Document NGNEKvKr7yrbOyRLyzwO8M4dQ

/' u* u u THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT NORTHERN DISTRICT OF GEORGIA ATLANTA DIVISION ROBERT K. JOINER and, ) KAREN P. JOINER, ) Plaintiff, ) ) vs. ) .) GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, ) ) a New York Corporation, . WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORPORATION) a Pennsylvania Corporation and MONSANTO COMPANY, a Delaware Corporation, ) ) ) Defendants. ) ) Civil Action 1:92-CV-2137 DEPOSITION OF WILLIAM B. PAPAGEORGE Taken on behalf of the Plaintiff July 22**. 1993 Terry. (^R^porling, (tfnc. 8l8 (SXif oftmsi Ofmk 46a Ofl. OMiuou* 63101 ofltnotypt ^ttportirs (314) 631-4700 <&<af SQ) Qlo. 43-1083803 WATER PCB-SD0000059768 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT NORTHERN DISTRICT OF GEORGIA ATLANTA DIVISION ROBERT -X. JOINER and, ) KAREN P. JOINER, ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) V3. ) ) GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, ) a New York Corporation, ) WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORPORATION) a Pennsylvania Corporation and MONSANTO COMPANY, a Delaware Corporation, ) ) ) Defendants, ) ) Civil Action 1J92-CV-2137 DEPOSITION OF WILLIAM B. PAPAGBORGE, produced, sworn and examined on behalf of the Plaintiff, on July 22, between the hours of eight o'clock in the forenoon and five o'clock in the afternoon of that day, at the law offices of Hufch & Eppenberger, 100 North Broadway, Suit 1300, in the City of St. Louis, State of Missouri, before Janice L. Goodwin, a Professional Shorthand Reporter and a Notary Public within and for the State of Missouri. APPEARANCES l The Plaintiff was represented by Mr, Michael J. warshauer of the law firm of Burge & Vfettermark, One Atlantic Center, Suite 3250, 1201 West Peachtree Street, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30309. e *The Defendant (Monsanto) was represented by Mr. Joe C* Freeman, Jr., of the law firm of Freeman & Hawkins, 4000 One Peachtree Center, 303 Peachtree Street, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30308-3243. The Defendant (General Electric) was represented by Mr. Anthony L. Cochran of the law firm of Chllivis 6 Grindler, 3127 Maple Drive, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30305. The Defendant (Westlnghouse) was represented by Mr. Robert J. Tate, Attorney at Law, IlfI Westlnghouse Building, Pittsburgh, PA 15222. PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059769 NOTARIAL CERTIFICATE 8TATK OF MISSOURI CITY OF ST, LOUIS ) i ) I, Janice L, Goodwin, a Professional Shorthand Reporter and a duly commissioned Notary Public within and for the State of Missouri, do hereby certify that pursuant to Notice there came before me at the law offices of Husch & Eppenberger, 100 North Broadway, Suite 1300, in the City of St, Louis, State of Missouri, WILLIAM B. PAPAGEORGE, who was by me first duly sworn to testify to the truth ahd nothing but the truth of all knowledge touching and concerning the matters in controversy in this cause; that the witness was thereupon carefully examined under oath and said examination was reduced to writing by me;, that the signature of the witness was not waived by agreement of all parties; and that this deposition is a true and correct record of the testimony given by the witness#*''' IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and seal this 23rd day of July, 1993. My commission expires September 8, 1996, Coats for Plaintiff Original Copy $ Attendance Notary fee ____ Notary Public For Defendant(s) 1 cc $ PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059770 INDEX Direct Examination by Mr. Warshaucr Page 6 INDEX OF EXHIBITS Plaintiff'a Exhibit Number 1 Plaintiff's Exhibit Number 2 Plaintiff'a Exhibit Number 3 Plaintiff's Exhibit Number 4 Plaintiff's Exhibit Number 5 Plaintiff 1s Exhibit Number 6 Plaintiff'a Exhibit Number 7 Plaintiff's Exhibit Number 8 Plaintiff's Exhibit Number 9 Plaintiff's Exhibit Number 10 Plaintiff's Exhibit Number 11 Plaintiff's Exhibit Number 12 Plaintiff's Exhibit Number 14 Plaintiff's Exhibit Number 15 t!a intiff'a Exhibit Number 16 Plaintiff's Exhibit Number 17 Plaintiff's Exhibit Number 18 Plaintiff's Exhibit Number 21 Plaintiff 1s Exhibit Number 22 Plaintiff's Exhibit Number 23 Plaintiff'a Exhibit Number 26 Plaintiff's Exhibit Number 27 Plaintiff's Exhibit Number 30 Plaintiff's Exhibit Number 31 Plaintiff'a Exhibit Number 32 Plaintiff*8 Exhibit Number 33 Plaintiff'8 Exhibit Number 35 Plaintiff's Exhibit Number 36 Plaintiff's Exhibit Number 37 Plaintiff's Exhibit Number 38 Plaintiff's Exhibit Number 39 Plaintiff's Exhibit Number 40 Page 8 Page 39 Page 44 Page 51 Page 108 Page 29 Page 60 Page 125 Page 24 Page 10 Page 25 Page 13 Page 37 Page 40 Page 42 Page 72 Page 74 Page 96 Page 76 Page 78 Page 78 Page 75 Page 99 Page 125 Page 110 Page 101 Page 118 Page 93 Page 126 Page 127 Page 77 Page fl PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059771 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO. 5 I 2 IT IS HEREBY STIPULATED AND AGREED by and 3 between Counsel for the Plaintiff and Counsel for the 4 Defendants that this deposition may be taken in shorthand 5 by Janice L. Goodwin, a Professional Shorthand Reporter 6 and Notary Public, and afterwards transcribed into 7 typewriting and signed by the Witness, 8 9, 0-O 10 11 WILLIAM B. PAPGEORQE, 12 of lawful age, being produced, sworn and examined on the 13 part of the Plaintiff, deposes and saysi 14 IS 16 MR, FREEMANS I would state for the record 17 that we will read and sign the deposition. We will make 18 objections at this time to the fora of the questions and 19 the responaiveneea of the answers although all objections 20 art rn^rttd to the time of court hearing, 21 22 DIRECT EXAMINATION 23 QUESTIONS BY MR. WARSBAUER I 24 MR. WARSHAUERs This will be the deposition / 25 of William B Papageorge taken as a company representative PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059772 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 5 I o Monsanto Chemical Company and taken pursuant to 30b(6) 2 notice, and also pursuant to agreement I think Counsel for 3 Monsanto has already put on the record that we will 4 reserve all objections except as to form unti1 such time 5 as it is sought to be used at trial. I think Counsel are 6 in agreement with that. Additionally, the deponent is 7 going to reserve signature, I think we can all agree 8 should there be any changes made that he can have his 9 errata sheet signed before any notary, 10 Q. (by Mr. warshauer) That having been said, you 11 will give us your name, ^1ease, sir, 12 A. William B. Papageorge, 13 Q. Mr. Papageorge, I understand that you went to 14 high school in St. Louis and graduated in 1938? 15 A. I did go to high school in St, Louis. Z 16 graduated In 1940, 17 Q. And you then obtained a B8 in chemical 18 engineering from Washington University in 1943? 19 A, Correct, 20 Q, Essentially you went into the military. You 21 got a Master of Science in chemical engineering from 22 Washington University in 1947? 23 A. Thata correct. 24 Q. And the rest of your formal education would 25 include some credits towards a Ph,D, at Oklahoma State PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB- PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO. 7 I University in between '47 and' SI when you were with 2 Phil lips Petroleum; is that right? 3 -A. As best Z recall it wasn't a Ph.D, It was a 4 DSC degree. Doctor of Science. S Q. What were you studying with respect to 6 getting that Doctor of Science? Was that a particular 7 area? Was it within chemical engineering or was it a 3 master of business? . 9 A, No. It was chemical engineering. 10 Q. But you did not obtain the necessary credits 11 for that? 12 A. That's correct. 13 Q. Did you grow upin St. Louis? 14 ^. , I tl i 4. * 15 Q. During the entire time that you were living 16 in St. Louis through the time that you finished your 17 master's degree in chemical engineering did you ever hear 18 or see in the newspaper or hear announcements or any kind 19 of release of information of any kind from the Monsanto 20 Company' concerning their production of FGBs? 21 A. No. 22 Q. Did you even have any personal knowledge that 23 one of the products that Monsanto made was FCBsf 24 A. NO. 25 Q. when you were in col lege did you have any PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059774 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO. 3 L particular courses in the field of toxicology? 2 A. No. 3 _Q. And I assume that you had no medical 4 training? 5 A. That's correct. 6 q. And when you were in college did you study 7 the 1938 study that had been done by a gentleman by the 8 name of Drinker concerning risk to animal life and humans 9 of PCBs? 10 A . No . 11 Q. Let me show you a copy of that study ^ one 12 of his studies -- that's been marked as Plaintiff's 13 Exhibit Number 1. Can you identify that? 14 A., This is a copy of a report entitled Report to 15 the Monsanto Chemical company, authored by Cecil K 16 Drinker. M.D.. The report is dated September 15. 1938. 17 0. Did you become aware of that report at some 18 point during your career with the Monsanto Company? 19 A. I did. 20 Q, Do you agree with some of that report's 21 conclusions particularly with respect to the 22 inadvisability of inhaling vapors containing PCBs? 23 A. Z do. 24 q. And do you agree that that report mentions 25 that Monsanto Company had been having, in the words of the PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059775 PBRRY REPORTING ST. LOU13, MO.} 1 author, problems with troublesome skin lesions among its 2 workers7 1 believe he says that somewhere near the end 3 of hit .report. 4 MR. FREEMANS Point to it. Mike. 5 Q, (by Mr. Warshauer) Maybe that last page. 6 A. (by the witness) 1 don't see any reference to 7 Monsanto1s experience relating to skin problems 8 Q. Take a look at the last page. It says. 9 reducing the concentration -- I*m not quoting that part - 10 "would probably do away with the troublesone skin lesions 11 w, Ich have been the particular cause for worry in regard 12 to those compounds in the past. " Do you have any idea 13 whose skin lesions he was talking about? Were these ; 14 laboratory rats who had skin lesions or human beings who 15 worked for Monsanto who were having trouble with skin 16 lesions? 17 A. No* These were related to skin problems 18 among employees of a company down in Texas* as X recall, 19 that were involved in the coating of electrical wire. 20 . _ And they were using the FCB product to make 21 that coating? 22 A. FCB was one of several ingredients in a 23 coating bath. 24 Q. But even in 1938 Monsanto was aware of the 25 fact that PCBs could in fact cause some skin problems PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059776 PERKY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 10 1 particularly called chloracne? 2 A* They were aware of that potential under 3 ^conditions of mishandltng, yea. 4 Q. This gentleman also mentioned some changes 5 associated with the liver of his laboratory specimens. 6 ^fas Monsanto in agreement, to your knowledge, when you 7 .became aware of this memo anyway, this study, that changes 8 in the liver could also be brought about by PCBs in 9 certain circumstances of, in your words, mishandling? to A. That was the understanding, yes, 11 q. show you what' s been marked as 12 Plaintiff's Exhibit Number 10, Mr, Papageorge. I'll tell 13 you 1'm not entirely sure where this came from, but if you 14 would tel 1 me if you have seen it before, X will 15 appreciate that. First, do you know what that document 16 purports to be? 17 A. It appears to be an attempt to summarise the 18 known toxicity of Inerteens. 19 Q. Inerteen was the trademark for Meetinghouse*s 20 askareis used -- that was blended to be used la 21 transformers and capacitors and the likei isthat correct? 22 A. That's correct. 23 Q. And Monsanto madethe PCBelement of that 24 trademark blend; is that correct? 25 A. Yes. PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059777 PERSY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO ll i Q. Ana have you seen this document before I just 2 handed It to you today? 3 -A. 1 don't recall it. 4 Q. Okay. Can you recognize the name of the man 5 who wrote It? 6 MR. FREEMANi Do you know what it reads? 7 MR. WARSHAUERi I don't. a A. (by the witness) I have heard the name. I've 9 never met Dr. Getting*?, o-et-t-i-n-g-e-n, von 10 Oettingen. ' n Q. (by Mr. Warsh.ner) Do you know where he comes 12 from? Was he a Westinghouse employee? 13 A. I hesitate because I don't know if he was an 14 employee or was asked by Westinghouse to provide medical 15 advice. X don't know the relationship. 15 Q. Do you agree with what this gentleman - 17 first, it appears to be dated March 21# 1938? 18 A. That's the date that's typed on this second 19 page. 20 ^Q. Does it appear to be about the timeframe when 21 Dr. Oettingen was involved to your recollection? 22 A. As best Z know. 23 Q. And would you agree with some of his 24 statements that a respirator or a mask should be worn in 25 certain concentrations of PCBs? PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059778 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO. \2 1 A. Yes. 2 Q. And would you agree that personal hygiene is 3 of paramount importance with respect to the handling of 4 PCBs, keep it off the skin and wash it off the skin in a 5 prompt fashion? 6 A. Certainly. 7 Q. And would you agree that persons who were 8 suffering from injuries of the 1iver, syphilis, and heart 9 diseases should be excluded from operations in which 10 Inerteen is handled? , 11 A. I'm not qualified to real<.v appreciate that 12 statement. 1 don't know. 13 Q. Okay. Hedoes talk about the possibility of 14. liver --`. o; f a toxic i a* ction of the Inerteen material on the 15 liver. Do you know if Monsanto knew at that time, we'll 16 assume around 1938, that that was a possibility in certain 17 exposures? ` 18 A. Monsanto knew it as it related to PCBs. 19 0 Okay. 20 And since Inerteens are mixtures containing 21 other chlorinated chemicals, Monsanto is in no position to 22 comment regarding the Inerteen hazards 23 Q. A good portion of the Inerteen manufactured 24 by Westinghouse was actually mixed at Monsanto factories 25 for Westlnghouse with their brewing guidelines, for lack PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD00000597i PSRRY R S PORT ING ST. LOUIS, MO. 11 I of a oetcor term; is that correct? 2 A. I had problems with your description of "a 1 good portion11. In the early year3, as defined from the 4 38 document, the blending was done by Westinghousc. 5 Q. Okay, 6 A. As best you recall in the fifties Monsanto 7 was asked to start blending, so it was a matter of 8 evolving to the point where eventualiy, to ay 9 understanding, virtually all the Xnerteen was blended by 10 Monsanto, so I have a hard time doing the arithmetic to 11 determine the proportions, 12 Q, That's a fair enough answer. Now* after you 13 finished your master's degree* it's my understanding you If went to work for Phillips Petroleum from about 1947 to 15 1951; is that correct? IS A. That's correct. 17 Q. During thattime period* 1947*did youhave 18 any knowledge of what was going on with PCBs in industry? 19 A. NO. 20 Q. Let me show youanother documentthat's been 21 marked Plaintiff1s Exhibit Number 12 and see if you have 22 ever seen that document before. You may or may not have. 23 A. I have reviewed the document. I don't recall 24 having seen it before. I do not know the source. 25 Q. Okay. PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059780 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 14 1 MR. FREEMANi Let mo see It. 2 Qe (by Mr. Warshauer) This appears to be a 3 letter .dated September 15, 1947 signed by E,C. Barnes 4 industrial hygiene engineer. Would you agree that's what 5 it appears to be? 6 A, (by the witness) Yes. 7 Q. It's addressed to a Cleveland Works, to J.C. 8 Wlgert, process engineering. There's a section of this 9 letter that says exposure -- captioned breathing. It says 10 exposure to vapors over a period of months or years, such 11 exposures may produce internal bodily injury. It goes on 12 and speaks for itself. Did you subsequently discover* if 13 you can remember, that Monsanto was in agreement that : 14 breathing the vapors could cause bodily injury? 15 A. Yes, in that injury related to how much was is inhaled and for how long and the intervals this exposure 17 occurred because* as I understand it* the body can recover 18 between exposures. if Q. In 1947 was Monsanto aware that -- during 20 your calraer at Monsanto, that this kind of Information was 21 known about its product* that it could in fact cause 22 problems if the vapors were breathed? 23 A. Certainly. 24 Q. You mentioned a moment ago the idea that one 25 could recover after inhalation of vapors. When you say ; PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059781 PERRY R3 PORT INC ST. ,OUIS, MO L5 1 that, do you have* in your mind the concept of I j 2 bioaccumulation or do you only have in your mind the short 3 term toxic effect? 4 A. It's based on my understanding with contact 5 with medical people that if the exposure was extensive 6 enough to cause harm to the liver, which is what* s 7 referred to as a target organ, and that exposure has j 8 terminated, the liver has an ability to recover and 9 recuperate and become virtually well, reach its original 10 condition, ll Q. WkAt studies do you rely on to reach that 12 conclusion other than conversations with medical people? 13 A, I don't personally have any. I'm not aware 14 of studies. This is medical advice submitted to me. IS Q. And with respect to the liver, do you have an 16 understanding of the similarity of enzymes on the liver 17 that are affected and which, for lack of a better term, 18 organize in a response to PCBs and similar such enzymes 19 which exist in the lung? 20 ^ X. Ho. All I know is that enzymes and the liver 21 are involved. I don't know which enzymes they are or where 22 else they appear in the human body. 23 Q. Do you know if Monsanto has done any study to 24 determine that back In the '38, '47 period? 25 A. I'm not aware of any. PHONE (314)621*4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059782 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOO 13, MO.___________________________________ I Q. Back in 1938, 147, speaking of that decade, 2 other than seeing the short term effects on humans, that 3 it, if .someone started coughing on inhalation or had 4 respiratory difficulty on inhalation of certain 5 quantities, did Monsanto in any fashion seek to determine S the long term effect of continued inhalation of low level 7 vapors back in that timeframe? 8 A. Well, there were studies made with test 9 animals, inhalation studies, 10 0. Including thfc Drinker report? 11 A, Yes, and other laboratories sponsored by 12 Monsanto from which the acceptable exposure levels were 13 derived, : 14 0. Would you agree those acceptable exposure 15 levels were primarily related to short term mortality or 16 short term chronic problems as opposed to long term 17 repeated effects on human beings? 18 A. It's my understanding that the work place 19 exposure levels are developed to account for employees 20 working" with that material for their entire working 21 career, 22 Q. And how did you and how did Monsanto come to 23 that conclusion in 1938 and 1947 timeframes? 24 A. What conclusion? 25 Q. The conclusion that those work place PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059783 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS. MO. 17 1 exposures are derived to be safe. I'm not sure I repeated 2 you correctly. I recall you just told me from your 3 understanding how he arrived at the safe work place 4 exposure levels. Other than the Drinker study, which was 5 abouc rats, were there any studies on humans during this 6 timeframe to determine their long term effects? 7 A. Studies are not conducted on humans for 8 industrial chemicals. That would be unethical, 9 Q. Did the medical department at Monsanto 10 monitor the health of its employees in its PCBs or 11 chlorinated chemical manufacturing plantsT 12 A. Yes. 13 Q. And have you ever gone back and studied or 14 anyone else studied the period between 1931 and 1947 or 15 any test including that period? IS A. I can't speak for others as to whether they 17 conducted any such studies, but there just was no 18 observable symptom that was evident when the employees had 19 their annual medical physical examination with all of the 20 blood sampling and urine and whatever that took place and 21 that was really a very important piece of information that 22 was looked at by the medical people. 23 Q. So was it the medical department's and 24 Monsanto's conclusion during this period of time that 25 unless people were having short term respiratory PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059784 I difficulty and they weren't having observable problems at 2 their annual physical that that were no problems : 3 ; associated with the chemical in the manufacturing 4 environment? 5 MR. FREEMAN: Would you repeat the last 6 j question. i 7 8 {Reporter read from record as directed) 9 10 A (by the witness) I have some difficulty U associating the breathing difficultiea, coughing and 12 1 ike, with the annual physical exam which showed no 13 symptoms. no problems. The coughing symptoms, which were 14 very much like a severe chest cold, were looked upon by 15 the managers of the operation as well as the medical 16 department as an early warning symptom, not long-lasting, 17 which would indicate that the worker was doing something 18 inappropriate. So the supervisors of that employee were 19 expected to go out. and they did. and observe and correct 20 whatever the employee was doing to create the fume problem 21 which resulted in his chest problem. That coughing was 22 looked upon, as I said earlier, as an early warning 23 symptom and was never long-lasting. 24 Q, But that coughing did exist In the work place 23 during the decade of the thirties and forties, those two PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059785 PERRY REPORTING S7 LOUIE, MO. 19 I decades on occasion? 2 A* On occasion, and could be related to a 3 mishandling in every case that I'm aware of or Monsanto is 4 aware of, 5 Q. I understand you started in Monsanto in 1951? 6 A # X did, 7 Q. That was back here in St. Louis at the John 8 P, Queeny plant? . 9 A. Yes. 10 - Q. You started as a design engineer? 11 A, No 12 Q, Not responsible for PCBs at that time? 13 A. That*s correct. - 14 Q. X understand you had a number of job changes 15 around *53 or so. You became the superintendent of 16 chemical production? 17 A. 1953 I became an assistant supervisor of 18 chemical production. 19 Q. Again no responsibility forPCBs at that 20 tisaf^ * 21 A. That's correct. 22 Q. Around 1956 or so youbecame the maintenance 23 supervisor for construction and maintenance at the plant 24 that had PCB transformers; is that correct? 25 A. That is the same John Fe Queeny plant. PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059786 __________ PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUI3, MO. _________ 20 1 Q. All rights and those wore transformers that 2 had the askarels within their dielectric is that correct? 3 .A Yes. 4 Q. And you supervised the workers who maintained 5 these devices? 6 A. At what point in time? 7 Q, Around 1956. 3 A. 1956 Iwas supervising a group of employees 9 that were involved with small new construction projects ID On occasion they would be involved with the Installation 11 of electrical equipment that contained the dielectric 12 fluids with PCBs in them. That was my involvement with 13 PCS materials at that time. 14 Q. Okay. And you told your employees to take 15 special care when working on the transformers? 16 A. Yes, 17 Q. Around thistime Monsanto was still selling 18 PCBs for use in askarelsi is that right? 19 A Yes 20 Q. You became the superintendent of the plant 2 1 engineering department after this job around 1958 still at 22 the John P. Queeny plant? 23 A. To avoid confusion, 1 would suggest we use 24 the term used by the plant's maintenance department. 25 Q. Okay. 1960 you becamethegeneral PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059787 PZRR'f REPORTING 3T. LC'JIS, MO,2 : I super intoadoat of services support. What is that? 2 A. Well, there13 two points. 1960? 3 -Q. I'm saying around I960. 4 A. 1 became superintendent in the plant's 5 engineering department which was known as the plant's 6 technical services department. 7 Q. Okay. What services did you provide? 3 A. Provided engineering services. I supervised 9 the work of engineers and technicians who were assigned a 10 given set of production departments and their job was to 11 provide any engineering requitbd to increase production, 12 improve quality* make it safer, buy a bigger tank. 13 Whatever engineering was required* they would provide it. 14 Q. Did you supervise any processes that either 15 manufactured or used PCBs as part of the manufacturing IS process? For example* as a heat transfer medium? 17 A. Yes. There was at least one operating unit 18 that had a heat transfer system that contained PCBs. 19 Q. Again did you exercise special care with 20 those ^PtBs? ' 21 A. Well. I don't know about special care. It's 22 just the usual caution against breathing and getting it on 23 your skin. 24 Q. Was that an appropriate caution throughout 25 your career with Monsanto* to avoid breathing the fumes* PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059788 PERRY R3PORTING ST. LOUIS, MO. 22 I avoid jetting it on your akin? 2 A. Well, for all chemicals and that include 1 PC38# yes. 4 3. I understand that 1964 you became the 5 superintendent of manufacturing at the Sauget plant? 6 A. That's correct, 7 g,, That's in Illinois? 8 A. In 111inois 9 Q. And that manufactured PCBs? 10 A The plane did? _ 11 Q. Yes, 12 A. But my unit didn't 13 Q. But as one of many chemicals manufactured at 14 the plant, PCB was in fact manufactured there? 15 A, Yes. 16 Q. Would it be true of most Monsanto factories 17 back then and even through today that multiple chemicals 18 are manufactured because the distilling process of one 19 mixture may give you two or three separate kinds of 20 product's? 21 A. Well# that's one reason 22 Q. And I say distilling process# I mean just - 23 you've got it all there. It's easy to make multiple 24 chemicals at the plant. Have I simplified it? 25 A. It's a little over-simplified# That is one PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059789 ?RRY REPORTING ST. LOU 13, aq. reason for producing multiple products, 1 ________ | | 1 2 Q. Okay. 3 -A. There are many other reasons including labor, 4 supply, economics, transportation, avallaoi1ity of raw 5 materials that enters into these decisions. 6 Q. In 1964 when you were involved in the Sauget plant, were you 3ti11 aware of the risk of inhalation and 8 keeping it off your 3kin? 9 A Of PGBs? .i 10 9 Yes, sir ; X X A. Certainly. In fact one of my units used PC?.* 12 in the transfer system. 13 Q. I understand youbecame the managerat the 14 Anniston, Alabama plant in 1965; is that correct? 15 A. Correct. 16 Q. And that the plant also manufacturedaround a j 17 dozen chemicals? i i 18 A. Made a dozen chemicals? Give or take, 19 roughly, yes. 20 And PGB was a significant portion of its 21 production? 