr. .. . . Vc -- f i . ' ' t: - 4r. . ' Prcautions to be taicen in worklnr wlthBthrl Pluld - t ' : ' * 1 Clothing. * .**/ * . . ' (a) Ail orkmrs $th athyl fluid ara to bo prorldad ith a complote ohsngo of orle clothing daller, inoludlng underarf hose. ahirta, Juapera ad aspo Othar outoid lobbia* u a protection agalnst tiw hlghly pntrting athyl fluid m a t b prorldad* (At presst tiw matsriala In usa ar sllokarsj rubberlssd aprono, gum boots, rubber glores, oorared wlth oanr&a glores wlth laathar palner sur* fsoe* Thasa ara aot oomplataly astia* faotory and 111 b replaai by mors eatlsfaotory matarlala aa aooa aa lnralisation dlsoleses bat shou14 ba usai) Xt nay prora that la some work laathar boote wlth wooden aolaa 111 ba beat, klta clothing kaa tha adrantage ' of promptly ahowlng tha rad oolor of tha anilina pigment added* . (b) Respiratore - Respiratore ith oannisters of aotiratad oharooal ara to ba prorldad for ail faon expose4 to tha rapar of athyl fluid The oharooal is falrly long lirad, bot la to ba changed sa aooa aa tha odor of ohlor-bron-ethylene is deteotable by tha user. * (a) Boots, aprono, allakara. glores and ree* ; piratera ara to be prorldad in tvo ata, eaoh set to be uaod and thon exaalnad and . oleaned on alternata daya (d) 11) Tha respirators are to be oarafully inspeoted, tha ontaide and inalda ia . to ba sponged off ith arm soap water , : md rinaed. (S) Aprono, plora, and boots are to bo ; shed off ith high test gasolina, ani dried off quielcly K ET :00C5S3 J il ; () Jumpers* shirt underwear* to re to ' . be washed daily by the ordinary laundry proses* *This prooe ha been found to be quite satisfactory in eliminating the toxio fluid*) It) A quantity of olothing is to be provided suffioient to enable immediate change of clothing in all oases of accidental spills* etc* . 2* Bath Facilities* (a) Shower baths with hot and cold eat* and a good soap (containing pumice or such other material) and towels are to be provided in suitable quantities* (b ) A shower bath or at least ordinary hot and cold water taps are to be provide* together with soap and towels within the work room or at a point very near at hand* so that accidental oontamlnation with ethyl fluid may reoelve immediate attention* 3* Ventilation* All room used for handling ethyl fluid in other than tightly olosed containers are to be provided with downUraft ventilators with an overhead intahewi th grills in the . floor and a rapid change of air in the room*. so as to eliminate vapor* This is the system lately installed at Dayton but Br* . A* L. Smith offers the following substitute and time will show whloh method is prefer able* , -'' Ventilation -' , I would suggest the following in place of this paragraph: " All rooms used for handling ethyl fhd|^other than tightly olosed containers are to be provided with foroed ventilation to promote a rapid ohange of air in the room* so as to eliminate vapors* I am doing this for the reason that we hare recently install ed a very effective and powerful apparatus in our new building which works in just the reverse manner to the mode of ventilation suggested in this paragraph" l _ . OOG5S31 4* Looker* : : A double looker should be provided for e u h workmen ao that hi working and day olothes shall be kept separate .''4 - ' ' 8 Mleoellaneoue .. . (a) The handling of ethyl fluid should be done up to the Halt of possibility by means of automatio maohinery (b) Wherever labor is neoessary all proteotlon against oontaot must be provided by means of proper tonys and similar meahsnloal derioeo. (o) All oontalners of ethyl fluid, after fill inf, are to be closed ao as to prevent any leakage, and the outside of the container Is to be oleansed with a liquid whloh will dissolve the fluid and the same time oonvert it into a smoh leas harmful product. Thus far a solution of bromine in carbon ' tetra-ohlorlde has been used as a neutra- U s e r , but some more suitable substance may be found. All emptied oontalners are to be treated similarly before being handled again (d) The floors of all work rooms, whsrs any possibility of spilling Is present are to be ?rovided with drains end faoliltlea for mak ng possibls a complete flushing out of all ! spilled fluid fe) Oontalners of bleaohing powder in water, or < : other similar material are to be provided in every room in whloh oven oooaslonal spills ooour, so that any quantity of sthyl fluid v\ splllsd on ths floor may be treated at onoe and rendered innocuous ' . - ," ' ' V.: (f) Smorgenoy showers should bs installed wherever there are baserdona processes. or where any leakage might ooour. from maohinery or pipes- fg) Multigraph. sheets of instruatlona, as wall as verbal instructions are to bo furnished t o ' all worker in thyl fluid, and it should ba insisted upon that they read thma earsfully* .: H v.;000583.2 (0) W0FI0B FCB HAHPiros. GARASB MBI. 4 .' * Brry oaee shipped to the filling station and also - *' * . f orory drum chipped to the larger dealers should bo placarded