22 A. Yes. 23 Q, At what point, if any, in this timeframe did 24 you make it your goal to find out about PGB from a risk 25 to humans point of view? Did you ever sit down with the PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059790 _______________________ P33Y REPORTING ST. LOUIS. MO.____________________ 24 I mod Lea 1 doparwent or the industrial hygioni.31 and say, 2 hey# X'm now running the plant that's making PC3s. Is 3 there something I should know about it? 4 A. I did that, yes, 5 q. At what point? 6 A. Within the first two or three weeks I arrived 7 at the plant to take over, 3 Q. At Anniston? 9 A A. At Anniston. 10 Q. And when you were doing that to research 11 about '-he risk, did you see anything that resembled 12 Plaintiff's Exhibit Number 9? 13 A. I don't recall seeing this document in that ; 14 indoctrination period. I do recall seeing it since then. 15 Q. And do you recall obtaining that information 16 around the 1965 period? Whether you saw that document or 17 not# did you see the information that's exhibited in 18 Number 9 there? 19 A. Wei 1# I don't know that X saw information so 20 much as* the plant physician -21 Q Told you about it? 22 A. -- talked about eating and smoking with the 23 presence of PCBe. 24 Q. It says -- this is a 1955 document) is that 25 correct? PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059791 ________ ______________ PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, IIP.2 5 I A. That's correct. 2 Q. It says in the third paragraph that some of 3 the "early literature work clairaed that chlorinated 4 oyphenyla were quite toxic materials by inhalation or 5 ingestion". Is that how you treated them in 1965 while you were managing the Anniston plant? A. Yes. 9 Q. Let me show you what is Number 11. See if 9 you recognize that. That was an excerpt of a larger 10 document, but can you tel 1 me what the larger document is ll first? L2 A. You asked me to tell you something about it? 13 Q. What is the title of this particular exhibit? 14 A. It's quite difficult to read. Obviously I 15 can read "Chemicals Division Research. I cannot read the 16 very top line. It's got the report number shown. It's 17 called a tentative process for continuous chlorination of 18 byphenyls, dated March 23. 1956 and the name R.A. -- 1 19 don't know bow to pronouce it -- s-i-m-o-n-e 20 0. And is the chlorination of biphenyls one way 21 to describe part of a production process of PCBs? 22 A. Yes. 23 Q. Is there -- take a look at page five within 24 that -- first have you ever seen this, what it purports to 25 be a part of? PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059792 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO.2 5 1 A. I don't recall this at al1. 2 Q Take a look at -- I believe It's page five. 3 Let me .double check here. On page five there it say3 4 inhalation of vapors Is U3ua11y followed by systemic 5 poisoning," Did you discover that kind of information 6 about PCBs in 1965 when you were acclimating yourself to 7 the PC3 production process over which you would be 3 managing? . 9 A. Yes, but it ras always coupled with the 10 extended high level inhalation would result in more 1 1 serious symptoms. > 12 Q. Did anyone in the medical department at 13 Anniston reference the idea that any inhalation could be 14 dangorous? 15 A. No. They didn't use the expression "any 16 inhalation, no. - 17 Q. Did they use the expression that all 18 inhalation should be avoided if possible? 19 A. Yes. 20 Q. In 1965 when you began in your role as the 21 manager of the Anniston plant where PCBs were made, did 22 you consider death as one of the potential effects of PCBs 23 exposure? 24 A. Ye3. Over-exposure is more accurate. 25 Q. Let's talk about PCBs. I have been using PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059793 PZ33Y REPORTING 57. LOUIS, :Q. 27 1 this term all morning. I guess I could have you draw it, 2 but I went ahead and drew it Cor you ahead of time, la it 3 true that Monsanto called all your PC3 products Aroclors 4 although there were some Aroclors that wore non-PCBs, but 5 all PCBa wore in fact Aroclors? S A. Not necessarily. 7 Q 9 Were there PCB products that were not 8 Aroclors? 9 A, Yes . . 10 Q. What would they have been? 11 A. Therminols, Santovac, S-a-n-t-o- -a-c. 12 Santotherm, S-a-n-t-o-t-h-e-r-m. 13 Q. Those are PC3 products -- I assume the list 14 goes on a .little bit for uses other than the electrical 15 business except they may be used for wire insulation, 16 some of the more viscous ones? 17 A. Those that were used in that Last application 18 wherein they were marked under an Arocior trademark. 19 These other trademarks X just mentioned describe the same 20 kinds 61 PCB commercial mixtures that were used for heat 21 transfer. vacuum pump operation. 22 Q. Hydraulic fluid? 23 A. The hydraulic fluids were mixtures that 24 contained PCBs. 25 Q. In fact back in the fifties or so Monsanto PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059794 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 It 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 2 2. 23 24 2 5: PERSY REPORTING 3T. LOU 13, MO 23 was trying to market PCBs for every application that you could think of. That's too broad. I admit that's too broad, -but it was something that had a very wide variety of potential applications? A. Yes, Because of the unique properties of these chemicals, they found many, many applications. Q. Sverytning from hydraulic fluid to transmission fluid to heat transfer fluid to dielectric fluid? A. Not transmission fluid. Q. Monsanto never thought of using PCBs in the transmission because it caused the rubber to swell and stops leaks in transmissions? A, VJoll, that was a use eventually by others who would buy the PCBs and formulate the transmission additives, but Monsanto never marketed any fluids for use as such in transmission systems. 3, Was it used in paints? A. Yes. Plasticizers, extenders and even in insecticides in the early years? A. Yes. Q Tel1 us what a PCB is in a general fashion? A. I'll try, Q. Okay. PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059795 P2RRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, :!0. 23 I A. I think the best way to describe it perhaps 2 is to start with the basic starting materials. is that 3 what you are -- would that help? 4 Q. Yes. 5 A. I think we're all famLliar with the material 6 known as benzene. It's present, for example, in your 7 automobile gasoline as an ingredient. It's represented oy 8 the chemist graphically as a six-sided figure. 9 Q. If you take a look at Plaintiff s Exhibit 10 Number-,6, are these benzene rings that look like hex nuts? 11 A. , Yes. At the corners of each of those 12 hexagons there exists a carbon. So it takes six carbons 13 to make one of those rings that's called benzene. , 14 Combining two benzenes gives you twelve carbons and each 15 of the carbons has a hydrogen associated with it around 16 the rings except for those two carbons that are nose to 17 nose, so to speak. That configuration represents biphenyl. 18 Biphenyl at room temperature, if it's pure, looks like 19 white candle wax solidified. Under heat it melts and 20 through" this molten material chlorine is bubbled and the 21 chlorine is the type of material some of us may be 22 familiar is used in water treating and in swimming pool 23 treating. It's that very same type of material. As the 24 chlorine bubbles through the mass in the presence of iron, 25 and the iron could be iron filings or the wall of the PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059796 PSRRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, XO,_________________________________ L vessel in which it's exposed, the chlorine connects with 2 the carbons and displaces a hydrogen. The resulting 3 material is called a PCB and can contain anywhere from one 4 to ton chlorines at several positions. There are more 5 than one, two chlorines because the chlorines can attach S themselves in any one of ten different positions, so 1 altogether there is essentially over 200 materials that 3 fall Into this category now commonly referred to as PCB, 9 Q, Thoao are called congeners? IQ A. Excuse me? 11 Q. Those acalled congeners? There was a 12 question mark at the end of it. 13 A, That is a term that is used to describe the 14 fact that these materials come from the same chemicals, 15 carbon, hydrogen, chlorine. IS Q When we see the word poly, multiple 17 chlorinated -- that's where the chlorine, the biphenyls 13 and the twelve benzene rings -- that's why they call it 19 PCB, Xs that a simplified explanation? 20 _ X, The word polychlorinated excludesmono. 21 The single chlorine is not in that family, 22 Q. All right. This Plaintiff'sExhibit Number 23 6, would you agree that if you just take this green pen 24 and circle the ones that look -- I understand there are 25 some other things that purport to be different kinds of PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059797 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO. I molecujlos, but the ones that are groups of PCB type 2 molecuiles, that would be the long group in the middle? 3 .A, Let me review it quickly* Those down the 4 middle of the page, and that consists of seven of them, 5 are examples of PCBs. .. 6 Q. Okay. Now, I understand -- let me go ahead 7 and circle this for you (indicating). For our use I've 8 put a square box around it. I * 11 call it number one and 9 these are PCBs, Okay. Does that sound fair? 10 A Yes, II Q. When you say that thu,chlorine is bubbled 12 through. Is this made in like batches? Make one batch and 13 then you clean out your pot and make a new batch? 14 A. That's a very common way to do it, but there 15 is also -- I'm going to refer to it aa a cascading method. 16 Qa Which way was used at Anniston? 17 A. Both There are tanks in a series where the 18 material in one goes in the next and finally the chlorine 19 is bubbling through all those tanks which is really a 20 continuous chlorination process. - 21 Q. Regardless of the method used, did you have a 22 perfect ability -- at any time when you were at Monsanto 23 when you were making PCBs, did they have a perfect ability 24 to really control the amount of chlorine that ended up in 25 a given batch or were you satisfied with a range? For PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059798 PSRRY REPORTING 3T. LOUIS, MO. 3 2 I fixample, If they were to make Aroclor 124 2, ray 2 understanding would so that would be 42 percent chlorine 3 by weight, that they might bo satisfied with a range of 4 oetween 12 4 0 and 1245 for that particular batch that would 5 bo poured Into the big tank to oe blended together; 13 6 that correct? A. That is very close to the actual picture. 8 These chemicals, these products are not pure chemicals in 9 the sense that they met a very specific criteria. LO Experience developed through the years was tie guide in l1 terms of when do you stop chlorinating and by t 'perience 12 I'm saying a sample of the material is taken and when it 13 has a certain property, like its weight, the operator 14 knows when, to shut off the chlorine and he1 a finished and 15 the resulting product does fall in a range close to what 1 the official ending designation is, 17 Q. And if the operator made an error, for 18 example, in the manufacture of Aroclor 1242 product and it 19 ended up 1260 something, you could still find a market for 20 that product! is that right? 21 A. Well, as long as the material met one of the 22 specifications, it would be classified under that 23 specifieation. If it didn't, then it would be 24 reprocessed. 25 Q. Is this a fairly technical process of making PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059799 PERRY R SPORT ING ST. LOUIS, MO 11 I these FFCBs? 2 A. Oh, It is, of course, technical, but it's 3 amonq.t the simpler reactions known to the chemists. 4 Q. Was there ever a time period at Monsanto when 5 you weere there and you were there in 1952 unti1 your 6 reti rrvement in 19 86? 7 A. That's correct, 8 Q. That Monsanto had a fine enough control over 9 the Manufacture of PCBs that it knew every single chemical 10 that lit was going to end up with at the end of the 11 manufacturing process? 12 A. Oh, that's an unrealistic expectation. Mo 13 manufacturer knows every single chemical in his product. 14 Tec hr*eo logy is. Just not available to do that, 15 Q, And throughout the time that Monsanto made 16 PCBs cthey regularly ended up with product called still 17 bottossn which they sold --sometimes sold asMontar? 18 A. Yes. 19 Q, You didn't quite know exactly what was in 20 that sdlontar? 21 A. That's true. 22 MR. COCHRAN I M-o-n-t-a-r. 23 MR. WARSHAUERi They called it still bottom. 24 Q. (by Mr. warshauer) Can you tell us what still 25 bottoom is? PHONE (3X4)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059800 ___________ P2RRY R2PORTING 3 T, LOUIS, MO.__________________ 34 1 A. (by the witness) When the chlorination of a 2 batch is completed, the material -- some preliminary 3 treatment is distilled. The material, that vapor rises 4 after the distillation unit and is condensed and is the 5 finished product referred to as Aroclor by number 6 designation. The material that's left behind in the 7 distillation pot resembles road tar in color and texture. S That is the material that was at that time sold as Montar 9 or disposed of 10 Q, Would it be fair to say during the time 11 period whe^ Monsanto was making PCBs that its main concern 12 with the end product was that the chlorination was of the 13 right level and that it had the right dielectric . 14 properties demanded by the customers and specifics set 15 forth by the chemists? 16 MR FREEMANS Could you read the question 17 back, please? IS 19 (Reporter read from record aa directed) 20 21 Q. (by Mr. Warshauer) That's with respect to the 22 PCBs used in askarels. 23 A. (by the witness) Yes, certainly those 24 considerations were the target. The product had to meet 25 established specifications and had to have certain PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059801 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO. 35 I cnlorlime content. That content was reflected in the other 2 properties For example, its resistance to ignition, 3 fir, ts specific gravity, even its color, its viscosity. 4 So the> long list of specifications that were established 5 reflected the chlorine contents and the fact that PCBs -6 Q. You mentioned color. In fact sometimes the 7 batch would come out discolored but have all the other 8 properties? is that right? 9 A. Wei I, yes, but that discolored material, if 10 it was very badly discolored would be reprocessed. If it 11 was tiintod yellow, it e.rs sold as a plasticizer ingredient 12 where the color made no difference. It might go into a 13 black rubber, so there were occasions when the product 14 didn't quite meet these rigid specifications, but it would 15 not hm sold for the dielectric purpose. 16 Q. Did you know why when a product did not meet 17 the particular specifications it had failed to do so? 18 A. Do I know why it failed? 19 Q. Were you able to figure that out every time 20 or samtttimes you would -- . 21 MR. FREEMANS Are you talking about the color 22 now? 23 MR. WAREHAUERi I'm talking about any -- 24 A. (by the witness) It varies from case to case. 25 There are very few alike unless you have an Instrument ' PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059802 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 36 il 3: 44 6 T LOl UL L44 L2 L6E rr US ts 22 23 24 25 that * a not functioning properly and you produce several batches with this bad instrument in place. Other than that#.it would vary all over the map. was the starting material pure enough? Was the temperature properly control led? Was the rate at which you pumped conrolled? Was the tank in which you pumped it clean or did a gasket deteriorate and discolor it? There are many, many reasons for a product not meeting specifications, Q. We mentioned the word askarels used in transformers and capacitors? ' A. Yes* 0. That was a fire retardant PCB contained dielectric fluid? * A. The word askarel was the generic term used by the manufacturers of electrical equipment that used fire resistant fluids. The fire resistant dielectric fluids in the thirties, forties, up through the middle of the seventies and beyond even, the fire retardant ingredients included PCSs, In all of those askarels until Monsanto stopped making it? A. As far as I can tel 1, yes, Q. And some of the askarels were custom blends of your company*s Aroclor product PCB into the brand name of the customers such as Inerteen for Meetinghouse and PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059803 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 37 I Pyrnol Cor G.E. ? 2 A. That's correct. 3 _Q, Lot mo show you what's been marked 4 Plaintiff's Number 14, Do you recognize that document? 5 A. I believe I recognize that document. It's so 6 simiLar to many others for different versions of this and 7 since there is no date on it -- 8 Q. Tell us what it's similar to. What is it . 9 representative of, If anything? 10 A, This is a Westinghouse Electric corporation 11 standard for the product Inerteen. - 12 Q. Does that tell you how to blend that product 13 for tfiem, in a simplified fashion at least? 14 A. _ Quite simplified. It looks like a line and a 15 half statement. IS Q. Okay. 1 assume there would be a process 17 booklet that would be given to the particular plants 18 involved that would be somewhat more detailed? 19 A. Ohg yes. 20 But the blending of the Inerteen compared to 21 the manufacture of the Aroclor was much simpler} is that 22 correct? 23 A. The blending operation? 24 Q. Yes, sir. The blending was like making a 25 cake. Take one egg, cup of flour, beat them for two PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059804 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUI3, MO 38 U 22 33 44 55 77 3 S 1.3} 'Ll L2 L3 Ld ZS L3 r? LS ZS 2T) 21 22 23 24 25 minutes. That's how you would get Inerteen as opposed to the manufacture of PCB which was significantly more complex* Mot as complex as making the egg, but more 1 ike grinding the flour starting at the field. Is that a reasonable analogy? A. That's one way to describe it. MR. FREEMANt You forgot the sugar in the cake. - Q (by Mr. Warshauer) Is that right? Is the other ingredients in Inerteen and Pyrnol type askarels the tri and tetrachlorobenzenes? A. Yes. That was a very popular ingredient* Q. Would that be the majority of the other Ingredients oif the largest single constituent? A. Of the non-PCB ingredient? Yes. Q. Would that be true for both Inerteen and Pyrnol products? A. Yes. Q* When you were involved In the manufacture of PCB* when the barrels left the plant did they have warnings on them? A. Certainly. Q. And were you familiar with any product description that would go to customers about the fluids manufactured by Monsanto including the PCBe that might PHONE (3141121-4790 FAX (314)621-6478 WATER PCB-SD0000059805 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 39 I also have the warnings and instructions on such use? 2 A I don't think 1 understand your question. 3 . -0 I probably -- I can get to it a simpler way. 4 I'll show you that's been marked Plaintiff's Exhibit 5 Number 2. This document says "Aroclor Physical 6 Properties and Suggested Applications". Have you seen 7 documents that are similar to that if not identical? 8 A There were Monsanto documents that tried to 9 describe the products and the applications and the like 10 and this"is an example of one of the early documents, 11 Q. v^.All right Would that be the kind of 12 document that might be distributed to Westinghouse or 13 General Electric or some other entity that wanted to buy . 14 your PCB products? 15 A. Yes before they ever bought It* before they 16 ever tested it. As they were buying it# new versions would 17 be supplied, . 18 Q. You said this particular book* this Exhibit 19 Number 2* was an earlier version 1 see on here a number 20 that*! handwritten 43-04-00. Is it possible that means 21 April of 1943? Does that look like consistent type face 22 and style to be used at that time period? 23 A Your guess is as good as mine 24 Q. But that is one of the earlier booklets of 25 that form? PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059806 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS. MO. 40 I A. Yes. 2 Q, On page 11 of thisPlaintiff Exhibit Number 3 2 it t*lks about the toxicity of your product. Do you 4 know why damage to the liver is not referenced as a 5 potential harm or death is not referenced as a potential 6 harm? 7 A. No, I don't. 8 Q. Let me show youanother version of that, 9 maybe a little different. Plaintiff's exhibit number 15. 10 Can you gave me some idsa of what that is and when it 11 might have been distributed by Monsanto? _ 12 MR. COCHRAN * Did you say 157 13 MR. WARSHADERi Yes, sir. 14 MR. COCHRANt Thank you. 15 A. (by the witness) Again this is a very early 16 document, and I say that because of the old logo that 17 appears on the top sheet. I have no way of placing or 18 determining the date, 19 g (by Mr. Warshauer) This is on about the third 20 page fjrta the back I guess is the best way to do it 21 because there's multiple pages in the middle is a 22 description of toxicity. One of the things it mentions in 23 Plaintiff's Exhibit Number 2 was the need for ventilation 24 to control vapors at elevated temperatures. Has Monsanto 25 always been in agreement that was a necessary safety PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059807 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 41 1 precaution in using PCB products? 2 A. Well, that's a onethod for complying with the 3 precaution that says do not inhale for extended periods of 4 time. That's just one method to achieve that caution. 5 q. Well, another way to achieve the caution is 6 not- yet something on you as that documents says, to wear 7 suitrable garments? 8 A. Yea, that's true. 9 Q. And do you know why this document doesn't 10 mentmlon potential death or potential liver problems as a 11 r isiac of PCS exposure? 12 A. 1 do not. 13 Q. You mentioned that you had an idea that was 14 old. because of the old logo that appears on the first 15 pagtt. Do you have any idea of when the logo was changed? 16 Carr, you give me a decade even? 17 A. As best I can understand and recall, the 18 1ogss were changed at about World War IZ period, at about 19 the same time that the mailing zones were introduced, so 20 thmst the address would have read about World War IZ time 21 St.. Louis, 66, Missouri at that time, 22 Q. So this document that's Number 15 is a 23 pre-world war II era document in all likelihood? 24 A. Prom the appearance of it, I would place it 25 in -that time period. PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059808 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 42 1 q. Let me show you what may be a newer version 2 of Ull saaM kind of information. Plaintiff's Exhibit 3 Mumber _lf Do you recognize that? Mr. Papageorge, I've 4 got bunches of these things. I've just picked throe that 5 I thought had a different type face to bring to your 6 attention. 7 MR. FREEMANi What was the number? 8 MR. WARSHAUERl 16. 9 Q, (by Mr. Warshauer) So we can get some feel 10 for the timeframes involved. . 11 A. (by the witness) Z have reviewed thiv. 12 document. , 13 Q. What is the name of this document? 14 . A. This document is a technical bulletin 15 entitled "Aroclor Polychlorinated Polyphenylsa IS Q. That would include PCSs? 17 A. Yes. ' 18 Q. And do you have an idea of when this document 19 might have been produced? 20 ' A, Yea, 1 saw a date here. On the next to last 21 sheet with a designation JOZ 005250, there's a date in the 22 lower right-hand corner that would indicate that this was 23 dated August of 197l. 24 Q. Now by August of 1971 you were the manager of 25 the PCS issue at Monsanto; is that correct? PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059809 PBKRT REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 41 1 A. Yes, sir, 2 - Q. Did you have anything to do with the 3 prtptlTitloi or dissemination of documents such as 4 Plaintiff's Humber 16 which described the potential uses 5 and risks associated with the uses of Monsanto Company's 6 PCS products? 7 A. Yes. I was involved in the review of 8 proposed bulletins of the.type we're looking at, and 1 f addressed any' environmental comments that the author might 10 have included in that bulletin, 11 0. On page 17 of that document entitled - 12 "dermatology and toxicology", can you tell us why *iivor - 13 disease is not mentioned as a potential toxic effect? 14 A,No, Z don't know, 15 Q, Can you tell us why death is not mentioned as 16 a potential toxic effect? 17 A. Ho, Z don't. 18 Q, Did the marketing department involve itself 19 with the preparation of documents such as Flaiatiff's 20 Hunger'16 which is entitled above all the other titles a 21 technical bulletin? 22 A. The marketing department had the role of 23 initiating the preparation of the document and got Inputs 24 from appropriate parts of Monsanto such as the research 25 individuals, the medical department, and so on. PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059810 PMAY 11 POETXM ST. LOOI3, MO.__________________ 44 1 q. But this 1971 document does indicate on page 2 If that Monsanto is aware that PCBs are harmful to certain 3 ipHlfl of birds and young marine life? 4 A. That's the environmental statement I reviewed 5 before publication. 6 q. And on page 17 it does continue to warn of 7 avoiding inhalation and skin contacti is that correct? 8 A. That is correct. I Q. i'v@ got here -- Z should staple them 10 together, hut a group of documents collectively 11 Plaintiff's Exhibit Number 3. Mould you be kind enough ttf 12 tel 1 me what these documents appear to be? . ; 13 A. In glancing through this collection. Z see . 14 that it consists of copies of product labels covering an 15 extended period from roughly the fifties. 1950's through 16 the date of termination of making the PCS products which 17 would be 1977. 18 Q. Zs it fair to say that consistent in all of 19 those labels is a warning to avoid inhalation of the 20 vap4jj|@: f the product? 21 '' A. " Yes. Not all -- sorry. There was some 22 labels here that refer only to the environmental issues, 23 so that wouldn't be on it. 24 Q. But a label referring only to the 25 environmental issue would not be contrary to a label PHONK (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6671 WATER PCB-SD0000059811 PIIXY MPOET1NG *T. LOUIS, MO 41 1 referring to the human safety issue, would that be true? 2 A That's true. 3 _0 Would it be fair to say all of the barrels of 4 this PCS Aroclor product as indicated that those labels 5 could have gone to -- that were shipped by Monsanto would 6 have had a warning in addition to perhaps environmental 7 warnings later but at all periods of time a warning 8 against inhalation of vapors? 9 A. Yes. 10 Q. Because thi\t was a perceived risk of harm to 11 humans? i>. T -' 12 A. Yes. .. . `. .. tg; .' 13 Q. And therewas also a warning throughout the 14 time that warning labels were used on Monsanto PCS 15 products advising against skin contact} is that also true? 1< A, Yes. 17 Q. And advising against ingestion? 18 A. Yes. 19 . . 20 Q. r... And again those warnings were because of the fisk of harm to human beings? 21 A. Yes. 22 MR. FREEMANt whenever you want to break, let 23 me know. - 24 MR. WAR9RAUSRI Oo you want to take one? 25 THE WITNESSi I*m ready for one. PHONE (314)21-4790 PAX (314)621-8878 WATER PCB-SD0000059812 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 44 1 2 3 4 3 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 " 14 15 IS 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 (A brief recess was taken) Q. (by Mr. Warshauer) With respect to these warning labels, we were looking at the Plaintiff's Exhibit Number 3, a pretty good collection of them. Oo you know whether or not these warnings would ever get communicated all the way to the linemen who worked in the normal expected servicing and repair of transformers that had the dielectric fluids containing FCBs? A (by the witness) Do X km.r whether they got to every working man? Q. To any of them. A. I had an understanding that this kind of " information was being forwarded under different documenta, different labels by the manufacturers and sollers of the electrical equipment. X cannot bo certain by any means that every piece of equipment ended up with, the proper communication. X have no way of knowing* f, . what steps did Monsanto take that you might "V. ` have boon aware of either in your role in 1171 whom you became in charge of information that wont to the public or until 1965 when you were managing a plant whore PCBs were made, what steps did Monsanto take to insure that these warnings were in fact communicated to workmen, people who PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059813 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 47 1 actually touched PCBs? 2 A. Well -- 3 - MR. COCHRAN t Are you talking about 4 transformers that are containing Aroclor or transformers 5 containing mineral oil? 6 MR. WARSHAUERi Workers in general that might 7 be working on transformers so that if he had transformers 8 with PCBs they might need, to know about the breathing risk - 9 and the skin, inhalation risk, ingestion, 10 A. (by the witness) Well, Monsanto's efforts 11 which you asked for to convey the message of what cautions 12 to take when working with the PCB type products took many 13 forms. There was the wording on the product labels 14. There were bulletins,, examples of which we saw earlier, 15 that were kept up to date and distributed very freely In 16 fact, there was an extensive practice among the 17 manufacturers of the electrical equipment to take Monsanto 18 bulletins and inscribe their own name on the cover which 19 in turn would be distributed by the manufacturer of that 20 equipment - 21 The field representatives of Monsanto, when calling 22 on customers of PCB type dielectric fluids, would touch 23 base regarding that kind of information. 24 The medical department for a certainty communicated 25 with their counterparts both with the manufacturers of PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059814 _________________PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS. MO.__________________ 40 1 electrical equipment as well as users of that equipment as 2 well regulatory people and the like. Those are 3 Monsanto1s efforts to communicate. 4 1 should include my personal involvement when it 5 came to the environmental issues that arose in the late 6 sixties and seventies. I participated with some of the 7 electrical equipment manufacturers in that I was asked to 8 review rough drafts of proposed documents that I 9 understood were being prepared by the electrical equipment 10 manufacturer to share with his customers. I saw drafts 11 nd I made appropriate comments. 12 My contacts with representatives of virtually all 13 the dielectric customers of Monsanto reassured me without 14 any doubt that communications were taking place. I was in 15 no way in a position to know exactly what was said and who 16 it was told to and how it was communicated. 17 I also know personally that at least some of the 18 equipment manufacturers made it a point that they didn* t 19 want Monsanto meddling with their customers. In fact they 20 would not give us the list of their customers. So there 21 was no way for Monsanto to know who the eventual user of 22 that equipment would be nor what information he or she 23 had. 24 MR. WARSHAUERi Let me object to the 25 responsiveness It went a little further than the PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059815 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO. 49 1 question related to. 2 Q. (by Mr. Warshauer) Let me ask you to focus on 3 what my main concern was. I understand in 1970 you spoke 4 with management level people and probably made a contact 5 with them telling them to keep it out of the environment, 6 to be safe with it. I want to know what steps Monsanto 7 took to insure that concerns about inhalation, absorption e through skin and ingestion as those concerns affected 9 human health were communicated to the actual man who might 10 wet his hands in the product. For purposes of this n question, I assume that people who wear white shirts and 12 ties that you may have been talking to were not the folks 13 who wet their hands in the product. Do you understand the 14 question? 15 MR. COCHRAN* Object to the form of the 16 question. 17 MR. FREEMAN* Objection to the form. 18 MR. TATE* 1*11 join. If Q. (by Mr, Warshauer) Did you understand the 20 question? 21 A. (by the witness) I believe I do. You are 22 asking a question of a type of activity that's virtually 23 Impossible to do. You have to know, first of all, who the 24 person is, where he's located, will his boss let you talk 25 to him, will his union let you talk to him. It's a very PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059816 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 50 i complex question you have asked. Monsanto was in no 2 position to execute that effectively. There is no way any 3 company, can do it, 4 Q. What steps did it take to try at any time? 5 A. It talked and conveyed to its customers the 6 need for respect for those chemicals. That's all it had 7 the power to do. the authority to do. 8 Q* You would agree that Monsanto was looked at 9 by its customers as the primary source of information 10 concerning PCBs? n A. When it came t'v the overall types of 12 information relating to PCBs, Monsanto was the primary 13 source. 14 Q. And to your knowledge Monsanto never prepared 15 any documents Intended for the customers of the customers? 16 MR. FREEMANt Read that back* 17 Q. (by Mr. warshauer) Well, to your knowledge, 18 Monsanto never prepared any document intended for the 19 customers of its customers? 20 A. (by the witness) The only example I*m aware 21 of is the product bulletin prepared and issued by Monsanto 22 in which the manufacturer of the electrical equipment had 23 his name printed on the cover page. 24 MR. FREEMAN* Are you excluding the labels? 25 THE WITNESS* Yes. We talked about PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059817 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 5l I 1Iterature, 2 Q. (by Mr, Warshauer) I'm talking about 3 literature, I assume that it was your belief that 3omo of 4 the -- if you put on a barrel an Inertoen label for 5 Wostinghouse that if Westinghouse shipped that barrel then 6 to Pacific Gas and Light for use in replenishing their 7 transformers, you would assume that that information got 8 to thorni is that correct?. 9 A. (by the witness) That1s one example. The 10 other is where we ship to Pacific Gas and Light, to use 11 your example, to ship to that location aiM bill 12 Westinghouse, so it came directly from our plant* 13 0. If I understand you correctly, it was 14 Monsanto's practice to rely on its customers to assemble 15 any information Monsanto provided the custoners in any IS kind of packaging the customer thought appropriate for its 17 customers j is that right? 18 A. That is correct. . 19 Q, Do you believe - let me show you one more 20 document* Let's look at Plaintiff s Number 4* 21 Do you recognize that, sir? 22 A. I have reviewed the exhibit and I recognize 23 it as -- some of the pages as being part of a larger 24 document. 25 Q Again -- PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059818 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 52 t A. I do not recall the second sheet which has a 2 name in the upper right hand-corner, 3 ~Qe That's tho way it came to us from Monsanto. 4 I don't know the significance of that. Does the rest of it 5 seem to be a portion of a booklet Monsanto had relating to 6 the use and cautions to be followed in handling of PCBs? 7 A, Yes, It's entitled "The Proper Handling of 8 Aroclors and Their Mixtures in the Electrical Industry"9 9 Q Do you know the dates of this product - of 10 this document? V 11 A, It's shown here as 1954. It's on one c&t.. 12 those pages there. 13 Q. Mr. Benignus* B-e-n-i-g-n-u-a, was the 14. manager of the PCB product for that division at that time 15 at least 1954? 16 A. He was the marketing manager. 17 Q. Did Monsanto take any steps in 1954 which you 18 have discovered in your work with PCBs on Monsanto's 19 behalf to insure that workers who may be working with the 20 Aroclor"product at elevated temperatures did not inhale 21 the vapors? 22 A. Certainly that precaution was reviewed often 23 with representatives of the customers. 24 Q. Did Monsanto at any time to your knowledge 25 ever take out any advertisements in trade journals that PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059819 _______________________ PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO.____________________ 5 3 1 might bo road by people who actually do electrical work 2 with their hands concerning the risk of the Aroclor 3 products and the need for ventilation when using the 4 Aroclor products? 5 A. I'm not aware of such ads. 6 Q. Did Monsanto ever have a representative 7 appear at an IBEW meeting, at their national convention to 8 talk about any risk of which it was aware relating to the 9 PCBs, askarels it was helping to manufacture? 11 A. Not to my knowledge. 11 Q. Would there have been anything to stop that 12 kind of activity? Was it ever discussed. Did you ever 13 hear anyone say "we can1t do that"? 14 A. Yes, I have heard it. 15 Q. How did you hear that? 16 A, The individuals in marketing who called on 17 our customers were the people who mentioned statements of 18 that type and the principal reason is that our customers 19 did not want Monsanto to be involved in any labor union, 20 customer communications link. It wanted us to stay away. 21 Q. Did Monsanto have concerns it would lose the 22 customer if it went directly to the individuals who might 23 get their hands or lungs or digestive system contaminated 24 with PCB? 25 A. I'm in no position to know what people at PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059820 PERR'i REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO. 54 I Monsanto wore thinking regarding alienating customers 2 regarding that subject. 3 _,Q. These customers included such companies as 4 General Electric and Westinghouse to your knowledge? 5 A. They were included, yes. 6 0. In your opinion were the instructions 7 Monsanto communicated to its customers concerning the 8 human health risks of its products adequate? 9 A. Would you repeat that again? 10 Qm In your opinion was the information Monsanto 11 indicated to its customers concerning the human health 12 risks of its PCB products adequate? 13 A. Yes. Definitely. . 14 Q. Was it adequate throughout the entire time 15 that Monsanto manufactured PCB products? 16 A. Yes. . 17 Q, Do you think that the warnings associated 18 with what I call improper exposure to the PCB materials 19 adequate? 20 A. Certainly. 21 0.. And that, too, would be true for the entire 22 time of the manufacturing process in your opinion? 23 A. Yes. . 24 Q. Would it be fair to say that Monsanto knew 25 that the end user, this fellow who might ingest it, inhale PHONB (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059821 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 55 1 it or get it on his skin needed information concerning the 2 safe handling in the use of the PCB products? 3 -A, Yea. 4 Q. Would it be fair to say Monsanto was aware of 5 that worker's needs throughout the entire period that 6 Monsanto manufactured PCB products? 7 A. Yes. 8 Q And Monsanto was the primary source in the 9 world from the time,it first began manufacturing the PCB 10 products until it ended of PCB information? Would that be 11 fair to say? 12 A. As you said, a primary source of information. 13 Not all of that information is related with the worker 14 servicing the transformer behind the Holiday Inn down the 15 street. 16 Q. Wei 1s was there anyone in the world in your 17 opinion from the time Monsanto first got involved in the 18 PCB business when they took it over from Swan Chemical 19 Company -- what year was that? 20 X, 1935 I believe. 21 Q. Until the time thatMonsanto got out of the 22 business in 1977, that made more PCBs than Monsanto did? 23 A. Oh, I*ve never seen the production figures 24 from the German and French and Italian companies, so I 25 have no way of knowing. PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059822 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 56 I Q, In the continental United States you agree 2 that Monsanto was the sole domestic producer, that will 3 admit to it anyway? 4 A. Yes, they were the primary producer. . 5 Q, And with respect to the fluids containing 6 PCBs for transformers and capacitors manufactured in the 7 United States, Monsanto was also in all likelihood the 8 sole producer? . 9 A I would suggest it was probably the sole 10 producer. We have no way of knowing if other fluids from 11 elsewhere were used by somebody, , 12 Q. But it's a fact you just have no way of 13 knowing, but you do know Monsanto was the vast, vast, vast 14 majority? 15 A, I don't know if it's three "vasts", 16 Q, But in fact 99,9 percent vast? 17 A. I would say over 90, but I don't know if it's 18 99,9. 19 Q, Could you name any other company that might 20 have produced PCBs used in askarela in the United States? 21 A. That might have? All the European 22 producers, Russian producers, Czechoslovakian 23 producers -- 24 Q. Can you tel1 me with any degree of certainty 25 if any of them did produce PCBs used in askarel fluid in PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059823 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS. HO 57 1 the United States? 2 A. Nobody knows. I certainly don't know. 3 -Q. Okay. It's always been Monsanto's position 4 it was the sole u.S. producer? 5 A. No. 6 Q. Is it now Monsanto's position it was the sole 7 U.S. producer? , 8 A I'm sorry? . 9 Q. Has it over been Monsanto's position that it 10 was the sole U.S. producer of askarels? 11 A. There were individuals in Monsanto made 12 that statement. 13 Q. Were you one of them at onetime? .14 A. . Until I heard other information that changed IS my mind, yes. That was true for any of us that might have 16 made that statement. 17 Q. In 1971 when you spoke to ANSI of which you 18 were the chairman, you identified your company as the sole 19 U.S. producer. Were you not telling them the truth at 20 that time? . 21 A. That's what I understood at the time, yes. 22 Q Why is it you now believe there may have been 23 others that had a position in the market? 24 A. since then I had many discussions with tariff 25 commission people. Department of Commerce people, people PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059824 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 53 1 concerned with environmental matters, the EPA, where there 2 were some Indications that there were difficult to prove 3 that there were some other sources of PCBs in this 4 country. 5 Q. I'm not talking about PCBs as much as maybe 6 hydraulic fluid, plasticizers, paint. I want to limit my 7 question to askarcls. 8 A. Yes. In fact, I recall for sure the Forshire 9 (phonetic) people near Washington issued a report that 10 they were able to find transformers that came in with 11 European PCBs from Canada down into the United States 12 that's listed in there. It's shown in their report. 13 Q. I'm talking about transformers. I continue 14 to try to narrow my questions. Transformers that were 15 made in the United States. I'm not talking about imported 16 transformers. 17 A, I understand that. You asked me for an 18 example of dielectric fluid that entered this country. 19 That's one demonstrated entry. There's no way for anyone 20 to demonstrate that no other PCBs ever entered this 21 country. You can't demonstrate that they didn't or that 22 they did, so that's an open question. 23 Q. But we can demonstrate Monsanto manufactured 24 approximately 1.3 billion pounds of PCBs during its . 25 history in the PCB business? PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059825 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 59 1 A. I don't know how accurate that number is. I 2 don't know that they had numbers leading all the way back 3 to the .thirties, but it Is a large number. Wo talked 4 earlier about 99.9 versus my estimated 90 percent. I think 5 that1s still kind of a discussion that will never be 6 resolved. 7 Q. Are you aware that anyone made Inerteen, the 8 PCB constituent for Inerteen or Pyrnol other than 9 Monsanto? 10 A. I'm not aware of it personally,, 11 Q. . And it's quite possible if a PCB transformer 12 came from Europe that it in fact nevertheless had PCBs 13 manufactured by Monsanto because you sold PCBs in Europe? 14 A. Yes. That is a possibility. 15 Q. Do you have any documents concerning anybody 16 else who manufactured PCBs that might have ended up in 17 askarels? 18 A. What type of documents? 19 Q Any documents that you have ever seen in your 20 life tht shows that askarels that appear in the united 21 States transformers and capacitors may have been 22 manufactured by somebody other than you PCB components of 23 those askarels may have been manufactured by somebody 24 other than Monsanto? 25 A. I recall some reports prepared for or by PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059826 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 60 i federal agencies, and at the moment I don't remember the 2 specific, in which the subject of imported FCBs or 3 dielectric fluids is covered. 4 Q. Do you know when you saw those reports? S A. In the period 1971 through 1976. I just don't 6 rocall the exact reports at this point in time. 7 Q. To your knowledge Monsanto does not have a 8 copy of those reports? . 9 A. Oh, I don't know that. 10 Q. In 1970 s76 you would have been the one to 11 main such a report? . 12 A. I would have been one ofseveral, yes. 13 Q. And you don't have a copy of that report? 14 A. I'm sorry? . 15 Q. You never had a copy of that report? 16 A. Wei 1, I saw copies of reports, I had it in my 17 hand. I don't know what happened to them now and I don't 18 remember what exactly the reports are by title or dates or 19 numbers or agency. 20 Even after having seen the reports that you 21 can't identify for me, you still believe it's at least 90 22 percent? 23 A. That's ray considered opinion, yes, sir, 24 Q. Let me show you what's been marked as 25 Plaintiff's Exhibit Number 7. PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059827 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 61 I MR. TATE: Is that 7? 2 MR. WARSHAUERi Seven. 3 -Q. (by Mr, Warshauer) Do you know what It ia, 4 Mr. Papagoorge? 5 A. (by the witness) This is a copy of a -- I'm 6 going to call it a product bulletin pamphlet prepared by 7 Monsanto individuals. 8 Q. Have you seen it before today? 9 A. Yes# I have. 10 Q. Does it relate to the servicing of 11 transformers that contain PCB askarel&^ 12 A, Yes. 13 Q. Take a look at the page -- I believe it's -- 14 let me make sure. Take a look at page 15 for me. At the IS bottom of page 15 it says "cleaning arced transformers". 16 What is arced transformers in your understanding? 17 A. In my understanding it is a transformer that 18 1 understood has undergone -- I'm going to cal1 it 19 stressful use in which electricity transfers internally 20 from between the parts submerged in the fluid and goes 21 from one point to another through the fluid. This is 22 called arcing. 23 Q. That involves some period of time of a super 24 high heat during the arc; is that correct? 25 A. That88 my understanding. PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059828 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 62 :; I Q. And your Instructions there 1n that booklet, 2 yoeir company' s instructions about cleaning an arced 3 transformer, do they have any warnings about the vapors 4 associated with arced transformers? 5 A. About what? 6 Q. The vapors associated with askarels which ; 7 have been subjected to arcing and heating? 8 A. I don't recall any reference to vapors, no. 9 Q. Do they have any warnings about any io particular concerns about askarels which have been n subjected to high heat levels or arcing? 12 A. No, No need to. 13 Q. Why is there no need to? 14. A. The fluid is arced, and if it's severely so 15 or frequently enough so, its properties as a dielectric 16 fluid are changed. It doesn't serve the original purpose 17 any longer and must be handled, removed and replaced. 18 Q. You do recognize arcing and the problems 19 associated with the failure of a dielectric fluid and 20 causing" heat in a transformer! is that correct? 21 A. There's some heat involved in arcing 22 certainly. 23 Q. Are you familiar with any risk associated 24 with the heating of PCBs and the partial burning of PCBs? 25 A. Under what conditions? PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059829 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO. 63 1 Q. Under the conditions that might take place 2 inside a transformer. 3 -A. I don't know the specific chemical changes 4 that take place in the fluid to create the improper 5 performance of that fluid. At high temperatures many 6 things can happen in that fluid. 7 Q. Some of the fluid will burn and end up with a 3 carbon that can be cleaned out of filters? is that 9 correct? 10 A. There is some carbon formed, yes. 11 v q And carbon is a byproduct of burning? 12 A. Well, you will have to help me with U burn!ng". 14 Q. Well, partial burning? 15 A. I need more help 16 Q. Do you agree from a chemical point of view a 17 carbon is a byproduct of burning of chlorinated 18 hydrocarbons? 19 A. Carbon is a byproduct of incomplete burning. 20 . `q Incomplete burning. Is this manual on the 21 servicing of askarel transformers is there anywhere in 22 there that explains to the person following its advice 23 about the risks associated with inhalation, ingestion or 24 absorption of the askarel fluid? 25 A. I would have to read. PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059830 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 64 1 Q. There is an index at the front that might 2 help you out. 3 -A. Well, 1 see on page four and the top of page 4 five, section Roman numeral five, entitled directions for 5 handling. 6 g. And it's section 5B? It appears on page 4 7 and the top of page five. That would provide the warnings 8 concerning human health risk? is that correct? 9 A. . Yes. 10 Q. ,, Is there any mention of death or liver 11 disease? v 12 A. No. 13 Q. Chloracne? . 14 A. No. 15 g9 When did Monsanto first become aware that 16 PCSs either in the manufacturing process or in the 17 expected use or expected disposal mechanisms might convert 18 to polychlorinated dibenzofurans or if PCB mixture as a 19 chemical was just there? 20 > That's twoquestions# 21 Q, I want you to answer those two questions, but 22 I want to give you a background of where going# 23 MR. FREEMAN I Which first? 24 0. (by Mr. Warshauer) When did you ever become 25 aware that PCDF might, if I can use that shorthand -- PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059831 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO. 35 I A. (by the witness) Certainly. 2 Q* -- be included in PCBa aa a background 3 chemical, and is a background chemical a fair term, just a 4 constituent? 5 A. I would suggest you might want to use a 6 contaminant. 7 Q. Contaminant chemical. 8 A. In March of 1970 Monsanto was informed in 9 Europe from a laboratory in the Netherlands that PCDFs 10 were found by that laboratory in PCS mixtures manufactured 11 in Europe, That was the tA?st indication Monsanto had 12 that the possibility of PCDFa being present did exist* 13 .Q. Did you tel 1 your customers about these 14 concerns? First, PCDFs concern Monsanto? 15 A* Well, I don't know how to interpret your word 16 concern. They were certainly of interest. 17 0. Why were they of interest? 18 A. Because our medical people informed us under 19 the right conditions and the right concentrations and so 20 on that" they could be harmful. 21 Q. More harmful than PCBs? 22 A. Yes. Depends on what you are looking for. 23 what effects are being compared here* 24 Q. I'm looking for facts that a human being 25 would not like to happen to them if they had a choice in PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059832 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 1 tc-^rn matter. 2 A. 1 don't know that anybody should be forced to 3 rna^ke choices of that kind. 4 Q. Do you agree people should have the right to 5 ma=ike the choice, should be given the information necessary 6 ter- make a choice and did Monsanto agree with that as a 7 prmpo s i t i o n ? 8 A. I don't quite know how to interpret your 9 ~3aake a choice". . 10 Q. Whether they wore exposed to the chemical, 11 hassards and the potential side effects 'vr not. 12 A. Don't be exposed irrespective of the name of 13 ctafi chemical. Don't expose yourself. 14 Q. Ail right. What did Monsanto do with this 15 ix=formation, it obtained in '70 about the potential for 16 E^ZDFs -- I'll call them furans -- in PCBs? 17 A, We visited the investigators in the 18 Sutherlands, talked face-to-face with them. Monsanto* s 19 aasalytical chemistry group leader arranged to get the 20 maethodology used by the Netherlands laboratory in 21 determining the presence of PCDFs in PCBs. His laboratory 22 um St. Louis then launched a program for adapting the 23 nssethodoiogy to their instrument systems and looked at 24 Mdrmsanto'a material as well as European material and 25 cr-onf irmed the findings of that laboratory. This was In PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059833 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO. 67 i 1970. 2 Q, Did you tell your customers about PCDFs? 3 -A. Yes. 4 Q. How about polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, 5 PCDD? Was there a concern of Monsanto at the time? 6 A. There was a concern, not based so much on 1 actual fact, but on resemblance to PCDFs and the presence 3 of benzene rings and chlorine and oxygen and that thought 9 was retained Cor a considerable period of time until it 10 was demonstrated, oh, gosh, a decade later or so tnat PCBs 11 and dioxins were not related in any way, 12 Q. Are you satisfied -- is Monsanto satisfied 13 that dioxins cannot be formed in the combustion. 14 Incomplete combustion.process of PCBs? 15 A, Yes 16 Q. Are you similarly convinced that furans 17 cannot be formed in incomplete combustion of PCBs? 18 A. No. 19 Q In fact you and Monsanto are in agreement 20 that furans are a likely product of incomplete combustion 21 of PCBs if there is oxygen present in the combustion 22 process? 