eon* spieuously, as follows i IH P 0R !A I f I 0! I0 1 1. Bthyl Fluid is a poison and vast be kept ikon con tact with hands, other parts of tho body, and olothing s If, for n y reason whatever. Bthyl Fluid gets on the hands, body or elething, lano&lata moans must bo taken to remoro it, as fellows* Wash with soap and water tho parts affected. Wash clothing with a cleansing naphtha, followed by soap and water f>, Weror uso this fluid or its diluted form "ethyl gas" for ordinary olsensing or washing purposes fB) KiglWOBTHTLGA8 SAFBRFCRP0MB3TI0PSB. The ourgoation was first miadoby Mr Kidgloy and sub eqcently by Ool. Toddor that it rnight be pessible te add soma inexpensiro fluid, to othyl gas i.n addi1*tio n to tho dis. tinguishing Suda\n red aewusod, whioh either would mako tho fluid moledorcus er mako it slightly irritating Xmporimonts to determino this har boom errangod for by tho Ooamlttee at tho Corornmttt Arsenal Whilo tho rd oolor now usad distinguishes tha athyl pas, it is not llkaly always to prarant Its oomnon douastlo and garage use for oleaning. If tha fluid had an unpleasant odor, or aada tha hands barn or itoh slightly, It would raraly ha uaad for olaanainr purpesos. : : ^'..0005334 i (15) BOLBS ffOR THg OOMPAFY DOCTOR8 * * * * a a *** 1 Sp*olal physical xmlnatloRi thouli be made of all employees before they ora permitted to work in tatroathyl lead, and oora should ba takan to aalaot only nan of yood physique and In perfect haalth. 2* Partioular attantion should ba ylren to tha con dition of tha circulation and tha oondition of tha taath and possible praaanoa of Infaotlona in tha month* 3. Reoorde should ba kept of body temperature, weight and blood prassnra* 4. Fa-examinatione should ba mads of aaoh new amployaa ' onoa a week for a month, and subsequently lass oftan at tha discretion of tha doctor* . 5. Company doctors should make a spaoial study of all tha ssrly olinloal phenomena of tetraethyl lead poisoning* (?) BgyORCBUKlTT Tha anforsamant of tha rules of employees and . tha inspection of all clothing-, masks and all other equipment used, should ba dalayatad to some one parson for aaoh group of amployaas, who should ba held atriot- ly responsible for the carrying out of tho dlraotions *v "1 ylren* `" ` * r *e* ;t ** 00C5S35 **. oaoiP3ios. * The researches of the Committee thus for Justify the following conclusions*- 1. Tetraethyl lead is one of the moat motive and danger- one of the industrial poisons* 2* Poisoning ooours through skin oontaot mainly but to some extent may be intensified through rapor inhalation which has proved to be similarly toxio with the undiluted tetraethyl lead* 3* Long-oontinned experiments upon animals treated by exhaust Aimes derived from ethylised gasoline* in which fumes the oarbon monoxide was reduoed and the ethyl lead oontent increased five times beyond the proportions which would obtain from the ethylised gasoline as supplied to the public* have produced thus far no symptoms of any kind* The exhaust fumes* therefore* do not appear to be hasardoue* barring the possibility of a slight de gree of absorption of lead into the system* which further re search is to determine*;: 4* Owing to'the extreme toxicity of tetraethyl lead * s' ' fluid and the ease with which the poisoning may be acquired by those handling it in its manufacture or distribution* the Committee cannot too strongly urge that the precautionary rules and preven- tlve measures recommended in its report bo not only endorsed* but that the strict compliance with those rules be made the responsi bility of some one person whersvsr a group of workmen is employed in m a m f aoturlng or handling the product. 5 The Committee feels that no further axperimantatlon or olinloal eridanoe is necessary to establish tha toxioity of undiluted tetraethyl lead hut it hallaras that tha hazard arts* ing through its manufacture may ba oontrolled, if not completely, at least so far that it shall not ha serious* Tha improrement in the prooaseas of manufacture combined with tha experience al ready gained through jroteotire measures, amply justifies this belief* Tha four fatal oases and the many serious non-fatal oases _pf poisoning whloh thus far hare arisen may be explained upon the twofold basis of lack of experience with the produet and tiie haste of new construction. Bepetition of such calami ties would, in tha light of present knowledge, be inexcusable* . 6. The problem of protecting garage men who may handle tha undiluted product is being made the subjeot of further study,* but meanwhile the Committee strongly emphasises the great impor- C tanoe of ultimately delirering to tha public only the previous- ly diluted ethyl gas, so that garage man,, chauffeurs and others need nerer handle tha concentrated ethyl fluid* .:: 7. The possibility of soamftulatlre hazard for the general public using the 1-100C dilution is one to the importance of whloh the Committee is fully alire and to whloh it is now bend ing arery effort for further Inrestlgatlon* Experiments are under way to aid in the solution of this problem and the Committee, . ' - . *. ` ' t- r while presenting this Preliminary Beport, will oontinue satire ... C00583? v  .