23 A. Weil, it's possible 24 Q. Let's take a look at number 6 here. We 25 looked earlier at that diagram and we circled and put a PH0N2 (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059834 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS. MO. 68 I number one, a rectangle around the PCB molecules. Take a 2 look up there at the top. Does that give you an idea of 3 the PCB to furan conversion? That is merely the addition 4 of an oxygen between the benzene rings? 5 A. Yes. 6 Q. There was one oxygen molecule? 7 A. Yes. 8 Q. And you go from PCB to polychlorinated 9 dibenzofurans? 10 A. Yes, if that oxygen is in the right place. 11 \ Q. And heat, not enough to burn the PCBs, can 12 cause the PCB molecule to attract that oxygen to be put in 13 the right place to cause that molecule to become a furan? 14 A. Heat is certainly required. It's got to 15 reach a given temperature level and it's got to also be 16 present for a long enough period of time to result in 17 this, so you've got temperature, time, and presence of 18 oxygen. 19 Q, Do you now believe that you have the know-how 20 from yo"ur own training and experience to tell me what 21 conditions are necessary for furans to form from PCBs? 22 MR, FREEMANi Under what conditions? 23 MR. WARSHAUER* I'm asking him if he knows 24 what conditions are necessary. 25 A. (by the witness) I have a general PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059835 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 69 1 understanding that temperatures must exceed -- and these 2 are very rough because I personally have not done any 3 laboratory bench work to demonstrate this -- it must 4 exceed about 300 degrees centigrade level. 5 Q, When did you acquire this information? 6 A, Oh, sometime in the seventies. 7 Q. Would it be fair to say that while you had 8 that general understanding of some heat you personally 9 don ' t know the conditions of temperature and pressure io necessary? V 11 A. That's right, but personally 1'm assuming you 12 are saying did I conduct the experiment, read the dials, 13 analyze the mixture, prove to myself that all of this did 14 take place under those conditions? No, I don't have that. 15 Q. Did Monsanto tel 1 the government in 1970 that 16 dibenzofurans might be in its PCS mixtures? 17 A. In 1970 Monsanto informed representatives of 18 the government agencies and the departments of our 19 communication with the Netherlands laboratory in which 20 PCBs were found in European produced material other than 21 the Monsanto material and not found in the U.S. Monsanto 22 material. That's the information that was shared with the 23 government. 24 Q. But in fact It turned out that there was 25 furans found in Monsanto's materials? PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059836 PERRY REPORTING 3T. LOUIS, MO 70 I A. About live years or so later, yes, With 2 improvement in the methodology and analytical methods and 3 instruments, it was finally found in some of the PCS 4 products that Monsanto made, 5 Q. Including PC3 products that would be used as 6 askarels? 7 A. Yes, 8 Q. And the process that is used to manufacture 9 those PCS products were essentially identical in the 10 mid-seventies as they were in 1940; isn't that correct? 11 A. Of the Monsanto-materials, yes, except for 12 the one askarel used in capacitors, 13 Q, Was that 1016? 14 A. Aroclor 1016 was re-refined. 1242, that was 15 an additional step in the process. 16 Q. And your hope with 1016 was to make a PCB 17 product that had a less harmful effect to the environment 18 and had a better chance to be biodegradable? 19 A. That was the intent, yes, sir, 20 'Q. Did you succeed? . ` 21 A. We think we did. Not enough time has elapsed 22 to demonstrate whether that hypothesis was correct. 23 Q. Meaning that there is still Aroclor 1016 that 24 has not broken down despite the fact it was last 25 manufactured in 1977? PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059837 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 7L 1 A. No, I didn't mean that. The Intent of the 2 1016 was in the event It was released in the environment 3 inadvertently that enough -- that with enough time 4 elapsing the bioda (phonetic) in the environment could 5 cope with it such that when an analyst looks at & sample 6 of that river water or sediment or what have you, that the 7 Aroclor 1016 would not be detected. 8 Q. Speaking of detection, looking out the 9 window here during the great flood of 1993 of the 10 Mississippi, do you believe that I coult'. find a single 11 gallon of water in that river that does nc V have a 12 molecule of PCS in it? 13 A. Well, your guess is as good as mine, sir. I 14 don't know. 15 Q. Well, you would expect to find some parts per 16 million level or parts per billion level certainly of 17 PCBs? 18 A. I just don't have the latest -- let me just 19 say I would not be surprised if some level of PCBs is 20 found. * ' 21 Q. And the last PCBs were manufactured in the 22 United States in 1977? 23 A. That's true, but they are still in use, 24 Q. After Monsanto became aware that there were 25 PCDOs, dibenzofurans, discovered from Europe and it had PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059838 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO, 72 1 the done its own review of material a here - 2 HR. COCHRANi You said PCDD. 3 - MR, WARSHAUER* I mean PCDPs. Thank you for 4 correcting that. S 0. (by Mr. Warshauer) And like its own PCS 6 materials here, did it then tell any of its customers 7 about any risk associated with the furan molecules being 8 in the PCBs? 9 A. (by the witness) I know of discussions held 10 in which wo reported our efforts to determine if there was 11 any PCDF in the Monsanto material and the results to d& 12 indicated there were none and during those discussions we 13 attempted to forward or relay to the audience what our .14 medical department knew about the effects of PCDPs on test 15 animals which is the only information they had. 16 Q. Would it be fair to say Monsanto considered 17 PCDFs a very toxic chemical? 18 A. I believe that ' a the way the medical 19 department categorised it, yes. 20 Q* Let me show you what's been marked as 21 Plaintiff's Exhibit Number 17. Could you identify that 22 for me, sir? 23 A. This is a copy of a letter that I composed in 24 duly 6, 1970 addressed to Mr. Garllngton Wilburn of 25 Westinghouse, South Boston, Virginia. PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059839 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS. MO 73 1 0. Did you advise Mr, Wilburn that the 2 incomplete combustion of PCBs, that Is combustion of less 3 than 1600 degrees Fahrenheit, could result in the creation 4 of, "highly toxic polychlorinated dibensofurans"? 5 A. Yes. Yes, but I think you used the word 6 "could result". I was only speculating back in 1970 and 7 used the word it was possible to partially -- it's 8 possible. 1 didn't know the probability at all 9 Q. You based that possibility on your training 10 as a chemical engineer that you obtained here in St. Louis 11 at Washington University of St. Louis along with your 12 experience? 13 A. That's correct, yes. 14 Q. And that it made sense to you, given your IS knowledge of the shape of the molecules, that the oxygen 16 would not have too hard a time finding its way into the 17 right place on incomplete combustion? 18 A. I didn't know how difficult at the time - 19 I knew the biphenyl group was there. X knew chlorine was 20 already" there. All it needed was oxygen and in the 21 presence of air, which is always present during 22 incineration, and the right temperatures. I thought to 23 myself it's possible and I used this without any hard 24 scientific data to support me primarily to err on the 25 conservative side and get the attention of the reader of PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059840 P2RRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO. 74 1 that document to make certain that the conditions under 2 which they were going to incinerate were thoroughly looked 3 at. . 4 Q. Prom a chemical engineering point of view is 5 oxygen present at pretty much every fire we would see? 6 Isn't that one of the essential elements of fire, heat, 7 oxygon, and fuel? 8 A. Well, there was oxygen present and it becomes 9 a matter of how much and how does it relate to the 10 quantity of material being incinerated or combusted. 11 Q. It'soalways present in fire or you have no 12 flame? 13 A. I think by the commonly understood definition 14 of fire, yes. 15 Q, Let me show you Plaintiff1 s Exhibit Number 16 18. What is that, sir? 17 A. This is a copy of a Monsanto memorandum that 18 I composed in October 26, 1970 addressed to J.R, Savage. 19 Q. Is Mr, Savage a Monsanto employee? 20 A. Yes. 21 Q. You used this memo as a method of speaking 22 your concerns about dibenzofurans, PCBs? . 23 A. This memorandum refers to dibenzofurans and 24 other PCBs. 25 Q. Did you think it had any relevance to the PCB PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059841 PERRY REPORTING 5T, LOUIS, MO 75 1 Issue that you were managing at that time? 2 A. Well, the relevance that I sensed at the time 3 was that the information was made available to me from the 4 analytical chemistry department and I don't know that 1 5 associated it with PCBs other than the use of the word 6 Aroclor which covered materials other than PCBs and I 7 thought 1 better share this with Mr, Savage, the manager 8 of manufacturing, 9 MR. FREEMANt When we get to a good stopping 10 point, I would like to take u three minute break, 11 MR. WARSHAUERs Tuds is as good a time as 12 any. 13 14 (A brief recess was taken) 15 16 Q. (by Mr. Warshauer) We were talking about the 17 dibenzofurans before the break. Let me show you some 18 other documents and tell me if you recognize them and can 19 tell me about them. The first one is Plaintiffes Exhibit 20 Number 1? Do you recognize that? 21 A. (by the witness) I recall this document, 22 Q. What is the point of that document? 23 A, This is an attempt by Dr, Robert Keller of 24 Monsanto to sharewith his counterpart in research. Dr. 25 Richard, the latest information that Dr, Keller had PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059842 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO. 76 i regarding the presence of PCDFa 1n PCBs. This was on 2 October 28, 1971. 3 _Q. At that time Monsanto -- would it be fair to 4 3ay Monsanto was of the belief that PCDF is something to 5 be concerned about in all PCB mixtures? 6 A. Yes. 7 Q. Was that communicated to its customers? 8 A Yea, . 9 Q, Was it communicated to the customers of its 10 customers by Monsanto? 11 A. No. 12 Q. Was it communicated to the man I was talking 13 about earlier who might get it on his skin and handle it 14 or ingest it by Monsanto? 15 A, No. 16 Q. 1*11 show you what's been marked as 17 Plaintiff s Exhibit Number 22. Do you recognize that? 18 A Yes, 1 do. 19 Q, What is that, air? 20 A, This is a Monsanto memorandum dated August 21 15, 1975 authored by Dr. R.E. Keller* addressed to Dr. R. 22 Baxter. The subject is chlorinated dibenzofurans. 23 Q. And was that serving the similar point of the 24 previous exhibit we discussed, that is, to continue to 25 communicate the risk of this chemical appearing in PCBs to PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059843 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 77 1 the Monsanto family of chemists and hygienists and medical 2 department personnel? 3 -A, You used the expression "communicate the 4 risk". 5 Q. How about the existence? 6 A. This memorandum concerns itself with the 7 efforts made to determine the presence of chlorinated a dibenzofurans in Monsanto's PCB products. 9 Q. And that is what year? to A. Dated August 15, 1975. it Q. Let me show you what's Plaintiff'a Exhibit 12 Number 39* What is that, sir? 13 A, This is a memorandum, Monsanto memorandum 14. authored by Dr. J.P. Mieure, addressed to me and the 15 memorandum is dated October 29, 1975. The subject is 16 Aroclor 1016-GE. 17 Q. What does the GB signify in your knowledge? 18 A. General Electric Company, 19 Q. Would that be talking about your Pyrnol 20 dielectric fluid? 21 A. No. No, that would be talking about Aroclor 22 1016 which was never involved with Pyrnol 23 Q. Okay. What was Aroclor 1016 involved in? 24 A. it was involved in the manufacture of 25 capacitors. PHONE (314)621*4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059844 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 78 i Q. As a dielectric fluid in capacitors? 2 A. Correct. 3 -Q. Let's look at Plaintiff's Number 26. Is that 4 also a Monsanto document relating to dibcnzofurans in the 5 various Aroclors? 6 A. That's the subject title. 7 Q. And what year is that? 8 A. It was dated December 3rd. 1974. 9 Q* And are the Aroelor mixtures discussed in 10 that memo of the kind commonly found in askarels used in 11 transformers? 12 A. Two of the four that 1 see mentioned are the 13 type that were used in the dielectric mixtures. 14 Q, And which two are those? 15 A. Aroelor 1242 and Aroelor 1254. 16 Q. I'll show you Plaintiff's Exhibit Number 23. 17 What is that, sir? 18 A. . That is a copy of a Monsanto memorandum 19 authored by me, addressed to Dr. J.P. Mieure, dated 20 December # 1974. The subject la PCBs-chlorinated 21 dlbenzofurans. 22 Q. Could you read the part you wrote by hand at 23 the bottom diagonally? 24 A. "Chiorodlbenzofurans are very highly", 25 underlined, "toxic. Many effects on birds and animals PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059845 _____________________PSRRY RSPORTING ST. LOUIS, HQ. _______________ 79 i noted and originally attributed to PCBa were later found 2 to be due to the furan content. There is currently no 3 legal or regulatory pressure to reduce. Subject, however 4 1s very emotional and could result in further pressures to S eliminate PCBs from all uses.* 6 Q. Do you believe that the presence of 7 dibenzofurans in PCBs enhances their toxicity to human 8 beings? Enhances meaning making worse. 9 A. Not any more than demonstrated for decades 10 because the human< beings and in test animals were exposed 11 to these PCBs with hese furans present all along. 12 Q. Monsanto takes the position that the furans 13 have always been in the PCBs in all likelihood? . 14 A. Yes, since the method of production was the 15 same. It *s just the method of detection that improved, 16 Q. Are you aware of any animal studies in which 17 the animals were exposed to PCBs which had been heated or 18 partially combusted that were not merely the vapors in the 19 form of a mist but the form of a heated steam type vapor? 20 Are your getting my question? I want to make sure the 21 question is understandable. Are you aware of any animal 22 studies in which the animals were exposed or required to 23 inhale PCBs which had been subjected to partial 24 combustion? 25 A. NO. PHONE {314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059846 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOOIS, MO 80 1 0, Would you expect an animal study that exposed 2 an animal to the inhalation of PCBs that had been 3 partially combusted to have more negative effects on the 4 animal because of the furans that might form in partial 5 combustion of the PCBs? 6 A. You are asking me to speculate as to what 7 other chemicals would be present under the condition you 8 described as partial combustion, I would need to know 9 what that partial combustion condition was in terms of 10 what temperatures were achieved, how long was the material 11 kept at those temperatures, how Yhoroughly were these 12 vapors mixed, how were they introduced into the test 13 animal. It's quite complex, I really can't give you a 14 good answer. IS Q. In fact, in all of your training and 16 experience you have never actually had hands-on laboratory 17 experience with testing PCBs or furans? 18 A, That's true. 19 Q. With respect to the burning of 20 polychlbrinated biphenyls, if the temperature was less 21 than 1600 degrees Fahrenheit, would you want to be in the 22 vapors voluntarily of such a partial combustion? 23 A, I wouldn't want to be in the presence of 24 vapors no matter what temperature is, 25 Q. But you certainly wouldn't want to be PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059847 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO. a1 1 downwind of an incinerator that was less than 1600 degrees 2 in an effort to burn POa? 3 -A* It depends how much mixture with the wind 4 there was and how dilute the chemicals were by the time it 5 reached me. 6 Q. Would you voluntarily inhale any level of 7 dibenzofurans? 8 A. Not knowingly, unless there was a purpose to 9 be served. 10 Q, Other than suicide as a potential purpose, 11 can you think of any reason you would knowingly do that? 12 A. No. Like I said, if there was a purpose to 13 be served, like I*ra part of some test program, which is 14 kind of remote. IS Q. Right around 1972 or so did Monsanto -- IS really before 1972, did Monsanto begin to restrict the 17 sale of PCBs? 18 A. Yes. 19 . Q. And what was the first level of restriction? 20 i5 *' /A, ' I don't know what you mean by level". 21 ' Q. Well, the last level of restriction was to 22 askarel manufacturers, the people to use it in 23 transformers, would the first level of people you would 24 refuse to sell it to would be people to use it as I'll say 25 paint? PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059848 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 82 1 A. I'll call it open uses, uses directly or 2 virtually into the environment. 3 _ _Q. When was that decision made to restrict uses, 4 restrict sales to people that were using it in projects 5 open to the environment? 6 A. The decision was made in March of 1970 and 7 approved by the corporate management committee of Monsanto 8 in early May of 1970. . 9 Q. And when was the last product sold to open 10 users? \ i; A. The end of August of 1970. v / * - i 12 Q. And what did Monsanto consider to be closed . 13 users at that time? 14 A. The uses in hydraulic systems, the uses in 15 heat transfer systems, the uses in vacuum pump systems, 16 the uses in dielectric equipment, 17 Q. Okay. 18 A. Or electrical equipment as adielectric, 19 Q, You named several. Did Monsanto eventually 20 determine to get out of the hydraulic, boat transfer, and 21 a couple of other markets and restrict only to 22 dielectrics? 23 A. They did. 24 Q. And when was that? 25 A. By late 1971 as I remember or early *72, PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059849 _________________ PERRY REPORTING ST. LOOI3, MO.________________|3_ 1 Q, Was this brought about by concern for the 2 environment? 3 -A. Yes. 4 Q, Monsanto had first discovered the existence 5 of PCBs in unexpected locations in the environment in 1966 6 as a result of the Swedish studies. Is that fair to say? 7 A. Yes. 8 Q. Monsanto had known since the very first 9 manufacture of the product that PCBs were & very stable 10 product unlikely to bind with other chemicals and convert 11 with oth^r. chemicals throughout the manufacturing process? 12 A. That is a true statement. 13 Q. And Monsanto always knew that the PCS 14 molecule.had a long life, didn't breakdown? 15 A. Because of its inertness. I'll call it, or 16 relative inertness. 17 Q, Why has it took until 1966 for Monsanto to be 18 surprised that this relatively inert molecule that would 19 not break.down was being found in Sweden and in remote " - r - J- 20 forests' la Arkansas and in shell fish in California? ' ' i/. * 21 A. Primarily because many of the samples that 22 were identified at the time were the type that no one at 23 that time would associate with an industrial site. For 24 example, pine needles or a baby's hair or the stuffed 25 eagle in a museum. They were total surprises. This does PHONE (314)621*4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059850 ___________ FERRl ka^uftTXNO ST* LOOIS* MO. 84 1 not mean if someone had found PCBa that were in a riverbed 2 Mir t factory that Monsanto would have been surprised, 3 no. 4 Q. Monsanto would expect if a factory dumped 5 PCS8* they would be there. They wouldn't disintegrate* 6 disappear? Didn't Monsanto expect that the waterway* that 7 the rain* the dust with the ecosystem of the world would 8 spread a chemical unlikely to biodegrade al1 over the 9 world? 10 A. No. 11 Q. Was that ever discussed? . 12 A. Monsanto nor anybody else in the world , 13 thought that way then. . 14 Q. Have you ever read Silent Spring? 15 A. Yes. 16 Q. When did youfirst readthat? 17 A. The sixties. 18 Q. Was that the time you were the manager of the 19 Anniston plant? 20 u ._ A. Yes. '& * 21 ' "0. Or maybe even before? 22 A. Around that time. 23 Q. Did you consider that the chemical you made 24 that had a very long life outside the Intended purpose 25 could end up spread around the world like the chemical PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059851 PERRY REPORTING ST. LQ0I3g MO 83 1 that was the star of Silent Spring ended up? a A* Oh# there's no way that you can compare the 3 use Of.DDT sprayed deliberately by aircraft and all kinds --^ 4 of means# deliberately scattered Into the environment* So 5 it's no surprise It found its way into a river, water 6 run-offs and so on* 7 Q* But Monsanto is aware its product was being 8 used as an extender and an elasticlzer and for 9 Insecticides? 10 A. For insecticides usod to brush on shelves# 11 not sprayed by aircraft on farm la, 4* f 12 Q* But Monsanto was aware its customer^ wostid 13 use its product wherever they felt like it? 14 A. Hot necessarily. Me expected these products 15 to be treated like all industrial chemicals and all the 16 states prior to BPA had statutes that covered the disposal 17 of industrial chemicals and we would expect our customers 18 to know and abide by them. 19 Q. Did you believe these statutes were the 20 minliftiMf 6r the maximum responsibility level? < / ~ 21 A. Minimum. 22 Q. Was that the least they could do is comply 23 with these statutes or should they have done better than 24 that? 25 A. Well, I personally believe that you try to do PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059852 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS. MO 86 1 better. 2 Q Even as late as the early seventies in 3 Monsanto's manufacturing plants you were losing sometimes 4 a hundred pounds a day of PCBs you couldn't account for? 5 A, The environment never saw that except in a 6 landfill used by the municipal treatment plants that 7 treated those waters before discharging them. 8 Q. Do you believe al1 the FGB ended up in a 9 solid waste that was flooded out or percolated out or some 10 continued in the water? It A. At that time the belief was very , hrong that 12 they got them all out. With today's modern and analytical 13 methods you would probably find that stolecule there they 14 didn't catch, 15 Q, What was the date that you decided to only 16 sell to the transformer Industry? 17 A. Sometime in 1971. Fairly the middle to the 18 latter quarter of 1971. 19 Q. And was it around this time that Monsanto 20 decided to Insist on indemnification for any liability 21 that might result from these customers? 22 A. Yes. 23 Q. Exhibit Number 26 represents an indemnity 24 letter Monsanto was insisting on from its askarel 25 customers? PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059853 PERRY REPORTING STNLOUIS, MO 37 I A. Yes. It is an example of the agreement. 2 Q. That particular one is from Westinghouse? 3 A. Yes, 4 Q. Now, if Westinghouse -- you didn't require a 5 bond from them? You just took their word for it because 6 of the stability of the company that they would be able to 7 indemnify you for losses? 8 A, Yes. . 9 Q. But with other manufacturers Monsanto 10 insisted on the ability to have around a million dollars 11 available for indemnification; is that correct? 12 A. As I remember, yes. They had to have some 13 evidence that they were financially capable, 14 . Q About a dozen or so companies agreed to this 15 indemnlfication? 16 A. At least that, I don't remember the exact 17 number, 18 Q. Has Monsanto ever gone back and asked for 19 indemnification? Are you asking for It in this case? 20 A, Oh# I don't know about this ease. 21 Q. Have you ever asked for indemnity from 22 Westinghouse or 0,E, ? 23 A. I'm under an impression that a lawsuit in 24 Tennessee was covered by this kind of indemnity. 25 Q, Was that the Chattanooga Power ease? PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059854 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 88 1 A. No. This was a transformer leakage 2 situation, 3 Q. Did you testify inthis case? 4 A. Yes, I did. 5 Q, Was that the case Gal 1ion and Hickey versus 6 G,E, and Monsanto? 7 A. Yea, that sounds about right. It was a trial 8 held in Knoxville. 9 p. In federal court? . 10 A. Oh, I just don't know which court it was, l 11 don't thi'nV it was federal. I don't know the name of' the 12 plaintiff. :' 13 Q. Now, this indemnity letter -- in fact, even .14 without the indemnity letter could Monsanto have refused 15 to sell to a particular customer if it had chosen to do 16 so? 17 A. I suppose. As a layman Z don't know all the 18 legalities involved, but I would suggest under some 19 conditions I. suppose Monsanto could have done so, but 20 there-wd always a threat that the disappointed customer 21 would take some kind of action, 22 0. Did the government ever say to Monsanto to 23 your knowledge from 1970 until you were no longer involved 24 with PCBs on a day-to-day circumstance, which I understand 25 was about *77? ' PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059855 ____________________PZRRY REPORTING 3T. LOUIS, MO. 89 I A. '76, February* '76, 2 0* Did the government ever say to Monsanto you 3 will continue to manufacture these products? 4 A Are you suggesting that this be in writing? 5 Q. Well* I want to know did anybody in writing 6 or otherwise tel1 Monsanto that it needs to continue to 7 make these products for any reason? 8 A. I* for one, was told by members of the EPA in 9 particular and the Department of Commerce, Department of 10 Interior and even the Department of Transportation don't 11 terminate the use for o' electric applications without 12 informing us well in advance because we just don't want 13 any precipitous action or words to that effect. 14 Q. Congressman Ryan of New York was not one of 15 the people who was asking you to continue to produce these 16 products? 17 A. NO, 18 Q. In fact, he was pushing quite the opposite? 19 A* , Yes* until he died, 20 v: Q, To your knowledge did Monsanto ever refuse to 21 sell to a manufacturer of transformers or capacitors its 22 dielectric fluid containing PCBs because of that 23 manufacturer * s sloppy habits or failure to inform its 24 customers of therisks? 25 A, No, PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059856 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO. 90 1 Q. Did Monsanto do any investigation to 2 datarsia* whether its customers of PCBs products from 1971 3 forward were in fact handling the product to prevent 4 contamination of the environment or human beings? 5 A. We had a continuing dialogue with our 6 customers. There were reports in some cases sent to my 7 office, for example, where a Monsanto employee would 8 report that progress was being made, so really as I 9 recall, the reports regarding customers' performance 10 relating to proper handling of PCSa and preventing it 11 entering into the environment were encouraging rather than 12 the picture you painted of increasing sloppiness. 13 Q. Z didn't mean increasing. I meant any 14 sloppiness. Did you ever stop selling to a customer 15 dielectric fluid because of their handling of it? 16 A. There was never a need to. 17 Q. Was Monsanto satisfied with the way 18 Westinghouse handled its PCS product? 19 A. Yes, 20 T flu At the westinghouse manufacturing plant? 21 A. Yes. 22 Q. How about GeneralElectric? 23 A. Same. 24 Q. I'll show youwhat's been marked Plaintiff's 25 Exhibit Humber 40. Do you recognise that? PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059857 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, WO 9l 1 A. I do recognize it, yes. 2 Q And what date is that? 3 A* Dated September 29, 1975. 4 Q. And what is it, air? 5 A. I'm sorry. 6 Q. What is it? 7 A. It's a Monsanto memorandum authored by mo, 8 addressed to ray supervisor H.S. Bergen. The subject is 9 PCB review. 10 Q, Is one of the topics of Monsanto'i concern 11 about human health effects of PCB are more seric'S than 12 originally thought? 13 A. I'm having a difficult time finding that 14 particular point. 15 Q. Let me help you then. Well, the very first 16 sentence says -- what does that say? 17 A. It says, "Current data indicates the PCB type 18 materials may be more hazardous to working personnel than 19 had previously been considered." 20 Qs was that a correct statement of Monsanto's 21 concerns about PCBs at the time of this memorandum in 22 1975? 23 A. In '75, yea. 24 q. And 18 that a continuation of Monsanto's 25 concerns about a high number of exposures to PCBs that PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059858 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS. MO 92 I started all the way from Its initial manufacture right 2 until the end? 3 A* Yes, 4 Q. When you wore dealing with the government, 5 did you share with the government all the Information you 6 had concerning PCSs or did you ever sometimes fight them 7 about things? 8 A, I don't recall any fighting I just shared 9 with them what I had. 10 Q. Well* if Congressman Ryan sometimes accuse 11 Monsanto of failing to be totally up front with him? 12 A. The issue that troubledCongressman Ryan was 13 the one where I could be accused of fighting. He wanted . 14 the names of all of Monsanto's customers, the types of 15 PCBa they purchased, the amounts they purchased, and even 16 the delivery dates. Monsanto refused to divulge that kind 17 of information based on its policy of not doing so for any 18 of its products without the permission of the customer. 19 Q. Did Monsanto inquire of its customers whether 20 or not you could divulge that information to the 21 congressman? 22 A. Some of them. 23 Q . G.E.? 24 A. I believe G.E. was oneof them. 25 Q. westinghouse? PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059859 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO Si 1 A, Yes 2 Q. Did you eventual ly tell Congressman Ryan's 1 office about the quantities of PCBs that were being and 4 handled by G,, E. and Westinghouso? S A. No. 6 Q. Did they refuse to allow you to do so? 7 A. They did not permit us to do so. 8 Q. Did you work with NIOSH concerning risks to 9 human beings of PCBs? 10 A. . I did. It 0. . Did you share with NIOSH your results of 12 testing and studies that had been done on Monsanto's 13 workers? 14 A. Yes. 15 Q. I'll show you what's been identified as 16 Number 36* Do you recognize that letter? 17 A, I have reviewed the exhibit and I do 18 recognize the document. 19 Q Had you shared with -- does that document 20 releto to a study of Mobi1 Oil Company workers who had 21 been working with PCBs? 22 A. Yes. 23 Q. Did you share with the government the studies 24 that you had, that Monsanto had that# the Bppley Institute 25 for Cancer Research review? PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059860 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 34 1 A. Yea. 2 Q. Did you share with the government your 3 testing from Industrial Biotest? 4 A. Yos, 5 Q. Earlier in this testimony we talkedabout 6 your progress through the ranks of Monsanto Company, and I 7 have alluded to this earlier, but am I correct in my 8 understanding in 1970 you were assigned back from Anniston 9 to be returned to St. Louis to head the PC3 problem issue? 10 A. That is correct. 11 Q. And in that role you were responsible for how 12 the company looked and communicated with the public with 13 regard to the PCB8? 14 A. I don't know about -- I don't sense or know IS that 1 was held responsible for how we looked. X was 16 responsible for open and free communications with anybody 17 and everywhere, 18 Q. And would you agree that providing improper 19 information to the government or to Monsanto's customers 20 would have been irresponsible? ' 21 A. Certainly. 22 Q, How about incomplete information? 23 A. That, too, would fall into that category. 24 Q. Well, how did Monsanto decide when it came to 25 giving information about the effects on human beings of PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059861 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 95 1 PCB3 where to err? That la, we can discount this study, 2 we have heard about it, and not tel 1 them about liver 3 disease, not tell them about chloracne, not tel 1 them 4 about this other study that shows the skin patch test 5 doesn't leave much of an effect. Who did the filtering of 6 the information provided to the public, to the customers? 7 MR. COCHRANx when you say err, e-r-r or 8 a-i-r? 9 MR. FREEMANx Don't help him. We'll be here 10 all day. 11 MR. WARSHAUERx I think T like the question 12 better with a-i-r. 13 A. (by the witness) The decision on sharing 14 medical information of the type we're discussing rested 15 with Monsanto's medical department. The inference that 1 If gathered from some of your remarks is none of this was 17 shared, and that's not true. 1 do know the medical 18 department personnel would, when talking to a person, 19 medical person at the other end of the phone or meeting or 20 in a letter or memorandum discussed all these things, so 21 they were not big fat secrets in that sense. The decision 22 on what is relevant or not rests with the professionals. 23 You would have to ask them as to what made them decide 24 what information is important and what is irrelevant. 25 Q. Well, let's take a look at Plaintiff's Number PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6676 WATER PCB-SD0000059862  ftPQA l11f'G 3T . LOU IS s MQ 8 96 1 2l. Do you recognise thee, 2 A* I do recognise It. 3 Q, What ia that? 4 A. It was a copy of a letter, Monsanto 5 letterhead, authored by me dated March 18, 1975 addressed 6 to a Mr. Dan Albert, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, 7 South Boston, 8 Q. What were you responding to in that letter? 9 A, Mr, Albert had sent me a list of questions 10 relating to work place health, industrial hygiere type 11 questions. That list was forwarded to Monsanto's medical 12 department and the medical department personnel prepared 13 the answers to the questions which were attached to the 14 original of this document and sent to Mr, Albert, 15 Q. Okay. You say in the last sentence of the 16 second paragraph, "In summary, the proper handling of 17 Inerteens should pose no environmental or human health 18 problems permitting society's continued use of a very 19 valuable material." And in the previous sentence you say 20 tha%, *1 strongly recommend that the perspective gained 21 from over 40 years of experience in which no human harm 22 has resulted be emphasized, 23 Let's talk about the sentences one at a time. In 24 the second sentence did you believe they were handling in 25 1975, that Westinghouse was handling your PCB product in a PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059863 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MQ,97 1 fashion that was unlikely to cause it to be ingested, 2 inhaled* or absorbed by human beings? 3 A. More correctly they were handling the product 4 in such a way there was no reported injuries to their 5 workers, 6 Q. Did you really believe that in 40 years you 7 had no harm to humans, not even chloracne? 8 A. That is true. Well, for dielectric fluids 9 that is true, yes, sir, 10 Q. Mo liver disease? 11 . ,, A. That is true, 12 Q. Did you report to him your studies that 13 showed an increase in incidents of lung cancer in one of . 14 your plants? 15 A, I don't know if Mr. Albert -- I don't recall 16 that being sent to Mr. Albert, no. 17 Q. Would that have been the kind of information 18 he might have -- that you thought might have been 19 interesting to someone who was inquiring of human risks of 20 contact with pcb? 21 A. The information indicated that the incidence 22 of lung cancer, that population of workers, was the same 23 as the county in which these workers lived and worked so 24 there was nothing to indicate that those lung cancers were 25 associated with their working with the PCB operations, so PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059864 P2RRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 98 i why would I pass on information that isn't information? 2 It's a conclusion that at that time there is no problem. 3 Q, Unless, of course, your plant had skewed the 4 entire county's Incidence of lung cancer. 5 MR. COCHRANt Objection to the form of the 6 question. 7 MR. TATE t Obj ection. 8 MS. FREEMANs Same. 9 A. (by the witness) That's your speculation. 10 This is an industrial county, all kinds of industries, 11 Q. .(by Mr. Warshauer) Did you tel1 him about the 12 liver disease? 13 A. I'm sorry? 14 Q, Did you tell him about the liver disease that 15 had been known to Monsanto since the thirties? 16 A. I believe in essense, yes. I would like to 17 see those answers again because as I remember the first 18 paragraph touched on that, 19 Q, But those would be harms to humans involved 20 with FCB work? 21 A, They were involved with FCB work and unduly 22 exposed. 23 Q. Let me show you what's been marked as 24 Plaintiff1s Number 3 0. Do you recognize that? 25 A. I do recognize it. PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059865 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 99 1 Q. And what ia that, sir? 2 A. This is a letter which I authored or it's a 3 copy of a letter -- the Monsanto logo ia missing. The 4 letter is dated July 8, 1970 addressed to P.0. Jenkins of 5 Sprague Electric Company in North Adams, Massachusetts. 6 Q, To what are you responding? 7 A, He had sent me a letter the previous month, 8 dated the previous month in which he asked some questions. 9 That was an attempt to respond to those questions. 10 Q. At the bottom of the first page of your 11 response to the Sprague Electric Company you mentioned 12 some discussions about toxicity. Did you mention anywhere 13 in there potential harm to human beings? 14 A. No. This is addressing environmental 15 concerns that Mr. Jenkins had expressed. 16 Q. Did you feel that it would have been 17 inappropriate to also Include in there when he was talking 18 and inquiring about the toxicity of your product the 19 potential toxicity to human beings? 20 A. Oh, I don't know that it would have been 21 Inappropriate, except having just visited his plant I was 22 well aware they were very well Informed before I arrived 23 at the scene in matters regarding employee health. 24 Q. We talked a minute about the indemnification 25 agreement. When did they first come into play, about PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059866 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 100 1 1970, late '71 or early *72? 2 A. About November, December '71, 3 0, How long had Monsanto been concerned about 4 liability for PCBs? 5 A. I have no way of knowing. How could I know 6 that? It depends on what people think. 7 Q. Well, when you started off in the PCBs -- the 8 popular word these days if you worked at the White House, 9 you would be the PCB czar, the coordinator to make sure 10 the right hand know what the left hand was doing. 11 A. True, but a czar has a lo of clout. I 12 couldn't even hire a secretary so, X didn't sense any 13 clout on my part, 14 Q. That's fair enough, but when you were 15 appointed to this position as PCB coordinator, manager -- IS is that the term? 17 A. Al1 right, 18 Q. I want you to tel1 me the term you 19 considered - 20 A. A coordinating function primarily, a 21 communication function, 22 Q. In the history of Monsanto Chemical Company, 23 a company that makes hundreds of chemicals! is that fair 24 to say? 25 A, That's fair enough, yes. PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059867 ___________________ PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO. __________ j. q j. 1 Q. Had there ever been anyone in a role similar 2 to the role you were assigned in 1970 for a single 3 chemical? 4 A. Not to my knowledge. 5 Q, And since that time has there ever been 6 anyone assigned to a single chemical? 7 A* That 1 don't know. 8 Q, Let me show you that's been marked 9 Plaintiff'8 Exhibit Number 33. 10 A. I have glanced at the exhibit. 11 Q, Have you ever seen it before? 12 A. Yes, Z have. 13 Q. What is it? 14 A. It's a copy of a rough draft of an outline 15 entitled "PCS Environmental Pollution Abatement Plan* and 16 attached to that outline is a draft of a report prepared 17 by an ad hoc committee of Monsanto. 18 Q. On the fifth page of that report actually 19 numbered number four at the top, "the seriousness of the 20 problem can be best spelled out as*, and then it has 21 several paragraphs, one, relating to fish; two, for birds; 22 three, for man. It says "There is no harmful effect to 23 man or other mammals after 40 years of production.* Was 24 that a true statement? 25 A. Yes. PHONE (314)621*4790 PAX (314)621*6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059868 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 102 I Q. You don't consider chloracne or liver 2 disease# rod hands from dermal contact harmful effects of 3 FCB contact? 4 A. Well, they were thinking of more severe harm 5 than just red hands. 6 Q. How about chloracne, disfiguring? 7 A. If it's disfiguring, yes. 8 Q. How about liver disease? That's not a severe 9 problem to man? 10 A. That was not reported. ll ^ Q. There was back in the thirties from similar 12 chemicals. 13 A. That was PCBs with a similar chemical . 14 Q. And you are of the belief that can cause 15 respiratory distress? 16 A. But that's not permanent. It doesn't result 17 in permanent disability or serious kinds of things. 18 0. At least based on what you knew then, that 19 was your belief? 20 A. That's what al1 this is based on. 21 MS. COCHRANt what was the date of that by the 22 way? 23 Q. (by Mr. Warshauer) November the 10th, 1969 24 was that draft date. 25 A. (by the witness) Yes. t PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059869 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 103 t Q. Was there ever a final draft made of this? 2 A. I understand a final draft was made, but it's 3 privileged data that I have not been permitted to see. 4 Q. Why wouldn't you be permitted to see it when 5 you were in charge of PCBs? 6 A. You will have to ask the law department that. 7 It was addressed to the director of the law department 8 stamped attorney/client privilege and that's all I know. 9 q. were you a member of the committee that made 10 the PCS Environmental Pollution Abatement Plan, Exhibit 11 33? 12 A. Oh, no. That's before ray appointment to the 13 job. 14 Q. They didn't ask you to participate even 15 though you were the manager of one of the two plants that 16 manufactured PCBs for Monsanto? 17 A. That's correct, 18 Q. There were in fact just two plants that 19 manufactured PCBs, Sauget and Anniston? 20 A, That's correct. 21 Q. And the last couple of pages of that there 22 were four prof it and liability versus time graphs? 23 A. Right. 24 Q. Did you ever discuss with anyone what they 25 saw as the liability line? Why was there a liability PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059870 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 104 1 lino? 2 A, This reflects the personal conclusions of Dr. 3 Richard, Those are his charts. He's a research chemist, 4 not the manufacturer, in marketing, or a lawyer. So this 5 really represents a layman's interpretation of what each 6 of those possible approaches could result in, 7 Q. He's not a f1ippant guy, is he? I assume he 8 studied this possibly as a part of producing this document 9 for management, didn't he? Did you know Dr, Richard? 10 A. Yes, I did. 11 Q. Would he 4ust create such a graph showing 12 potential liability without any thought? 13 A, Weil, he certainly had his thoughts, his 14 understandings and that reflects that. Keep in mind this 15 was a rough draft. It never became a formal Monsanto 16 document. 17 Q. Not that you saw, anyway, because it was 18 privileged after this rough draft? 19 A. I don't know what went into the privileged 20 document, that's true, 21 Q. Do you know with respect to liability on 22 these graphs who Monsanto was perceived to be liable to? 23 A. I do not. 24 Q. Was it human beings? Was it environmental 25 groups? Public utilities? PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059871 __________________ PERRY REPORTING ST, LOUIS, MO.____________ 105 I A. I don't know. I don't know. 2 Q. Was that ever discussed? 3 A. Not in detail. 4 Q, Have you ever testified about this document 5 before? 6 A. Yes. 7 Q When? 8 A. Just this week and several times before that. 9 Q, Who did you testify for this week? 10 A. 1 testified for Monsanto. 11 Q. who was the other sidv ? Do you remember? 12 A. Nevada Power. 13 Q. How about any other lawsuits that document 14 has been presented to.you for explanation? 15 A. There have been so many. I just really can* t 16 remember. 17 Q, Did this document come up in most of them? 18 A. I couldn't say most, but many. 19 Q Is Dr. Richard still alive? 20 A . No. 21 Q. How did that document first come to your 22 attention? 23 A. When I first reported for my new assignment 24 on January -- in January of 1970, I had a session with 25 Elmer Wheeler of Monsanto's medical department during PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059872 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO. iQg I which he in essence conducted a tutorial to bring me up to 2 date on what he knew about PCBs and the environment, the 3 evolving Issue. One of the documents he showed me was 4 this particular one and he explained how as a member of 5 that ad hoc committee he was the author, really the 6 compi1er of this particular draft and when l first saw 7 this -- 8 Q. Did he in any way try to distance himself 9 from the company, from the profit and liability versus 10 time graphs shown on the last two pages of this exhibit? 11 A. I didn't perceive that at all. 12 Q. Did he in any way tell you or did you discuss 13 with him that as part of your job one of your goals would 14 be to try to avoid economic liability of the Monsanto 15 Company for PCB production and harm? 16 A. 1 don't know that that was part of my job. 17 Q. Did he tell you whose job it was, if 18 anyone's? . 19 A. Mr. Wheeler didn't, but it * s understood the 20 business director of the group is responsible for the 21 1 lability of the business, the profitability. 22 Q. And PCBs were quite a profitable activity for 23 Monsanto in the 1970's? 24 A. It was a profitable product, yes. 25 Q. Around 1970 you were still making close to 80 PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059873 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 107 1 million pounds a yearf is that correct? 2 A. That's correct. 3 Q, And at least for the Anniston plant you might 4 have been familiar with at that time, it was the most 5 profitable chemical you made there or had more -- it 6 contributed more to the bottom line at Monsanto Company 7 than any other chemical made in Anniston? 8 A. I can't really say that, I suspect that the 9 boll weevil pesticide, pyrthion (phonetic), was more 17 profitable. I was never shown al1 of the numbers that 11 are associated with the products. Al1 I saw was the 12 pounds produced and the cost per pounds to produce. 13 Q, well. Dr. Richard's concern about liability . 14 was not the first time Monsanto had been concerned about 15 liability for PCBs, is it? 16 A. It is no different than liability for all 17 their products, 18 0. I'm talking about PCBs in particular, 19 A. Yes. 20 Q. Do you know the first time that Monsanto 21 showed some concern about liability for human injury 22 caused by PCBs? 23 A. Specific to PCBs, human injury, and 24 liability, I'm having a difficult time pinpointing an 25 exact date. PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059874 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO. 103 i Q. would you agree It's at least early 1955 that 2 Monsanto was concerned about people suing it for injuries 3 caused by PCBs, personal injuries? 4 A. I have no basis. I don't know. 1 have no 5 basis for that. 6 Q. Let's talk -- look at Plaintiff's Exhibit 7 Number 5, Have you ever seen that document, sir? 3 A. Yes. I saw that this week. 9 Q. And prior to seeing it this week, had you 10 ever discussed it? 11 A. . Discussed thisdocument? 12 Q. Yes, sir. 13 A. Not -- no. 14 Q. In 1970 when you met with Mr, Wheeler, was 15 Dr. Kelly still the medical director at Monsanto? 16 A. Yes. 17 Q. As part of your tutorials to learn the PCS 18 business, did you also have sessions with Dr. Kelly? 19 A. Yes. 20 Q. Did he mention to you that he considered PCBs 21 to be toxic? 22 A. Yes, 23 Q. Did he mention to you that in 1955 heknew 24 that they were toxic to the liver? 25 MR. FREEMANi Toxic to the what? PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059875 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 109 1 MR. WARSHAUERs To the liver. 2 A. (by the witness) He mentioned that he know 3 that under certain conditions of time and concentration of 4 exposure that the liver could be affected, but 1 don't 5 recall 1955 being specifically mentioned. 6 Q. (by Mr. Warshauer) Did he ever mention to you 7 that Monsanto's main worry is what will happen if an 8 individual develops any type of liver disease and gives a 9 history of Aroclor exposure as to what juries would do 10 with respect to that information? 11 A. No. We did not talk about any legal 12 ramifications. 13 Q. Did you at any time from 1970 through the 14 time you ended your day-to-day involvement with PCBs ever 15 consider claims for personal injuries and Monsanto1s 16 defense that might be available with respect to PCBs? 17 A, Did Z personally? No. 18 Q. You testified in 1975 in this case in 19 Tennessee. Did this have a personal injuries aspect in 20 it? 21 A. Yes, 22 Q. Other than that testimony in this case, did 23 you have any other concerns that this might be -- that 24 Monsanto was going to have a problem with a number of 25 lawsuits? PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059876 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO. I 10 I A. Well, that concern Is in my mind associated 2 with all the industrial chemicals. It's not unique to 3 PCBs, so I did not just sit down and concentrate on PCBa 4 and the legal ramifications. 5 Q, I'll show you what's been marked Plaintiff's 6 Exhibit Number 32. Have you ever seen that document 7 before? 8 A. Yes, I have. 9 Q. What is it? 10 A, It was a copy of an ekcerpt of minutes of a It meeting of the corporate development^ 'ammittee of Monsanto 12 held on November 17, 1969. 13 Q. At that meeting did it appear to be known to 14 Monsanto Company that.PCBs could cause harm to humans? 15 A. Well, sure, itwas known. 16 Q. Let me ask you, one of the things that is on 17 page 78 of this excerpt of these minutes -- it may be 18 that's just the number I'm going to use. I can't tell you 19 if that's on the original document or not. Monsanto 20 should "provide adequate warnings to customers and users 21 Including advice as to disposal methods." What steps, if 22 any -- first, do you think that's an appropriate step for 23 Monsanto to take? 24 A. Yes. 25 Q. What steps, ifany, were taken to provide PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059877 ______________ .________PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO,__________________ i j \ 1 adequate warnings and instructions to users I have defined 2 earlier as the people who might actually get PCB fluid or 3 vapors or might either inhale, or ingest or absorbed into 4 their skin? 5 MR. FREEMANi Other than what's been 6 previously covered? 7 Q. (by Mr. Warahauer) la there anything other 8 than what of you have previously told me, that is, 9 complete reliance on your customer's to do this? 10 A. (by the witness) When you use the word 11 customers, that not only included the electrical equipment 12 manufacturers, but some of their customers were customers 13 of Monsanto, So if their name appeared on Monsanto's 14 records as someone who purchased a product that contained 15 PCBs, they were on the mailing list and received all of 16 that information, so that represents a step taken. 17 0, What was mailed out to these people? 18 A, Oh, there were several mailings. For 19 example, in February of '70 there was a letter sent out 20 that attempted to, in as brief a form as practical, to 21 bring the reader up to date regarding Monsanto's knowledge 22 regarding PCBs, finding it in the environment, and alleged 23 effects on some creatures in the environment. That was in 24 1970. Later on there were different types of 25 communications based on the types of customers and the PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059878 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 112 1 issues that were brought to our attention. I don't have 2 personally a copy of anything, but there were attempts 3 made to bring people up to date. 4 Q. Is one of your goals or steps that the 5 company took after 1970 was Industrial Biotest was retained to perform animal studies on rats and dogs and 7 leghorn chickens? 8 A. Yes. 9 Q. And it'a my understanding you felt -- not 10 you, but Monsanto, that the testing protocols followed by ll vhe Industrial Biotest were okay? 12 A. Yes. 13 Q. In fact. Dr. Hunt from the medical department 14 actually visited the laboratory where the animals were 15 maintained and came back at least in your conversation 16 told you that everything seemed to be in good shape? 17 A. Yes. 18 Q. Were you ever interrogated by theJustice 19 Department in their investigation of Industrial Biotest? 20 A. NO. 21 Q. Did you testify at their trial? 22 A. NO. 23 Q. Do you know if anyone at Monsanto was 24 interrogated as part of that prosecution? 25 A. I don't know who was Involvedother than the PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059879 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO. 1U i defendants. 2 Q, Knowing that Industrial Biotost was 3 prosecuted and in deed served jail time, does that in any 4 way affect your reliance on the veracity of their test 5 results? 