* research In all of the many protolens imrolred. Bespectfully automitied, Tetraethyl lead Committee (..Chairman ( ( ( ( ................................................................................................................... ( ( ( ( ................................................................................ f cE G0G5S38 * 'tft ...... ' *. * *$ ;V/." Apiaron - m a . i . ' $-- . act ivit ies o th** ethyl qas cokkit t ss. .- * < ' M Cta July 14 Lootor o A. smith and w. Gilman Thompson . loft N w York for Dayton, Ohio where they were joined by Dr* Robert $. rehoe and Hr* Graham Edgar, a reoently appointed ohemlat to the General Hotore Poeoaroh Laboratories* ; Tuesday, July 15 waa spent at the Laboratories of the General Motors Company inspecting the work of the aen employed in handling tetraethyl lead, in examining patients who bad been poisoned by it, and studying anloals under experimentation* Fifteen patients who had been poisoned by tetraethyl lead. In '' *' full strength were examined and their histories studied* 'An autopsy was performed on one-animal, a rabbit, who had been / '/." exposed to the fumes of tetraethyl lead, whloh had proved fatal ' * - to it* ; The following day, July 16, the Oomittee epent in Pittsburgh at the Laboratories of the Bureau of Hines, in company with Sr* Wa* p* Yant and Dr* B. R* Sayres* A large; number of animals were examined whloh for a period of about nine months had been dally exposed to exhaust gas f&mos from a motor engine'in whloh the oarbon monoxide of ordinary motor oar exhaust gas fumes had been greatly reduoed and the exhaust gases from the tetraethyl load had been inoreaaed considerably beyond the strength whloh ever would be used in the consumption' of this product by tho public* The animals were all In fins &:! j ( 0005339 bMlthfuI coalition, none of then having been inoonven* \ **' * isnoed at any tine. ' Tentative arrangements were node with the Bureau of nines to oonduot a new series of oxperintents to determine tho effects upon animals of lpng*oontinuod ex* posure to the dilute ethyl gas as oommeroially used* Dr# Kehoe then returned to Dayton and Doctors smith and Thompson to Bow York. - ** The Ooanittoe met at Bayway on August 4th and in* speoted the animals which had been undergoing daily treat* meats with ethyl gas for the past five weeks to determine the possible aoousmlatlve hazard of its long*oontinuod use# The new tetraethyl load plant of tho Standard Oil Company (Hew Jersey} also was inspected and conference was hold with Dr# Johns and other members of the Chemioal Besearoh De- * perfcaent Prof# F. B# Piinn of tho Department of Physiology in the Sohool of Public Health in Columbia University aooom- ' panled the Committee and arrangements word made with him \ ; to oonduot a further series of experiments to aid in deter mining the aocunmlatlve hasard# \ ' v-v "-^^ i ". ; Yhs Committee spent the following day, August 5th# ...at S# Z# DuPont and Company plant at Deepwater Point, B# J* with ifir# Foster and Ur# Porch who demonstrated and euqplalnod all their prooeases of manufacture of ethyl fluid and disante* ed the Tarions hazards involved# One patient was there ez* amined# a young man who# : - although he had been out of process work for several weeks# still had a low blood pressure (105 m#m#)# tremors and subnormal weight# He was however# baek at work on another job in the dyestuffs plant* . On August 6th the Committee wont on to the X&gewood Araonal at Kdgewood, Maryland, where Ool* Tedder and Major Walton data lied the experiments already mode at tha Arsenal upon dogs, rabbits and guinea pigs to dstamlna tha minimum fatal dosage of ethyl fluid administered both by application to tha skin and Taper inhalation* The animals and tha experimental laboratories ware visited* Arrangements ware then made to hare a further series of experiments at onoe undertaken by Ool* Tedder and his aasi stents at these Govern ment laboratories to determine the possibility of the aooumnlatlve hagard, from long continued dally dosage of ethyl gas* in addition to the above detailed spoolal trips, the members of the Committee have continued their experimental work and olinioal observations at the plants of the respective oompaales which they represent* and have secured farther in formation by correspondence, particularly from the Standard Oil Company of Indiana* A farther report will be made as soon as the re sults of the pending experiments permit* 0005341 BXHIBIT* "A". 