6 A. Ho way. 7 Q. Why not? @ A, My personal involvement, which included three 9 trips to that laboratory plus from discussions with the 10 personnel at the laboratory, at Monsanto, at various 11 places and meetings. What was described in the popular 12 press -- my source of information regarding the trial you 13 mentioned were not the conditions 1 saw and I spent a lot 14 of time in the lab and I'm pretty certain I covered enough 15 of it to indicate that if the conditions described had 16 been present when the PCB studies were being conducted, I 17 would have seen something, and I did not see the 18 conditions such as the rooms full of water with dead 19 animal carcasses and so on. That is not the laboratory I 20 saw. 21 Q. How do you know the lab you saw was the lab 22 from which your results were obtained? 23 A. I went in. I stepped into the chambers. I 24 potted the dogs on the head, I saw them take the rats out 25 of their cage and put them on scales. I saw them taking PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059880 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO. 114 i blood out of their veins. 2 Q. There was a two year study that involved the 3 rats? is that right? 4 A. That's true. 5 Q. How many times did you visit? 6 A. At least three. It might have been more. I 7 didn't keep score. It was during '70, *71 and '72. 8 Q. You have no 'training whatsoever in lab 9 research with lab animals? is that correct? 10 A. That's true*j but I think Z know a modern 11 laboratory when I see one; 12 Q. And when you looked at the Industrial Biotest 13 results you were limited in your ability to even 14 understand them except by reading summaries. You did not 15 look or attempt to analyze individual pages of biodata? is 16 that correct? 17 A. That is true. 18 Q. But yet you still maintain, despite the 19 government's prosecution and despite the things that you 20 read in the newspaper, that that lab was trustworthy? 21 A. I have a firm belief that that laboratory as 22 it related to the PC3 work was the best in the world and 23 you can put me on record for that. 24 Q. How many other places did you go to see their 25 laboratories? PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059881 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 115 I A. Just Monsanto's, which came later, and I went 2 to a laboratory in Cincinnati, Ohio. I*m trying to 3 remember the name of the -- Sloan Kettering. At least one 4 more. It wasn't as good. It wasn't as modern. It didn't 5 have the modern analytical Instruments, microscopes. 6 The 1r computerized equipment for weighing the animals and 7 taking the blood samples, it was as up to date as any that 8 were available. 9 Q. Of the two labs you saw in your life? 10 A. That is true, 11 Q. When folks wanted material.** for lab use, who 12 did they contact in Monsanto at '69, '70, '71, PCB 13 materials? 14 A. They could contact anybody from the telephone 15 operator to the field salesman to a research person or me 16 or the medical department. 17 Q. Who was authorized to actually deliver fifty 18 gallons of Aroclor 1242, if that's what was considered for 19 lab purposes? 20 A* A fifty gallon amount could be arranged for 21 through the marketing department. 22 0. Was there not someone who coordinated the 23 distribution of PCB materials to scientists? 24 A. To what? What was the last word? 25 Q. To scientists. PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059882 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 116 1 A. To scientists? Yes. The equipment or the 2 material for lab studies was provided out of Monsanto's 3 research department. 4 Q. Where did the research department got it? 5 A. They got it from the manufacturing plant in 6 drum lots. It would be sent to the laboratory and the 7 laboratory would assign an individual to transfer it from 8 the drum into one pint bottles, put the proper label on 9 it, put it on the shelf, put it in proper packaging and 10 ship it. li Q. There would be a lot of pint bottles f.a 12 fifty gallon drum? 13 A. That's right. 14 Q, Am I to understand that al1 of the scientific 15 research done was done out of the same fifty gallon jug? 16 A, I wouldn't say all of it, but a good bit of 17 it. One drum, depending on the popularity of that 18 particular mixture, could last a long time. 19 Q. Who insured in fact that if two researchers 20 used 1242 in 1972 that they got mixtures from the same lot 21 or did you even deem that necessary? 22 A. As long as the lots met the product 23 specifications, they were considered to be typical samples 24 of product. 25 Q. When we talked earlier about the range in PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059883 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO l 17 1 chlorination, I think I used 1242 as an example. It might 2 run from 1942 to 1245. So two iota between two 3 researchers could bo as much as five percent difference In 4 chlorination; is that correct? 5 A. You mentioned five percent. I have no way of 6 quantifying that difference, but it could be a slightly 7 different pattern on the analytical instrument, but not S enough to cause any concerns to the chemists. 9 Q, What about the range of levels of furans 10 dissociated with a particular batch? 11 A.- Well, at that time there was no detectable 12 furans, so that wasn't even given a thought. 13 Q. Was there any effort made to check the . 14 samples sent to other testing faci1ities to even see if 15 there were furans? 16 A. Yes. The efforts started in 1970 and 17 continued on. 18 Q. Prior to 1970, any laboratorywork that was 19 done would there have been any way of checking to see the 20 furan level in one batch from another? 21 A. Or PCDFs? 22 Q. Yes. 23 A. No. The analytleal methodology was not 24 available. 25 Q. Let me show you what was been marked Exhibit PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059884 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 1 13 I 35. Do you recognize that? 2 A. I do. 3 Q. What is that, sir? 4 A. It's a copy of a Monsanto memorandum authored 5 by John Mason dated May it, 1970 and addressed to Mr. H.S. 6 Bergen and J.E. Springgate, and attached to that 7 memorandum are copies of slides used by Mr. Mason in 8 making a presentation to the Monsanto corporate management 9 committee on May 11, 1970. 10 Q. 'i`la3 one of his concerns the cost of getting 11 out of the PCB business? 12 A. That is a consideration, yes. 13 Q. Has it always been your belief that a 14 rospirator is an appropriate device to be worn when 15 breathing PCB vapors? 16 A. Depends on the concentration of the vapors 17 and the time the employee expects to spend in that 18 atmosphere. If he's just going to walk through a whiff, 19 he doesn't put on a respirator. If he's going to go to 20 tackle a leak in a hot pipeline and he's got to stay in 21 that environment, he's expected to put on a respirator and 22 complete his task. 23 Q. Do you believe that the Inhalation of PCB is 24 an efficient manner of delivering PCBs to the lung? 25 MR. FREEMANi Could you read that back? PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059885 PERRY REPORTING ST. LubIS, MO. 119 1 2 (Reporter read from record as directed) 3 4 MR. FREEMAN* Object to the form. 5 MR. TATEj I also object. 6 A. (by the witness) I don't feel qualified to 7 testify as to the body's efficiency in transferring PCBs 8 from one organ to another. 9 Q. (by Mr. Warshauer) Am I correct that in 10 testimony, conversation tcday that I understand you 11 believe PCB is toxic? 12 MR. FREEMAN* To whom? 13 MR. WARSHAUER t To humans. 14 A. (by the witness) To human beings? 15 Q. (by Mr. Warshauer) Yea, sir. 16 A. If enough is introduced into the body over a 17 long enough period of time, yes, eventually an injurious 18 effeet will be noted. 19 Q. At one time did you ever say that PCB's 20 toxicity was that like water or milk? 21 A. I never in all -- my line of thought doesn't 22 run along the lines of water or milk, no. 23 Q. You told me about a 1975 case you testified 24 about in Tennessee? 25 A. Yes, PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059886 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO.__________________120 i ***** q. You were asked a question -- I'll read it to 2 you. "In respect to animals, human beings* -- I'm reading 3 from the transcript from the Gaylen, et al vs. General 4 Electric, fit al. United States District Court of Eastern 5 Tennessee, Northern Division, dated October 9, 1975 6 apparently the night before trial. You wore asked this 7 question: "In respect to animals and human beings, would 8 you agree, sir, that these materials, according to what 9 you understand and have been informed, had a toxicity in 10 respect to animals and human beings who were exposed to 11 it?" Your answer was, "Yes, just like vvery other 12 material, air," And the next question was, "Like water? 13 You said, "Just water, yes. Question, "Like milk?" You 14 answered, "Yes." Why did you believe that, that these 15 three liquids would have a similar toxicity, if you did at 16 the time, or was it the heat of the moment? This was a 17 very aggressive deposition as I recall, 18 A. I would have to read. I don't know what 19 preceded it unless they were just talking volume where you 20 can drown in water or that kind of thing. 21 Q. It's not your present understanding that PCBs 22 are similar to water or milk in toxicity? 23 A. Absolutely not. It doesn't make sense. 24 Q. I understand you retired, that you finished 25 your PCB tour of duty in around 1976? PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059887 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS. MO, \2j I A. Correct. 2 Q. And you then continued to work for Monsanto 3 in the environment for a few years and the last few months 4 as director of occupational health? 5 A. Manager of occupational health was the title. 6 Q. All right. And you retired in 1986? 7 A. Correct, 8 Q. After 35 years withthe company? 9 A, Correct. 10 Q. Do you own stock in the company? 11 A. Yes. 12 Q. Are you paid for being here today? 13 A. No, 14 Q, Have you voluntarily been deposed twice this 15 week for numerous hours with no compensation? 16 A. I got no pay for being a fact witness. 17 Q. But you aretestifying on behalf of the 18 company here today? 19 A. That is true. 20 Q, And why are youdoing it? 21 A. Well, I feel some sort of obligation having 22 been involved so many years with this matter. I don't know 23 how else to explain it. 24 Q. Do you have any idea of PCBs and lung cancer? 25 Do you feel qualified to testify on that topic? PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059888 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 122 1 A. I do not. 2 Q, Do you have any feeling orqualification to 3 testify about PCS levels in either blood or any of the 4 constituents including serum or adipose tissue, fat tissue 5 in a human beings? 6 A. No. 7 Q. Do you feel you arequalified to testify 8 concerning the practice of baking a transformer with a 9 heat lamp and the effect of that practice as a safe or 10 unsafe practice? 11 . A. I- have never been involved with the servicing 12 of transformers. I would feel that I wasn't qualified 13 personally. . 14 Q. I asked you about lung cancer. Do you have 15 any feeling or knowledge on behalf of Monsanto or 16 personally with respect to the risk of increasing one's 17 chances of getting lung cancer by inhaling heated vapors 18 which contain small quantities of PCBs? 19 A. My understanding is that type of exposure 20 will not result in lung cancer, 21 Q, How did you arrive at that understanding? 22 A. By my numerous discussions with medical . 23 professionals at Monsanto and elsewhere, 24 Q. Do you have any documents that support that 25 conclusion, any studies that come to mind or would you PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059889 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS. MO. 12 3 I rather simply 3ay as you said earl lor you don't feel 2 qualified to make an opinion on lung cancer causation? 3 A. I'm certainly not qualified for lung cancer 4 causation. At the moment I don't recall a document that 5 reports findings that associate lung cancer with exposure 6 to PCS vapors. 7 Q. Okay. Are you familiar with the document 8 retention policy of Monsanto with respect to the 9 industrial hygiene department maintaining health records 10 of the employees? 11 A. I den*t remember the details, but there 12 was -- when I left Monsanto there was in place a document 13 records retention program. 14 Q, Of the health records of the employees? 15 A. Of all documents at Monsanto, Each one was 16 categorized. 17 Q. Are you familiar with any documents that 18 would in any way shed any light on the FOB issue having 19 been destroyed either by intent to hide the facts or 20 through the regular practice of document destruction 21 because of age? 22 A. I'm not aware of any destruction of documents 23 relating to health. 24 Q. At one time I believe you described your PCB 25 file as it existed in the early seventies as being six PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621--6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059890 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 124 i five drawer cabinets? 2 A, You have a good memory. Yes. 3 Q. Where are those six five drawer cabinets of 4 information now contained? 5 A. It's my understanding the legal department of 6 Monsanto has custody of any surviving documents, I do not 7 know exactly who, 8 Q Okay. But it is also your understanding 9 that none of those documents in your six cabinets of five 10 drawers have been destroyed* 11 A. That's my understanding, 12 Q. I ought to be able to hunt them down here in 13 St. Louis if Z had the inkling to do so? 14 A. If they are still around, yes. 1 can't speak 15 to their presence to date. 16 Q. Did you ever hear in any fashion of any 17 document destruction policy of either General Electric or 18 Westinghouae that related to either the health of their 19 employees, employees or their PCB business? 20 A# No, sir. 21 Q. Earlier we talkedabout some ofthese 22 documents. Exhibits Number 2 and 15 and 16 which were the 23 booklets on Aroclors? 24 A. I remember that. 25 Q. You didn't know the dates of one or two of PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059891 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 125 I those. How would 1 go about finding that date? 2 A. I just don't know. I have no idea. 3 Q. Give me three seconds and I'm done. Let me 4 show you what's been marked Plaintiff's Exhibit Number 8. 5 Do you recognize that document? 6 A. I recognize that document. 7 Q, And with respect to page 21 of that document 8 where you talked about inhalation risks, do you know why 9 it says that at elevated temperatures extra precautions 10 must be taken to avoid inhalation? I'm summarizing, not 11 quoting4 - 12 A. Yea. 13 Q. Why? 14 A. Becauseat elevatedtemperatures the askarels 15 are more volatile, therefore, more fumes are introduced 16 into the working environment, 17 Q. This is document Number 31, a direct copy of 18 your presentation to ANSI of September 14, 1971. 19 A. I have reviewed the document and from what I 20 see here it appears to be a copy of what I used in 21 September, 1971 however, it appears that there is some 22 pages missing. 23 Q. Okay, but it'scomplete up until - 24 A. Up until page eleven, it looks all right to 25 me, PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059892 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOOIS, MO 126 i Q. Number 37, is this a copy of the letter from 2 the Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer relating to a 3 rise of incidents of lung cancer at your Krummrich plant? 4 A. I'll have to read it. This is the first time 5 I've seen this. 6 Q. Sure. 7 A. Well, I have read the cover letter. It does 8 refer to lung cancer. This is the first time I've seen 9 this. I don't know how it relates that to the PCB -- 10 Q. The department 246 is the PCB manufacturing 11 facility department at that plant, is it not? 12 A. That is true. I have a hard time seeing it, 13 Q. I thought I saw it. Maybe I did not. Let me 14 show you -- you have never seen this before? 15 A. That is true, 16 Q. 1975, the year that letter was dated, was 17 that the period of time in which you were still involved 18 with PCBs on a day-to-day basis as previously defined, not 19 the czar but the coordinator? 20 A. Yes, 21 MR, FREEMANt We don't know if that document 22 is related to that subject matter, . 23 Q. (by Mr, Warshauer) It comes with another one 24 that is -- well, you'11 just have to trust me about that, 25 but this 18 the right time period. Let me see if I have PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059893 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO. .- 127 | i another one. At any rate, let mo show you Exhibit Number 2 38 Do you know what that la? 3 A (by the witness) I recognize this as a copy 4 of a letter that I composed. 5 Q. A couple of questions about this. This is 6 dated December 20, 1976 addressed to Dr Jerry M. Johnson, 7 acting chief of criteria and documentation section, NIOSH? 8 is that correct? 9 A. Correct. 10 Q. In that Monsanto was concerned about PCB 11 being designated as a cancer suspect agent? 12 A. Because from Monsanto's understanding there 13 was no evidence to support that description . 14 Q. Was it also Monsanto's position that if it 15 was known to be a PCB -- if its PCB product became known 16 as a cancer suspect, or suspected as a carcinogen, its 17 liability for personal injury claims might go up 18 exponentially? 19 A. Your guess is as good as mine, 20 Q, That was never discussed? 21 A, Not in my presence. 22 Q. Okay. And when you wrote this letter that 23 the Industrial Biotest Laboratory reports you were relying 24 on in reference to this question, is that the same 25 Industrial Biotest Laboratory Company whose officials were PHONE (314)621-4790 PAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059894 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 128 I prosecuted for fraud? 2 A. Yes, but there was no connection. 3 Q. We have discussed that previously, but it was 4 the same company? 5 A. Yes. 6 Q. The Eppley Institute study in fact was not a 7 study at all, but was a review of numbers provided to it 8 by Dr, Wheeler and merely did a statistical analysis) is 9 that correct? 10 A. At the moment I`m confused. The previous 11 documents came frc^ Eppley, Is that the one you are 12 referring to? 13 Q. I'm checkingon the one you are referring to. 14 A, That was Dr. Poure's report, P-o-u-r-e I 15 believe is the way he spells it. Dr. Pour looked at I 16 don't know if he looked at slides or reports. All I know 17 is that he looked at some information and came up with an 18 opinion that he wrote to Monsanto. 19 Q. All right, and his opinion, assuming that 20 Plaintiff's Number 37, the October 17, 1975 letter which 21 references an increased incidence of lung cancer authored 22 by S. Mahboudi, professor and head of epidemiology, 23 assuming he was also referring to Aroclor workers, those 24 reports would have been different? 25 MR. FREEMAN: Don't assume anything you don't PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059895 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 129 1 know. 2 A. (by the witness) I don't know. 3 MR. COCHRAN* Objection. 4 MR. TATE* You don't need to assume, 5 Q. (by Mr. Warshauor) We are well documented 6 with objections, but this fellow you are relying on when 7 you wrote back to the government is not E. Mahboudi? 8 A. (by the witness) No. 9 Q. Was it Dr, Poure? 10 A. Yes. 11 Q I'm done. 12 MR. FREEMAN * Thank you. 13 Q, (by Mr. Warshauer) Mr. Papageorge,I need to 14 ask you a couple more questions. Do you haveany personal 15 knowledge of PCS contamination in mineral oils used as 16 dielectrics? 17 A, (by the witness) I was made aware of the 18 possibility of this occurring during my -- when I served 19 as chairman for the ANSI committee at C-107. We discussed 20 the existence of that type of fluid and how to properly 21 dispose of it. 22 Q. Okay. When was that? 23 A. In 1971, 1972 period. 24 Q. And did Monsanto take any steps to advise any 25 of its customers who were manufacturering equipment that PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059896 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS. MO 130 I had mineral oil dielectric of any particular risks 2 associated with PCB contamination of that dielectric 3 fluid? 4 A. No. These customers were all in the audience 5 and they're the ones that told Monsanto. 6 Q. Was it ever determined how it got there? 7 A. There were many comments which were, in my 8 opinion, speculative on their part as to how it could 9 happen. 10 Q. What were those? 11 A. The possibility existed that it *Ught have 12 been some mixing back at the original manufacturer. There 13 were some comments made about -- 14 MR. FREEMANi Of what? 15 THE WITNESSi The electrical equipment. 16 A. (by the witense) There were comments made 17 about the possibility of hooking up the wrong tank car 18 which was used as a storage tank and inadvertently picking 19 it up into the equipment. There was a possibility that 20 service companies that serviced the transformers could 21 contaminate their equipment and could interchange the 22 fluid resulting in this contamination. That's about it. 23 Q. (by Mr. warshauer) Did Monsanto take any 24 steps to advise any of the potential contaminators of the 25 the risk of doing so that were in the audience? PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059897 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, HO 131 1 A. Well, sir, one of those brochures we saw 2 addresses that. 3 Q, Okay. 4 A, And it's also, of course, covered in the ANSI S document. 6 Q, There wsa no advertisement taken in trade 7 journals that service companies may subscribe to about the 8 concerns of using PCBs in non-PCB transformer fluid? 9 A. No, no. 10 Q. And Monsanto never manufactured any askarels U with mineral oil? 12 A. They did not. 13 Q. Thanks. 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 PHONE <314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER PCB-SD0000059898 PERRY REPORTING ST. LOUIS, MO 132 1 2 3 4 WILLIAM B. PAPAGEORGE 5 Subscribed and sworn to before me this ,, 6 day of ______ , 1993. 7 My commission expires: JOSOTtNE 6. KIK.0CK WARY PUBLIC STATE OF MISSOURI ST.IOUISCOWTY , 8 9 10 11 JLG 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 PHONE (314)621-4790 FAX (314)621-6678 WATER_PCB-SD0000059899 n- n JlC. witness * DEPOSITION CORRECTION SHEET In Re: J^/n *, u- /l/foxscJ*, Upon reading Che deposition and before subscribing thereto, the deponent Indicated the following changes should be made: Page ^ Line Z. O Should read: C vem "foKf fly tj0(J u/6*i "h (rjlo 'Hr? mi h-hi <^y . Reason assigned for change: 0 "Yrav'ur* phfH Page 33 Line S' Should read: -------in /<?$ / orslil - - - Reason assigned for change: 1 ncorredt JIclUl. ' Page ^ if Line Z Should read: . - - ^ 'fhe wtfii'/ft/ Q k>r $ - crrn e. Reason assigned for change: KhiSS***i u>osd Page Line l Should read: P i/rar rto! - _ Reason assigned for change: Page 3? Line ^ 3f>elhef Should read: -- - - et^ Pyrxno/ 4^f^e, ----------- Reason assigned for change: 6 pef 11 *<j Page S~8 Line 0 Should read: -----------'Hie, i/cv^atr Reason assigned for change: TV* rtScophe*} Page H Line y Should read: 'Hie, b<ok% Reason assigned for change: .. Deoonent WATER_PCB-SD0000059900 la Re: WITNESS I U/m U Hi Q q Q-t0 tc, C> DEPOSITION CORRECTION SHEET ) mer vo ftl&rtSan,b.a l ^ Upon reading the deposition and before subscribing thereto, the deponent indicated the following changes should be made: Page 77 Line f7 Should read: ~ - you/ Ptfra no I Reason assigned for change: Spelling Page Line . Should read: 77 Z.Z ujiU< Reason assigned for change: Spelling . Page j o *7 Line ^ Should read: -- p-csli'cict e. j Reason assigned for change: Sped Page Line Should read: \ . \ p$ ra'Ph 10-yii--------- Reason assigned for change: Page Line Should read: Reason assigned for change: Page Line Should read: Reason assigned for change: Page Line Should read: Reason assigned for change: TVnonent WATER_PCB-SD0000059901 REPORT W 4465 Inhalation Experiments Animals. Shite rata bar bean employed throughout. They parait the uaa of a large amber of animals In a relatively small Inhalation iaatallation. They thrive upcn a diet very similar to man, and in the case of thesa chlorinatad caapounds it la possible that diet nay be very significant. Finally, their normal characteristics have been described so well as to make the detection of abnormalities both easy end certain. - Hat hod of Ssposure. The Inhalation experiments sere carried out in four large air-tight woodan boras, each capable of holding ten rat cages, alas 22" x 22" x 14", in two tiers of five cages each. Shan the experiment was not in progress the doors were opened vide and ths cages kept in place (see Figure 1). . At the center of one end of each box -- the inflow end -- air was introduced through a pipe 7 inches in diameter (see Figure 2). Each box was equipped with an individual electric blower which blew the air through several feet of 7-inch pipe before entering ths and of the box. An orifice was placed in the pipe line, and the flow of air in cubic feet per minute could be read off directly frcsa calibrated flow meters. A damper placed at the entrance of the pipe into the box was adjusted to assure a uniform distribution of the stream of air to the two tiers of cages. At the opposite end of the box -- the outflow end -- the air frcsa each box was exhausted through a 7-inch pipe fitted with a damper and connected to a large central exhaust fan (see Figure 3). About 4 inches from ths entrance of the 7-inch pipe into the box, the fumes of the substanea were introduced into the inflowing air. WATER PCB-SD0000059903 Fig. 1. Front view and inflow end of two boxes with, rat cages In place and doors open. WATER PCB-SD0000059904 Pig, 2, Electric heater Tor maintaining chlorinated diphenyl at a constant temperature in place at inflow end of hox. WATER PCB-SD0000059905 Tig. 3. Odtriow enl of two hexes showlas connections to exhaust system. WATER PCB-SD0000059906 fig* 4* Pjrtx glass flaskse WATER PCB-SD0000059907 Specially designed pyres glass flasks (Figure 4), 7 3/4" long aai a diamatar of 1 1/2", were used to hold th heat ad waxes. Tha38 rlaak3 wart Bad with a aid arm and tub which art andsd to the bottcsu The top of th flask ms ground, and into this fitted a short tube 1 \/z* ^ length. This short tub ni inserted into a large rubber stopper which fitted tightly into e hole cut out of the 7-inch pipe an the under sid (see Figure 2). The flask in turn ms placed in an electric heater cade to eoTer it completely below th# sid# ana and ground glass top. Rubber tubing connected th# side arm with a compressed air reservoir and a gentle stream of air blown through the halted wax kept it in motion and assured uniform heating. Into each flask was inserted & long stem centigrade thermometer which ms kept in place and could be read at any time above the 7-inch pipe through tiilch it passed (see Figure 2). Approximately 23 gm. of pulverized eSSBBSEsesOsssc&SZa&BS&sssx. xssjaxag chlorinated diphenyl were placed in th 'rapbrizidg*"ut flask and malted in the electric heater> Freeh samples were used every other day, sSssxus-Kii-Asr-rsgr-gfWrar `vach seirTS3ts^^ .gaaagT fhs collected sublimate was always removed from the upper part of the flask and a clean top used each day. Ha sample was ever used for more than two runs. ' The flask plus the contents ms carefully weighed at the beginning of the run and at the end, and the loss in might used to calculate the average ancunt in a cubic aster of edr per minute as determined by a series of flow aster readings. The figures obtained were not absolute because of alight variations in the air flowing through the boxes and because of deposition of material on th thermome ters and cm the inside surfaces of the box, but they checked well with direct determinations through air samplea. WATER_PCB-SD0000059908 Approximately ace hour was allowed for the wax is tie flasks to malt a si can# to a constant temperature. At tiat tin tie box doors were tightly closed, air bubbled through the flasks, and tie blowers turned on. This was tie beginning of tie exposure period. By naans of tie theoatata cn tie fans and. tie dampers in tie outflow pipes, tie amount of air flowing through the boxes iws adjusted and an attempt was made to keep tie four boxes as uniform as possible -- usually between 165 and 1?5 cubic feet per minute*. - Experiments Exposure to chlorinated diphenyl was begun an fuly 1, 1936 and ' ceased on November 18 of the same year. The average length of exposure was 16 hours daily for 6 days a week. Each morning at about 9:00 exposure ceased, and between this time and 4:00 p.a. the rata were cleaned, fed, weighed, ete. In order to secure uniformity of exposure the cages were shifted on a regular schedule, si nee wax concentrations were somewhat higher at the inflow end of the boxes. Preliminary runs . showed that once properly adjusted, wax concentrations in the air remained wary uniform from day to day, but to insure absolute safety readings of temperature, air-flow, etc. were made every.night between 10:00 and 12:00 p.m. as well as on starting and stopping. At different time during the course of the experiment tests for free chloride were made but were uniformly negative and showed that under the temperatures used no deeaspositlon occurred. Table 1 Conditions liaintained in Inhalation Experiment fraa, July 1 to Nov. IS . * luatsrial ' Chlorinated diphenyl Temperature Average oncffstratloa of air in box Total length of exposure C 165-175 tig, /cull. Range 0-27. Higvj 1.19 Low 0.23 hours 1BS6 Average daily exposure hours 16 WATER PCB-SD0000059909 Hegulta_gf Inhalatl on Exp an*4 went a No abnormalities wars Mn at any tins in the liTlng rata. Blood and urine examination* nr* aade; there were no losses in weight, and one wuld have considered that the animals ears perfectly sound, However, rats sacrificed after 6 weeks exposure showed' slight liver damage, which advanced during the next two months. The changes consisted in alight to moderate swelling of the lire? cells, increased granularity, and many mitotic figures. Hyaline inclusicas were present and were invariably plentiful in animals receiving chlorinated diphenyl by Inhalation or by mouth. 