1 < #. * *' . la a local dally labor piper published la Payton* aa article appeereA reoeatly* entitled "Ethyl Gas.Poleonlngs laves* tigsted"* ea& goee on to give aa interview with the Coroner re gardlag the death. The "Soere U n e e Valeo read "Reported few drop oa worker* olothing sensed death la fewdaye" The artleie farther refers to the death of fire nan firon ethyl fluid polsoa* lag (whloh le Inoorreot) -and o loses with the following etateaeatt "While the State Xadpetrial Conaiesloa is reported to be laveetigatiag the deaths* nothing has oone to light whloh weald ladleate that sa order has beea leeued for the plea to Alsoontlane the ose of the death-dealing ooaponnd or to provide pro* teotloa for the nea worklag with then"* A paper in Newark recently has had ea article referring to the highly poisonous nature of tetraethyl lead and quoting the directions for avoiding poisoning whloh have been leeued by the General Motors Conpeqp* 4T ' . * *.<" ; . < * i . ' . ;i V i A f r it ' C0C5342 EXHIBIT C Copy of a communication cent to the Public Health Committee of the ITow York Academy of Medicine by Prof# Yandell Henderson of Yalo^University - which illustrates the type of utterly unwarranted public statorments liable to be made regarding tetraethyl load March 1, 1924 "I enclose a communication which I am sending to the row York Tines, in which I tak oooaslon, incidentally to call public attention to the fact that substances like benzol, and particularly a lead compound, arc being mixed with gasoline "I have not quite told the Whole story of my relation to the natter of lead* The General Motors Research Corporation consulted me, two yoars ago, on the health hazard involved and I told them that in my judgment widespread load poisoning was almost certain to result Disregarding this advioe, they have gone on with the development until tetra ethyl lead is being introduced quite widely* I have loarned privately that some of the research chemists who participated in this development were severely poisoned with leud and I havo heard quito rocontly from Dr* Alice Hamilton that the factory which is manufacturing the load-ethyl lias had a regular outbro&k of aoute maniacal lead poisoning among the workers .w uome of my information la confidential, and perhaps my personal opinion regarding this matter tokos too alarming a view In ease, however, the Publlo Health Com mittee of the Academy of Hedioine desires to inquire into tho matter,.there is ample ground in the statement published in the Hew York Times of January 6th, automobile section, page 2, "Hotor Cars of 1 9 2 4 % by H A Tarantous The parti cular words used are as followsi : " 'The General motors Rosoaroh Corporation has developed tetra-ethyl lead, a liquid whloh when mixed in small quantities with gasoline makes a carbonized engine operate with out a knook. In throe itates, at least, the motorists can obtain gasoline already mixed: with this material from the gas vendor.- It is called ethyl gas1" (signed) Yandoll Henderson Jpw 00G5S43 Laboratory of Applied Physiology . , Yale ;qnivexity .*.-.? .f ->>oEew.Haven, conni, " Feb. 29, 1924. "EDITOR QF THE THIBJ: ...... One of the largest autoiaoblie interests is no* advertising and introducing quite widely a lead compound (tetra ethyl lead, with the trade name, "ethyl gas") which tends when added to gasoline, to prevent back firing and "knocking" and to oause a smoother and hotter explosion in the cylinders. (It was described in an article on "Kotor Cars of 1924", in the Hew York Times of Sunday, January. 6, 1924). The amount whioh needs to be addod to gasoline to `obtain this good effect. is very small; but lead-compounds of this typo are toccie e v e n - in very small amounts. Lead poisoning-is one of the best known and ono of the most serious industrial health hazards, as for instance among painters and typesetters. Reasoning from what is already known, it is a fairly safe prodiction that, in any-garage whero the cars use this leaded gasoline, many of the men employed will develop load poisoning, unless effeotlve measures are taken to prevent tho inhalation both of the u n bumed gas and of the exhaust. Even if part of the lead stlcks in the muffler, tho dust in the air in suoh'garages must contain appreciable qua, titles 'of lead oxide. If the use of this leaded gasoline, .becomes common, the inhalation of lead oxide will very probably ooour in appreciable degree among all persons using or living on, or having plaoes of business on congested streets. This new hazard will be more important in streets and garages than in the Hudson River tunnel. Cbe will pass, through tbs tunnel quickly, but during the hours in the streets,.lead will oocumulate in tho body, until after weeks or months, its effects develop, it is the saving grace of oarbon monoxide that,,it is n o t a o u m a l a t i v e poison. The body throws off the substanoe as easily as it absorbs it. Lead, on the ooitrary.is the most perfeot example of a substance whioh may; accumulate little by little over long periods of time until a toxic amount ia:,reaohsAe^^,,:._,^.4 .. . .. "* '` -V*51(signed)- Yandell "'' 'f'K`z'.%*!&** . ..... . . . ........................................... . . . . r ' ` .............- Henderson, Jpw 4* * 1.#'* * i... 4 v. * ; '* K 0005344 : ; . .. I;.?;' ' ' ** v,