't Cne is foreed to conclude from the experiments that an average concentration of 0,57 mg, per cubic mater Inhaled 16 hours daily produces definite slight changes in ths liver and in this organ alone. These changes are resisted efficiently by ths animals and cause no depreciation of health. The situation is not unlike that seen in factories where acute yellow atrophy of ths liver has occurred. In ths case of such ' instances ths patients have been singled out in soma way or other from large groups of fellow w<?2can who have been perfectly healthy. In considering the entire matter it seemed to us that the chlorinated hydro-carbons,/if inhaled in sufficient concentration, might cause a slight degree of damage to the liver. This damage is resisted efficiently and causes no depreciation of health, but if the individual in question happens to suffer sane ordinary disease of the liver the eaiditicn is superimposed upon a substratum of injury. In accordance with this hypothesis we determined that a dose of 0,75 c, of carbon tetrachloride plus 0.75 co. of ethyl alcohol per kilogram of rat was entirely non-toxic to normal animals. When, however, this dose was given to animals which bad Inhaled chlorinated diphenyl as has been described in this experiment, the result was acute yellow atrophy WATER PCB-SD0000059910 of the liver. It would seam therefore that Inhalation of & concentration of chlorinated diphenyl in the manner I hare described is capable of producing a condition which nay he dangerous to tha individual inhaling it, though of itself no risible ham will be done. ' Animals removed from exposure to chlorinated diphenyl after two months inhalation and`given two months for recovery still showed li?er changes when hilled and exaained, so that it is evident the alterations produced by this hydrocarbon are persistent and individuals who have been caused trouble by it should be removed completely and for a long tine. The Inhalation of a scswhat hither concentration of ' chlorinated diphenyl over an 8 hour dav The circumstances attending this experiment are given in Table 2. ' Material Table 2 . Average Temperature concentration ` of air in box Total length Average of exposure daily expos: o C Mg ./cu.m. Range Hours Hours Chlorinated diphenyl 153-174 ' 0.93 High 3.23 Low 0.03* 920 S' Again 80 rats were used in this experiment. lions at any tins showed the slightest evidence of illness. Microscopic examinations, however, showed a degree of change very comparable to that found in tha 16 hour experiments which have been described and the carbon tetrachloride test wag uniformly fatal. Oats aral ?rom these experiments we are forced to conclude that ccncectraticns of chlorinated'diphenyl in workrooms should not be allowed to rise above 0.5 mg. per cubio meter of air This ccncantrati ca is readily obtained by careful WATER PCB-SD0000059911 hooding. It is in our opinion safe fox workman who would not be exposed with the absolute steadiness characteristic of our experiments os rats and such a concentration limit would probably do away with the troublesome skin lesions which h&Y bean the particular cause for worry la regard to these compounds in the past. In addition to the inhalation experiments many feeding experiments this were dona with/chlorinated diphenyl. The general changes in ths liTer were the same as these already described# He diarrhea or gastro-intestinal aspects seemed to be present. . WATER_PCB-SD0000059912 APPLICATION DATA BULLETIN N*. P-IIS_ Manufactured by *</ -00 Monsanto Chemical Company ST. LOUIS, U. S. A. New York Boetoa Chicago See Fraadeeo Loe Angela* Detroit Birnuaghaa Charlotte Montreal * Loe&@ JOI 005315 1 PLAINTIFF'S i EXHIBIT 2. WATER PCB-SD0000059913 FOREWORD The Aroclors have woo a prominent place in the field of synthetics with unique properties to fill requirements not met by materials heretofore available. They have found usefulness in widely differing fields of activity where their properties are of especial value. Following is a description of the properties of eleven Arociora, each of which is representative of a series. For almost every Aroclor described in this bulletin there is a dark-colored grade of otherwise approximately the same physical and chemical characteristics. These darker prod ucts carry a lower price and can frequently be used where color is not importsot. A study of this brief description will suggest means of employing the Aroclors in perfecting still other products, development of which has been delayed by the lack of a material that exactly fulfills particular requirements. The Aroclors are produced exclusively by Monsanto Chemical Company. JO I 005316 WATER PCB-SD0000059914 Page No. GENERAL PROPERTIES................................3 General Physical Properties of Some of the Arodor*...................................... 4-5 Adhesiveness................................................... 6 Corrosion...........................................................6 Density.............................................................. 6 Electrical Properties....................................... 6 Densities of Arociors at Various Temperatures...........................................<5 Specific Ileat and Thermal Conductivity . 7 Thermal Conductivity of Aroclor 1248 . . 7 Specific Heat of Arociors................................7 Nondrying Properties .................................... 7 Nonflammability............................................... 7 Stability ........................................................... 7 Toward Alkalies...........................................7 Toward Acids...............................................7 Toward Heat...............................................8 Toward Oxidation . ...1........................8 Solubility . . . . >...................... 8 Approximate Solubility of Sulfur in Arodor 1262 ...............................................8 Tbermoplaidcity...............................................8 Solubility of Arociors in 100 Milliliters of Various Solvents....................................... 9 Vapor Pressure of Arociors.......................... 10 Vieeodty Ranges of Some of the Arociors . 11 Toxitity......................................................... 11 Vaporisation Loss......................................... 11 APPLICATION OF AROCLORS.................. 12 Adheaivea......................................................... 12 Electrical Equipment..................................... 12 Expansion Medium.................. Page No. 12 Hydraulic Medium..........................................12 Power Transmission.................................. 12 Hydraulic Pressure Medium.......................12 Performance of Aroclor 1242 in a Hy draulic Coupling for Gasoline Engine 12 Lubrication..................................................... 13 High Temperature...................................... 13 Extreme Pressure......................................13 Submerged Lubrication................... 13 Suggested Uses for Arociors in Plastics, Pig. menu. Lacquers, Painu and Vamiabes 14 Compatibility with VariousMaterials . . 14 Ethyl Cellulose.....................................14 Graphic Art*........................................ 14 Impregnation........................................ 15 Moisture Proofing.................................15 Mold LubricanU.....................................15 Diagrams Showing Practical Composi tion of Lacquers Using Arociors 1254 and 1262 ........................................... 16-17 \ Nitrocellulose Coatings......................... 18 Aroclor Lacquers.....................................18 Pigment................................................ 18 Painu and Varnishes............................. 18 Rubber and Rubber Substitutes .... 19 Chlorinated Rubber Finishes................. 19 Vinyl Resina.......................................... .19 OTHER PRODUCTS ......................................20 JOI 005317 WATER PCB-SD0000059915 General Properties The Aroclors range in form and appearance from mobile oily liquids to fine white crys tals and hard transparent resins. They are non-oxidizing, permanently thermoplastic, of low volatility and non-corrosive to metals. They are not hydrolyzed by water or alka lies. The viscous liquids and the resins will not support combustion when heated alone. The crystalline Aroclors are relatively insol uble, but the liquid and resinous products are soluble in most of the common organic solvents, thinner* and oils. The main excep tions are that all the Aroclors are insoluble in water, glycerine or the glycols, and Arocior 5460 is insoluble in the lower molec ular weight alcohols. Arocior 4465 is only partly soluble in the lower alcohols. The excellent electrical properties, fire resistance and inertness of the Aroclors make them useful in many applications not mentioned in this bulletin. The properties imparted by the Aroclors and their usefulness for particular applica tions vary in regular gradients over the series so that the selection of the right Arocior for a specific use can generally he made simply by a comparison of the physi cal properties of the several Aroclors. 3 JO I 005318 WATER PCB-SD0000059916 TABLE GENERAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Form..................................................................... Aroclor 1242 Practically color. lets mobile oil Color--NPA....................................................... O.S Max. Acidity--Maximum (Mgm. KOII per Gra.).., 0.01 CcErnciENT of Expansion.............. cc/ce/C cc/ec/"F 0.000678 (25-65C) 0.000377 (77-149*F) Density-Specific Gravity 2S725*C (77*/77'F) 1.378 to 1.388 Pound* per Gallon--2S*C (77*F)............... 11.50 DtRTiuJkTton Ranch--ASTM D-20 Mod.. *C F Evaporation Lots--%--ASTM D-6 Mod. 16S*C.......................................................Shrs. 100*C.......................................................6 hr*. 322*-365C Uncorr. 612*-689*F Uncorr. 3.04 to 3.64 Aroclor 1248 Yellow tinted oily liquid 0.5 Max. 0.01 Aroclor 1254 Yellow tinted vitcoue oil 1.0 Max. 0.01 Aroclor 1260 Light yellow toit sticky retin 1.0 Max. 0.015 0.000702 (25*-65*C) 0.000389 (77*-149*F) 1.447 to 1.457 12.08 0.000661 (25*-65*C) 0.000367 (77*-149*F) 1.538 to 1.548 12.83 -- ~- 1.618 to 1.629 13.50 330*-370*C Uncorr. 626*-698*F Uncorr. 3.0 to 4.0 -- 365*- 390*C 689*-734*F 1.06 to 1.28 0.4 38S"-420*C 725-7R8F -- 0.0 to 0.2 Flash Point--Cleveland Open Cup............*C 176-180*C *F 348*-356*F 193*-196*C 379*-384*F Fire Point--Cleveland Open Cup...............*C 334*C F 633*F None Poor Point--ASTM.................................... *C -17.7* to -- 20.7*C -re *F -0J2* to -5.2`F 19.4*F Softening Point--ASTM............................ *C -- *F -- -- -- Refractive Index--D-b'ne--20C................... 1.627-1.629 1.630-1.631 Viscosity--Sayboh Uaivenal 210*F (98.9*C) 34.0-34.6 Sec. (ASTM--D-88) 130*F (54.4*C) 49-56 100*F (37.8*C) 80-93 36.0-37.0 69-78 185-240 None None 8* to 12*C 46* to 54*F -- -- 1.637-1.639 at 2S*C 43.S-48.S 260-400 1800-3800 None None 26* to 36*C 79* to 97*F -- -- -- 70-82 2600-4500 -- 4 JOI 005319 WATER PCB-SD0000059917 OF SOME OF THE ARO Aroclor 1262 Ught yellow Micky clesr rrsin 1.2 M*. 0.02 0.000640 (25*-90*C) 0.000355 (77*-194*F) 1,646 to 1.653 13.72 373M04*C Ultcocr. 703*-759*F Uncoef. 0.4a to 0.56 Aroclor 1268 Pile yellow opaque brittle resin -- :. 1.804 to 1.811 15.13 -- -- 0.15 to 0.2* Aroclor 1270 White cryatal- tine powder 0.17S -- 1.944 to 1.960 16.24 450*-460*C 842*-860*F 0.0 to 0.1 Aroclor 4465 Yellow trsns* parent brittle resin 1.5 Max. 0.05 0.000611 ^s'-os'C) 0.000339 (77*-149*F) 1.712 to 1.723 14.28 Aroclor 5442 Yellow tranaparent sticky resin 0.028 0.00123 (2S*-99*C) 0.000683 (77*-210*F) 1.432 to 1.447 11.96 Requires vacuum -- Requires vacuum -- 0.23 to 0.29 2.0 0.012 Aroclor 5460 Yellow trans parent resin 2.0 Mas. Aroclor 2565 Brown-biack opaque resin 0.07 0.00179 (25M24C) 0.000994 (77*-255*F) 1.740 to 1.745 14.50 1.26 0.000656 (25'~65C) 0.000364 (77M49F) 1.721 to 1.740 14.41 Require# vacuum -- Requires vacuum -- 0.02S 1.51 to 1.71 0.21 to 0.24 None None None None Noee Nooe 34,0* to 38.0*C )S* to 100.4F 1.6501-1.6517 HI 103 -- 135* to 160*C (hold pt.) 275* to 320*F (hold pt.) ' -- -- 294* to 300*C (bold pt.) 561* to 572*F (hold pt.) -- WKI-aSO *t 160*F -- None None -- 60* to 66*C 140* to 151'F 1.664-1.667 92-156 (tttW IKRC) -- 247*C 477*F > 3S0*C >662*F None None None None 46C 11S*F -- -- 48.5* to 53*C 100* to 105.5*C 66* to 72"C 119* to 12r F. 212* to 222*F 149' to 162'F 1.660-1.665 313.5 -- --- -- -- -- s JQ1 005320 WATER_PCB-SD0000059918 Adhesiveness The Arodor resins adhere strongly to smooth surfaces -- to glass and metal or to smooth var nished or lacquered surfaces. The softer Aroclort are suggested for difficult adhesive problems where a flexible non-drying waterproof material ia neceasary. The A rodor adhesives are thermoplastic; are readily applied hot without solvent; do not require high temperatures for easy application, and are set immediately upon cooling. temperatures, as shown ia the following table: Mild steel.................... Yellow brass............... Copper..................... . Pstratioa -- wtetsea/year at J25*C (617T) Arecior 1248 Aractor 1254 0.0028 0.0045 0.00047 0.0030 0.00145 0.06S0 Density All the Aroclors are heavier than water, a valuable property for many applications. Densities are shown in Figure 1. Corrosion The Aroclort show practically no corrosive effect on metals within normal ranges of temperature and only very slight corrosion even at elevated Electrical Properties The Aroclors have extremely interesting electrical characteristics: high dielectric constant, resistiv ity, dielectric strength, and low power factor. FIG. 1 (by/?***>) aj/ca/j (J j i n i d f v i / 6 JOI 005321 WATER PCB-SD0000059919 Specific Heat and Thermal Conductivity The specific beat at different temperatures of several of the Aroclora is shown in Figure 2. This, together with the thermal conductivity data given in Table 11, is of value in calculations involved in the use of Aroclor ss a high temperature-low pressure fluid heat transfer medium. TABLE II Thermal Conductivity of Aroclor 1248 Temper. slurs C *F Therms! Conductivity Viscosity Density Bt./Hr./Sq. Ft./ Soybolt g/ee. F/Ft. Usiv. Sec. 30 60 100 90 140 212 1.441 1.411 1.370 0.0613 0.0698 0.0800 360 60 36 FIG. t Non-Drying Properties The Aroclora are non-drying, and when they are exposed to the air, even in thin 61ms, no notice able oxidation or hardening takes place. How ever. when used as ingredients of lacquers, they do not retard the rate of drying of the lacquer films. Quick drying varnishes and paints may be made with Aroclor resins. Nonflammability The viscous Aroclor oils and the resins do not support combustion when heated alone, even at their boiling points -- temperatures above 3506C. Most of the Aroclora flux readily with resinous and pitch-like materials to give a product hav ing a decreased fire basard. When incorporated in nitrocellulose films the Aroclora retard the rate of burning. Stability Toward Alkalies The Arodors are remarkably resistant to the action of either hydrolysing agents or high tem perature. They are not affected by boiling with sodium hydroxide solution. Toward Acids Experiments were made to determine whether hydrogen chloride is evolved during the treat ment of Aroclora with sulfuric acid. Arodor 1254 (selected as typical) was stirred with an equal vol ume of ten per cent sulfuric acid for a period of ISO hours. Any gases escaping from the reaction flask had to pass through a trap filled with silver nitrate solutiod, which solution would give a pre cipitate of silver chloride ti any HO came in con tact with it. After 150 hours of treatment, neither the trap solution nor the add layer in the treat ing flask showed any hydrogen chloride present. Even prolonged treatment (255 hours) with con centrated sulfuric add indicated only a alight trace (too small for quantitative measurement) of hydrogen chloride in the add layer. 7 JO I 005322 C4LO*/{3 / * * WATER PCB-SD0000059920 Toward Heat Because of their etibility to heat, the Aroclora are useful heat-transfer media. Aroclor 1254 and particularly the leaa viscous Aroclor 1248 are recommended for this purpose because they may be heated at temperatures up to 325*C (617F) in a closed system for long periods without appreciable decomposition and are at the tame time noninflammable. Toward Oxidation When Aroclor is subjected to a bomb test at 140*C with 250 pounds per square inch oxygen, there is no evidence of oxidation as judged by development of acidity or formation of sludge. Solubility The Aroclor oils and resins are easily soluble in most of the common organic solvents and drying oils. The bard crystalline materials are in general less soluble than the Aroclor oils or softer resins. All Aroclora are insoluble in water. Solubilities of some of the Aroclora in the more common sub stances are shown in Table III. The solubility of sulfur in Aroclor 1260 is shown in Figure No. 3. Compatibility data on Aroclor* in nitrocellulose lacquer* are shown on page 16. Thermoplas ticity The Aroclora are permanently thermoplastic. They apparently undergo no condensation or harden ing upon repeated melting and cooling. The dear Aroclor resins are now being produced with soft ening points up to 105*C. The opaque crystalline solids are produced with initial melting points up to approximately 290*C. 0/35 7 S // /J /S /7 8 JQI 005323 WATER PCB-SD0000059921 TABLE III -- Solubility of Aroclors in 100 Milliliters of Various Solvents Araetar Type el Solvent . 1242 CoW Hot 1248 Cold Hot Cdd 1154 Hot 1270 Grid Hot 4465 Grid Hot Aeetie Acid................................ 8s Otrie Arid.................................. sg Beosoio Acid.............................. 10.0 ik"C Aldehyde 3 s -- __ __ 10.0 M*c -- $ 5 S3 s z 3 vs 40% Formaldehyde...........................I Furfural..................................... yvSs Amius I vs 1I I I vs vs vs VS Ii SS ss Aeiline....................................... gs S __ _ 3 Pyridine............... Chiors -- derivative . 132.5 wc 440 wc -- - 114 tfc 425 wc Amyl chlorides -- mixed........... Carbon Tetrachloride.............. Chloroform............................... Diebiorethyleoe........................ Ethyleee Dkhloride................ Monoehforobauette................. OrthodlchlorobcBseae.............. S $ g -- 3 S -- aS s s s 33 3S 33 s 3 3 S S S J.6S -- S3 3S S S s s 106 3 249 -- Tetrechkmtfaeae..................... Triciriarethaoe.......................... Trieblorethyleae...................... Drying Oil S $ 3 s s 3 3S SS 3S S 3 3 3 S 3 3.31 _ Ten* Oil................................... Unaeed Oil............................... Ester 3 3 S 3 33 33 3 S 3 3 Amyl Acetate........................... Butyl Acetate........................... Csiioaofoe Acetate................... Cottoaeeed Oil......................... Dibutyl Pbthalata................... Diethyl PhtheUte.................... Ethyl Acetau........................... Ethyl Lactate........................... Ethylene Glycol Diacetate___ Methyl Aoetate........................ Tricnsyl Phosphate................ Ether; Ethyl Ether..................... Ether Alcohol g 3 S 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 S 3 S 3 3 3 3 S S s s 33 3S S3 3S 3 3 S S 3 S s s SS 3S 3 3 3 3 33 3S S3 S3 33 3S 3S Ss s s s 3 3 3 S s 33 VIS vIs VS vs VS vs VS vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs s vs 3 vs s vs 3 vs vs vs vs vs 3s S3 s s Cerhltol.................................... 224 * Csiloaoiva................................. 3 Diethyieae Glycol.... nD5ihyTdrony Ethyl Ether.. !*.*** 307 wc S IS wo vs vs 173 ' ss 239 1 ss ss 8 arc lOteerc ss 3 s ss Bananas..................................... VS Ciaoline.................................... VS Kerosene................................... VS Mineral Spirits......................... VS Pacefin..................................... 2.0 r,J*c Pine Oil..................................... 3 Toluene..................................... VS Turpentine................................ VS Xylene...................................... VS Hydroiy -- derivetire Amyl Alcohol............................ S o-Butyl Alcohol....................... S Ethyl Alcohol (3.A)..................234 we Glycerin.................................... | Methyl Alcohol......................... 424 Phenol -- 90%........................... 1*4 WC Ketooe VS vs vs vs s s vs vs vs 9a s 80.0 wc I aswc s vs vs vs vs 2.0 ***c vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs s vs vs vs vs II - 111 VS VS V3 VS V3S VS VS s s 10 **C I is we ss VS VS VS vs s $ vs vs vs s s 28 I 224 S J.S -- II vs vs vs vs < s.o s vs vs vs s S3 ss sIs s vs vs vs vs ss vs vs vs ss Acetooe..................................... S MiKetleawmu s Carbon DitulSde...................... S s Nitrobaauane............................ Veter........................................ 1 -- Ineolahle 6--I S 1 s l T SS -- Slightly Soluble T VS -- Very Soluble tI Figures tfcow grams M Arocicr per 100 adUfitere cl solvent at 2S*C unless otherwise indicated. vs vs vs I 9 J01 005 32** WATER PCB-SD0000059922 FIG. 4 10 JOI 005325 WATER PCB-SD0000059923 ric. i Toxicity Experimental work on animal* allow* that pro* longed exposure t Afeekw vapors evolved at high temperatures or by tepeated oral ingestion will lead to systemic tosk effects. Repeated bodily coated with Hqiad Aftwloes may lead to as eeaedona skin eruption. Suitable draft ventilation to cootrol the vapore evolved at elevated temperatures, as well m pro. tectioa by suitable garments from extensive bodily coatact with liquid Arodon, should prevent any uatoward effect. Vaporization Loss The Aroekra have low vaporisation losses as shown is the data is the table of physical properties. 11 JO I 005326 WATER_PCB-SD0000059924 Hydraulic Pressure Medium APPLICATIONS It is customary to employ a D. T. Light Oil (mineral base) is a hydraulic medium in many types of pressure operations. A widespread use Adhesives The heavier reainout Arociors, because of their excellent adherence to smooth surfaces, are very adaptable to compounding in water-insoluble adhesives. ArocJort 1260, 1262, 4465 and 5460 are suggested for this use. Electrical Equipment Because of their nonflammability, high resistivity end dielectric strength and low power factor, the liquid and resinous Arociora are extremely useful materials for the electrical industry. Expansion Medium Because of their stability under variations ia temperature and freedom from gum formation from oxidation, the Arociora are useful aa expand ing media in bellows controls and ia thermostats. is in the operation of zinc alloy die catting machines where pressures of 800 to 1500 pounds per square inch are encountered. Coodeuiate from the atmosphere above the liquid level in the breather tank frequently introduces water, which, having a greater density, tiakt to the bottom and ia drawa into the system. Under the influence of heat and pressure the water causes oxidation of the hydrocarbon oil, forming fatty acids which corrode the pump vanes and the regulating valves of the system, causing toss of pressure, lowered production rate and final shut down for repairs. A break in the hydraulic system around the open flames accessary to maintain the molten condition of the die<asting alloy almost invariably results in a fire with its attendant hazards. Arociora 1242 or 1248 are recommended to over come these difficulties. They are heavier than water, thus excluding it from the system. They are atable -- not hydrolysed under heat and pres- Hydraulic Medium Power Trenemieslon aura -- and thus avoid corrosion and expensive delays for repairs. They are nonflammable, thus adding to the safety of the operators and to con The Arociore are superior hydraulic media for tinuity of production. power transntiasioa. Because of their greater den sity and E. P. characteristics they approach more closely the theoretical transmission values for mechanical power as illoatrated in Figure No. 6. This greater efficiency makes possible a reduction 4000 ----- TIG,-.-------r--- Pet*o*M*Mce &A*0etaf/f*t 6/4 HrOtMVUC COUfKtNS 4os 6ASOt.INt fftf/Ng. in the sise of the hydraulic coupling design. In order to meet extremely low-temperature y weather conditions, it ia necessary to adjust theN Creedng point of the Arodor selected by the addi tion of a poor point depressant. Suitable adjust-2 ^ ments can be made in the composition to reach a f pour point ef minus 6S*F. ' The steepness of the viscosity-temperature curve^ 400\ of the Arodor is a handicap to the application ofC Aroekn to many types of fluid transmission.^ This enrve can be flattened to a marked degree 600 by introduction of a viscosity-index corrector. Information will be gladly furnished. 12 zoo 400 600 600 dOOO no*ns Jm-iO 4*4** JOI 005327 WATER PCB-SD0000059925 Lubrication High Temperature The heat-resisting, noninfiammable eharacteriatic* of the Arodors make them attractive a* lubricant* under condition* of high temperature, aa, for example, in governor system* of central power atationa. Aroclor 1248 ia well auited to thi* application. Straight Aroclor 1254 gave excellent rcaulta on a roller bearing teat operating at 255** 260F with much leaa carbonisation or decora* poeition than the uaual apindle oil under 'the tame conditions. Extreme Pressure It ia a well accepted hypothesis in the lubrication induatry that by the addition of certain elements auch aa chlorine, aulfur and others in the proper form to a lubricating oil, a certain chemical com bination takea place with tbe iron or ateel metal bearing surface. These surface compositions tend to prevent aeiaure of the rubbing surface# under extreme load* and under which loads, if the aoie lubricant were a pure mineral oil, aeisure or scor ing would result at oace through film failure. Aa an extreme pressure (E. P.) lubricant bate added to a petroleum hydrocarbon oil in amounts up to approximately 15% by weight, Aroeiora 1248 and 1254 materially increase tbe load-carry ing properties without reducing tbe viscosity of tbe malting composition. These Arodore repre sent one of tbe more adequate carriers for the element chlorine as sn extreme pressure base, possessing tbe following advantages: l. Stability. They ate stable, even at higher temperatures, which permits neither separation of components) nor appreciable change in physical or chemical properties during tong periods of operation and should not cause continued chem ical actios on metal parts except tbe particular chemical metal surface combination which is nec essary to effect high load-carrying capacities. 2. Non-volatile. Many other types of chlorine bearing compounds are so volatile as to render them unfit for long periods of service because of the escape of the elements from the lubricant. The Arodors are non-volatile at normal temperatures. 3. Non-oxiditing. Aroclor* do not oxidise or thicken up to an objectionable degree. 4. Non-corrosive. Aroclor* are non-corrosive toward metal surfaces. 5. Non-abnuiot. Arodors exert no abrasion on tbe machined surfaces. 6. Non-hydrolysis. Arodors do not hydrolyze in the presence of water, thus avoiding the genera tion of hydrochloric add. 7. Compatibility, Arodora are completely misci ble with mineral oils. 8. Color. Arodors do not dsrkeo or chtnge tbe color of tbe lubricating off. Submerged Lubrication Under conditions of lubrication subjected to expo sure to water displacement such, for example, as lubrication of bridge roQera, a heavier-thanwater lubricant can be prepared bom mixtures of Aroclor and oil, of whkh the following are typical examples: --% by Vt-- Mix Aroefaf Peer No. OUV 1141 ftriat Gravity at li.SX Appro*. ib./gal. 1 50 50 0*F 1.1263 % 25 75 +S*F 1.2703 `Bright Stock: Gravity API 22-23 9.4 10.6 Viscosity 210* F--160 Secs. Ssyboit Cofew ASTM-74 Flash Point--S45*F Pour Point--1ST 13 JOI 005328 WATER PCB-SD0000059926 SUGGESTED USES FOR AROCLORS . /it PLASTICS, PIGMENTS, LACQUERS, PAINTS and VARNISnES The Aroclors are compatible with moat of the common plastic materials (tee compatibility table on this page). The degree of flexibility imparted by the Aroclors diminishes progressively in the order of liquid Arodor -- soft resin -- hard resin. The hardness of the resulting compositions increases in the same order. Usually a satisfactory balance between flexibility and hardnesa can be obtained either by selecting the Aroclor of proper physical characteristics or by using a mixture of two or more Aroclors. Compatibility With Various Materials Asphalt....................................................... C Benzyl CeBuioee........................................ G Cellulose Acetate............................... . f Chlorinated Rubber.................................. C Coumattooe and Indene Reams................ C Dammar Ream............................................. C Eater Gum................................................. C Ethyl CeBuloae.......................................... C Manila Gum.............................................. 1 Nitrocellulose............................................. C Paraffin....................................................... C Phenolic Reaina.......................................... Varies.* Polystyrene Resina.................................... C Roain.......................................................... C Rubber...................................... Sulfur.......................................................... C Vinyl Reaka......................................... C C -- indicates compatibility to a degree sufficient to be of value. I -- indicates incompatibility. 8 Not compatible is final stage. Ethyl Cellulose The Aroclors are very compatible with ethyl cel lulose, the liquids imparting great flexibility and the resinous products great hardnesa. 75 parts by weight of Aroclor 1242 with 100 parts of ethyl cellulose produces great fleixibility and juat a slight tackiness. Aroclor 5460 in the same propor tion produces a very hard and somewhat brittle composition. Aroclor 4465 produces hard films which are not brittle at ordinary temperature. For costings of high gloss and exceptional weath ering qualities to be applied to rigid surfaces, compoeitiotu containing equal parts by weight of Aroclor 5460 and ethyl cellulose are suggested. If greater Usability is required, one of the softer Aroclors should be used, either alone or as a replacement for part of the Aroclor 5460 and the proportion of Aroclor should be decreased. A typical formula b as foUows: Ethyl CeBuloae...................................... 15% Aroclor 1260........................................... 15% Toluene.................................................. 56% Butanol............................................... 14% 100% GCraphic Arts The Arodets are used as vehicles for carrying pigments employed in glass decoration. When the decorationa have been applied and the glass is fired, the Areetaa volatilise without carbonisa tion and thus avoid discoloration of the glass. Arociora 12S4 and 4465 are used. 14 JOI 005329 WATER PCB-SD0000059927 Arocior 4465 w a useful resin for compounding rotogravure inks. A mimeograph ink suitable for use on bond paper may be prepared as follows: Arocior 4465 .......................................... 40% Lubricating Oil (SUV 1200 @100#F).. 35% Paraffin Oil (SUV 76 <, 100T)........... 20% Carbon Black........................................ 4% Oil Soluble Dye..................................... 1% Arocior 4465 may also be used in the preparation of imitation gold leaf. A thin coating of the Arocior ie applied hot to one aide of paper. While it is still hot. bronse powder is spread upon the coating. The bronte powder adheres to the Arocior completely covering the paper. This product ie used in making the "gold leaf* letters on books, etc. The paper treated with Arocior and bronse powder ie placed upon the book binding. A hot die ie pressed upon it. The Arocior softens and sticks the bronse to the binding and forma a coat* iog over it to protect it from tarnishing. Impregnation The Arodors may be need to impregnate doth, paper, wood or atbeatoa in order to impart mots* ture and gas resistance, adbeatott, insulating prop* erties, alkali or other chemical resistance, flame resistance, or lubricating qualities. For this type of work they are used in combinations with other material* inch as waxea, inorganic pigments, asphalt, less, ainnshtum stearate, sulphur, etc., in order to obtain exactly the physical character* itttes desired for the specific purpose. Arodors 1254, 4465 and $466, or the corresponding dark* eokfed products, are suggested as meet applicable. Moisture Proofing For use as moisture proof coatings the Aroclort are best combined with waxes, such as paraffin or camauba, oils such as mineral oil, and resins such as ester gum or other synthetic resins. The simplest compositions contain only Arocior and paraffin. A moisture proofing compound composed of 96% (by weight) of Arocior 5460 and 4% of paraffin (melting point 54C) hat an ASTM soft* ening point of about 82* C and is very efficient. Substituting Arocior 4465 for Arocior 5460 pro duces a compound with a softening point of about 58*C Softening point and viscosity when melted may be further decreased by using mixtures of Aroclort. For example, a composition containing 40% of Arocior 1260, 56% of Arocior 5460 and 4% of paraffin will be very toft at ordinary temperatures. Increased proportions of paraffin will alao pro duce softer compounds. Mold Lubricants Because of their inertness and low volatility, the Arodors are excellent mold lubricants. As an example -- the addition of 1% of Arocior 1242 or 5460 to a vinyl formal resin produces great improvement in ease of molding operation is well as in the appearance of the molded pieces. The molded pieces slip easily from the mold snd postern extremely high water resistance and good dielectric strength. An excess does not retard hardening action. The Aroelors are equally applicable to other molding compositions, the particular one to be selected and the method of use being governed, of course, by the molding material and the con ditions of operation. is J0I 005330 WATER PCB-SD0000059928 DIAGRAMS SHOWING PRACTICAL COMPOSITION JQI 005331 WATER PCB-SD0000059929 OF LACIJUEHS USKVG AIIOCLOIIS 1254 AMP 1202 la the triHnear diagrams the compositions, represented fey any point in the unshaded areas, are those which produce homogeneous lacquer films. Ob the other hand compositions represented by points in the shaded areas produce impractical, segregated, brittle or soft films. For detailed information as to the derivation and use of these diagrams reference is made to the following articles: JoaUas a Footer, "CosapaubiKty ReUtioaaiypa e4 Ue Afoeiara is Nltreoatioleaa Lsequwv," Isd. Sag. Osem. S3.1362 (1931). Hotfnsaa * RoSd, "CrepWal Methods io TethaoJogy," lad. Esg. Qmm, S3, 431 (192S)j Tonsslsttos NltroadlsW U^' lad. Es. Ckmm. SO, 467 (1986). 17 JQI 005332 WATER PCB-SD0000059930 Nitrocellulose Coatings Tbe Arodon function both as plasticisers and resins end may be used alone with the nitro cellulose or mCombinations with other plasticizers or resins. They impart weather resistance, luater, adhesion and decreased burning rate. Their excel lent electrical characteristics (high dielectric con stant and resistivity and low power factor) and their property of retarding the passage of moisture and gases through nitrocellulose films make the Aroclors of special value in coatings for electrical insulating materials. The accompanying trilinear diagrams show the practical compatibility limits of Aroclors 1254 and 1262 when used in conjunction with some other resins and plasticisers. Arocior 1260 gives values almost the same as those shown for 1262. The less viscous Aroclors have greater and the more resiooua Aroclors less compatibility than for those shown. (See triHnear diagrams on pages 16 and 17.) To Qluatrato the differences poaaible to obtain by changes in formulation, throe formulae are given below. All have excellent durability but the third is much softer and more fiesihle than the other two. Only the eolida contents are given. The amounts tabulated are parts by weight. Arocior Lacquers No. i No. 2 No. 3 Yl second Nitrocellulose (dry) 100 100 100 Dammar resin...................... 6Q -- --* Ester Gnm............... ......... -- 80 _ Anchor 1260........................ 2049 20 80-70 Dibntyl Phthalafa............... 20- 0 20 -- Tricreeyi Phosphate............ -- -- 39-70 No. 1 and No. 2 have excellent sanding aod polishing qualities. No. 3 is very flexible but too soft for sanding. Where extremely high flexibility is desired, as for example in lacquers for high teosioa automotive cables, the following composition is suggested: 15 -- 20 sec. R. S. Nitrocellulose.......................... 8 parts by weight Tricresyl Phosphate................ 10 parts by weight Arocior 1242 ............................ 7 psrta by weight Pigment Arocior 1270 is a hard, white crystalline product of high melting point, insoluble in moat solvents, resistant to chemicals and to oxidation. When ground to a fine powder it makes an excellent organic pigment for use with the various plastics, it may be uaed alone or with conventional pigments. Paints and Varnishes The Aroclors are soluble in paint and varnish oils and impart properties corresponding to the phys ical character of the particular Arocior. The hard resinous Arodon tend to give increased hardness to the films while the viscous retina impart flexibility. The Arodon d not react chemically with oils, hence there is no advantage in heating together in making a varnish. They are heat added as a "chill back" or as a cold cut in the thinning operation. As far as incorporation of tha Arodon is coo. earned, tbe only reason for heating is to make the Arodon liquid so that they can he readily mixed with the oils. IB JOI 005333 WATER PCB-SD0000059931 Aroekrs 4465 sad S460 will produce psinta that rc very quick drying sad yet here excellent durability. The weight of Aroclor used should be from 30% to 50% of the weight of the oils. Aroclor 1260 is best for short oil varnishes that are required at the same time to be flexible. The Aroclor may be considered to play the same role as oil, with the difference that it does oot oxidise and lose its flexibility on exposure. Resins of the alkyd, phenolic or ester gum type, or a harder Aroclor such as 5460, may be used in making varnish formulations. It is suggested that for two parts by weight of oil, one part of Aroclor 1260 and one part of other ream be used. These pro portions can be varied as required. The Arociors impart water and alkali resistance and in these qualities enhance the value of the other retina used in the varnish. Rubber and Rubber Substitutes The Arociors when in a liquid condition have a solvent action on rubber, Arociors 1254 and 1260 are milled into rubber in order to impart perma nent tackiness and adhesion. A small amount of Aroclor 1260 added to bard rubber acts aa a plasticiser and reduces the brittleness, Aroclor 1270, being s bard crystallise material of high melting point, ean he ground to a powder and then msBed late rubber. The milling tensperatnre being below the melting point of the Aroclor, the latter is dispersed through the min of rubber and sets aa an efficient flame reducer. This same procedure can be used with synthetic rubbers to impart fireproofness. From 5% to 25% of Aroclor 1270 based on the weight of the plastic is required. Aroclor 1262 is recommended as a plasticizer for crepe rubber resin in paint compositions. Used in concentrations of 5% to 50%, based on the weight of the rubber resin, it increases the gloss and alkali resistance of the film without detracting from its adhesiveness toward steel. Chlorinated Rubber Finishes Arociors 1242, 1254 and 1260 are recommended as plasticisers for chlorinated rubber. They give tough flexible compositions and may he used alone or together with the reaine and oils com monly employed in chlorinated rubber formula tions. From 40 to 60 parts to each 100 parts by weight of chlorinated rubber is suggested. The Arociors are especially valuable as finishes for alkaline surface# such as concrete, brick, stucco, etc., and for arid and alkali resistant coatings. Vinyl Resim The Arociors are compatible with all the vinyl retina. The properties imparted depend upon the particular Aroclor and the vinyl retin used. The selection of the correct Aroclor foe a particular use ean usually be made by consideration of the physical properties of the Aroclor aeries. 19 JO I 005334 WATER PCB-SD0000059932 OTHER PRODUCTS OF OUR PHOSPHATE DIVISION Aeki Sodium Pyrophosphate Aluminum Oxide Abrasive Ammonium Phosphates (Mono*, Di*) Calcium Phosphates (Mono-, Di, Tri) Calcium Pyrophosphate Diphenyl IX Sodium Phosphate Ferro Phosphorus Mono Sodium Phosphate Phosphoric Arid Phosphoric Arid Paste Phosphorus Phosphorus Protoxide Sodium Feme Pyrophosphate Synthetic Detergents Tecpbeayt Tetrs Phosphoric Arid Tatra Potassium Pyrophosphate Tetra Sodium Pyrophosphate Tri Sodium Phosphate Wetting Agents P4.443R 20 PRINTED IN U. S. A. JQI 005335 WATER PCB-SD0000059933 NOTICE The information contained in thii booklet is to our beat knowledge true and accurate, but all recommendations or suggestions are made with* out guarantee, since the conditions of nee are beyond our control, Monsanto Chemical Company disclaims soy debility incurred in con* neetfoa with the use of those data or suggestions. Furthermore, nothing contained hereto shail be eonstrued ss a recommendation to use any product in eonliet with existing patents cover* iag any material or its use. JOI 005336 WATER PCB fThis Packs Contains AROCLOR (A chlorinated diphenyl, technical) AVOID REPEATED CONTACT J^!Tltt,SmAND.INHALATIOH OF THE FUMES AND DUSTS ( ]1 PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT 3 JOI 006547 WATER_PCB- This Pscksgo Contains AROCLOR (A chlorinated diphenyl, technical) AVOID REPEATED CONTACT WITH SKIN AND INHALATION OF THE FUMES AND DUSTS JO I 006572 WATER_PCB-SD0000059936 J O I 0 0 6 5 73 AroclorM1254 (Arariv .. i. ftrf. W.| CAUTIONl AVOID prolonged and repeated contact with skin. AVOID PROLONGED BREATHING OP VAPOR AND DUST. MANUFACTURED If MONSJflTO CHEMICAL COMPART % 1040-100--f.M--SJ ST. LOUIS 4, MO. WATER_PCB- JO I 9 CAUTION! cortTANts <moa*iAiti HfostocAtBows 9p Avol? JWO^Onp*3 feeoT W|M41 OT RlfsISa AvoJ^ cwtotl with ytt or protongoc! ontod wMt iUn. 9 * W Mn contact occurs rmr* by iraiMnf with soap and wolor. Following eye confoct fivih wfHi wofec, , If dofWn becomes voo&ttd wttb 9M<9, bwidw before weorfng^ogafa. Cavfton! Contains chlorinated hydrocarbons i *H |ir*lM(>4 kmlMii| I vapor* *r mlili. Avoid cnlo<l wlA ryai or protongod contort with Ain. If lln contact occort, romovo by miMnf Mi iH|i d wotor. i following oyo contact ftadi wHti water. J If clotMng hcccnwi toshod witti Hold, lavndor fcolora wtnrlnj pffotn. J- ini <oo o WATER_PCB-SD0000059938 ELECTRICAL WATER PCB-SD0000059939 JO I 0 0 6 5 7 6 CHLORINATED POLYPHENYLS CAUTION! CONTAINS CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS Avoid prolonged breathing of vapors or mists. Avoid contact with eyes or prolonged contact . with skin. If skin contact occurs, remove by washing with soap and water. Following eye contact flush with water. If clothing becomes soaked with fluid, launder before wearing again. LOT NO...................................................................PACKER NET LEGAL 600 LBS. 272.16 KILOS | MONSANTO COMPANY, ST. LOUIS. MISSOURI, U S A. 826.13 280.05/53 WATER PCB-SD0000059940 This product contains polychlorinated bi phenyls, which some studies have shown may be an environmental contaminant. Extreme care should be taken to prevent any entry in to the environment through spills, leakage, use, disposal, vaporization or otherwise. 1020/53 p~ r*- m 43 Oo o WATEFL.PCB-SD0000059941 AROCLOR 0r0I<T0S o o CHLORINATED PQLYPHENYLS CAUTION! CONTAINS CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS Avoid prolonged breathing of vapors or mists. Avoid contact with eyes or pro longed contact with skin. If skin contact occurs, remove by washing with soap and water. Following eye contact flush with water. If clothing becomes soaked with fluid, launder before wearing again. t This product contains polychlorinated bi phenyls, which some studies have shown may be an environmental contaminant. Extreme care should be taken to prevent any entry in to the environment through spills, leakage, use, disposal, vaporization or otherwise. LOT NO. ,__________________________ - PACKER 600NET LEGAL LBS. 272*16 KILOS MONSANTO COMPANY, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI, U S A. 826.13 280.11/53 WATER PCB-SD0000059942 WASTE DISPOSAL Used polychlorinated biphenyl fluids may be returned freight prepaid for proper incineration at 3* per pound. Ship to: Supervisor Dept. A-246 MONSANTO COMPANY SAUGET, ILLINOIS 62201 1149/53 WATER PCB-SD0000059943 JOI 006580 ELECTRICAL GRADE ArocLor 1254 CHLORINATED POLYPHENYLS BY Monsanto CAUTION! CONTAINS CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS Avoid prolonged breathing of vapors or mists. Avoid contact with eyes or prolonged contact with skin. If skin contact occurs, remove by washing with soap and water. Following eye contact flush with water. If clothing becomes soaked with fluid, launder before wearing again. This product contains polychlorinated biphenyls, which some studies have shown may be persistent, an environmental contaminant and, possibly, in jurious to certain forms of bird, aquatic and animal life. Extreme care should be taken to prevent any entry into the environment through spills, leakage, use, disposal, vaporization or otherwise. Contact your Monsanto Representative regarding reclamation of used fluid. WASTE DISPOSAL Used polychlorinated biphenyl fluids may be re turned freight prepaid for proper incineration at 31 per pound. Ship to: Supervisor Dept. A-246 MONSANTO COMPANY SAUGET, ILLINOIS 62201 LOT NO. 600 ,, 272.16. PACKER MONSANTO COMPANY, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 63166, U S A. TARE 48 LB. 21.77 KG. GROSS 648 LB. 293.93 KG. 811.03 280.16/53 WATER PCB-SD0000059944 JOI 006581 ArocLor 1254 MonsantoDIELECTRIC FLUID BY LOT NO. CAUTION! CONTAINS CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS Read and follow all IMPORTANT safeguard instructions shown on this container. WASTE DISPOSAL With prior Monsanto notification used polychlori nated biphenyl fluids may be returned freight pre paid for proper incineration at 3< per pound. Ship to: Supervisor Dept. 831 MONSANTO COMPANY SAUGET, ILLINOIS 62201 600.272.16PACKER LEGAL NET KG. MONSANTO COMPANY, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 63166, U SA TARE 68 LB. 30.84 KG. GROSS 668 LB. 303.00 KG. 811.03 280.18/53 WATER PCB-SD0000059945 JOI 006582 OTVT9CM WCOTM DMa Arerttort ertihff POLVCHLONIEWTE WfWtWVlt (ACTe). Ifn lull I Iinijiiiii tmifii in fimniiiitfi. III! Ill tfoUnmfl toatotiafl warecton^aM and nagflc>M metoe pgr Paeto--to*aptoartan scaleLag**-and JEOUCHES IMDWKKN W 0 UMWCLT OURCH VtTOCWOTffH, UCKAMN. VgWWW^H. wmncMtmucM von oocn ihnucmts i zu vcwmxm wwacwrrmra uno wui ihmkn besammelt weaoen. *^**"111 r------ --- i***'i irm Tr'^rrit iiMiiiiii nm ...........jftiniiilliiilliimiinirrT- irirfrm*~F"r`-ijjii i to*AeUwN8wWtfto >1 SIm amf wMLiftaninii(iwn*i. TUmnTiiTBiui mliiii PTumiiiiiiimlftin i n t*nfirlTi~Tfl OCJBUNU|irWClMOiOH 881 VEWSCHLUCKEN OOERBEttJUNBEttWBEWOHNIBIQtfrTetftttAUT. wguwiamcwNtowmioNwoowgNhiicMogwainowgooW8^wfligigwDPaTywwap`0TgBvtroagipcM. SWWEWnJBS CNL0N89 |%-W^|M8IV4fCN te 0WNCNVLC8 CHLOWtS **. MmeaWww A*ton>. 4. (to ce fan. to* "OcA pov* eaUtoM e 4 ainw. Pe rta automate to <to fMACCHEW OVA. WE t WEAANlX 0AW9 ttNVWOWEIAWT AAA SUITE 08 TVtC9. VC*3f Mf NTS. ANOCCDC9 P'CLWaaiAffQW. VAPORISATION REUTK.ISA1ION DCS RCCCtENTS. ETC LCB AERTCS. ELATES ET 0CCMET9 OOtVCN* ITW WCIALIS LVWtoaWBn 4a f pradaw (to* tor* totot+a an wa^Wnw a* to* to p>mtoW na a* ^aorfa Sana rewtonnnan*enL afnaf qu'aae appMcaPon* eP 0 na pawl pa* anira* an contoel arwsc I etonentoPon townaim* el anAwato ae toepredtoie pAarmeccnto^waa SUBSTANCE NOCfVE PAW MOESTtON OU AAW CONTACT ANOLONOC AVCC LA AfAU SWSTAWTAOUWiAACAUETUSVCUE - OURAWT LE TRANSPORT CVITCW DEVCRSEUCWTS CT AERTCS DANS l8 COUWS O CAU CT LA NCR Tanir prPcert #eSntontolton twawaitoai --Anato a* Sea pb4uWb ptoannaceutoptoe. Taatr la rSdptom WanlanaE. Wapaaiaanpai piwepaalwnwpaiiltBnl rmwaaSan schaoeuece bubbtanhe wwkw *--urtmmi oraui WnOWAMT WfTAHVMIHUOOllMIM AlCfSNtNlCtC 'ANTE CUNWWMI|%`Malt4|i ^rcn AOUCLONONirCNRI ffC9?.cNMMIr Tan&tonea. pipbePihimirte nocMpe eWane n>tl* im>i.a 41 **ta animate s4 rwivwwiiArqgWAwa waiwwimii acmwawnwii rvoKt scaivcmi rwowBom, nurouo of* contfmioni oo al tno. IS WWIt AUBHE OSCAR*I OEVONO fSSCRE NACCOLTI f tfiBuii tome awe inn n.na*a gacBa appftoaatoto cN p 0tMOA NOOVA FfA MXftlONE O MCA CONTATTO FAOUMQATO COW LA WUL BBVfANTE ACT lAREUEEQL'OCCHL dmaawts a. mAs^owro evttare AcnprTt c twaboccmwacouc internee nelmawe r oLiatBwiwim 0v,.m*w>ww ycet TWa pratfall eanNUna WH.TCHIOWMTTO SNEWl9 (TCTS W> a r.trVwt* a certain lent a* apwt enS a EMCVENTANrewmvaNTOTNECNVfWOWMCm mWUQHtAUB.UAKAOC. tmSAL VAP0t*V9ATI0N. WE-VSE 08 COWTAMERS ON OTHERWISE SUeAaRoISIW. L*EpAKeAtoGdESmmApNIDPWa mASWTEePtWROtoDUapCpTttcMaUltoSMTaB*ENCiOALcLEnCtToEoDaa*PWn NM aPf to 9to ~ ta wal peel pn4 to appMcattewe to wtocA B canwal ccwa Into cewtoul eto to MANMTUL SUBSTANCE E TAKEN SfTENMALLY ON 9 IN ANOL0NOEDCONTACT WTN THE SK09. CAUSES VBS1 AflON OE SKM AND EVES, DURWO SMAMENT AVOID 9RU8 AND LEAKAGE BETO BRAND WATT8WAT8 ANO THE SEA. Store pars? Bee* tops, antoapl toeBmtoWp ana pihipimnaujaiiiiHicalB. OpaaABPlprp ApraBacftopn a NrmMaQMEOERIVWNItM^M > esrcwLoa aoucloraoo* rest m. UtVSwWWi OMWM"eAOcOoUOaKeNCr.MaMeTEIaWVMTBMIiCaMOuOWmOTNArKCmTOmCkO.MnnnM*OCnoPOaoMtcCmvccJNnWaTEolWPoa.WnKfmloMlK*AScnirlaA*S^.DEHCHn' __ toli"e4VwocNtoan.annto4nemuaa.il9topemaRAiewmiln*. Vjr raa^af(c4a(lcclM. MOTANOA NOCTVA 0 BE NPOeNC O SC ENCUEWTRA EN COWTACTO AROLONOAOO COW LA AO. CAMA fWTACHW, A LA AR. V LOS AJOS WATER PCB-SD0000059946 JOI 006533 ArocLor DIELECTRIC FLUID BY 8 Monsanto LOT NO. CAUTION! (^NTvfeiHijbRiNATED HYDROCARBONS I Read and follow all IMPORTANT safeguard Instructions shown on this container. WASTE DISPOSAL Wrtfj prior Monsanto notification used polychlori nated biphenyl fluids may be returned freight pre paid for proper incineration at the prevailing price. Ship to: Supervisor Dept. 790 MONSANTO COMPANY SAUGET, ILLINOIS 62201 r 600 272.16es PACKER lb KG. MONSANTO COMPANY, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 63166, U SA TARE 65 LB. 29.48 KG. GROSS 665 LB. 301.64 KG. 811.03 280.20/53 WATER PCB-SD0000059947 J O I 0 0 6 58 `t ' ? T murvcH moma monnwwmiHii' M,i4N>iiif firw<ii h*ii Poocxtorntnit mtm (ires i i OwmM towlfiH MfRchmudM umI n WoaaoHto*m kMMc^ aatn knn Jf OUCHES CMOMMOf N IN OK UMWVl? DURCM VIWCMOmM. IfCKAOEH VfROAMPEEM. W<tO(XUUCM VOH WHKUtm OtKK KHNir^l 91ST lUVfMMDCW WICOflirf( UNO WNUC MOWN OfSAiMir MfKOCN P IhM* mmtmm on* fcnfc*in*rt* fin fntunppMH.liwSnVipyr-- t*- ff-iir^-ptn > <> Vmmm* --MBirth m^NI LawwiRlQln. Nm HwmomwMiiMn4art b4 OVSM9CrTMC*4KOllCN BE* Vf 9CMIUC*SW ODE* BEI LAWOERER EWWRUMG MT OER HAI/T AttfTMuruMQAUOi'l - yi^KMmiM oo*n itCKMKN m nossc ooca se e nwahrenodes nwtvoArts viwcikn Vw* ENBfpnswNItoAi. T|wMli uN HmmfMWlt tonHe*too 9*M8ftiw AtNywcNw>iMwi, MteAfMHAMMwnNi nlcBipPiatowti MAmM^iAWi BAwpn on A9AM kMl OCNAYOtOKEAOC WPMEMYICM (PCS 8CUFI OAT MET TAOOUKT IN MET MURtl OCRAAICT DOORMOAKN.UKNMK. VtAWflKKN. TtADMTfN. HtAOCMMTNVAN CONTAINERS M OOAOR8. LCKKAOC9 (N VCRSPB.0 PAOOWT MOETfM VfRZAMElD WORDEN HA snSmft *n dN ^iW iw( Sopatoi wRw tel dto toopocatoson NA gtftonBa VM HH wlpliald In INI man nW tan iwAnni an * nynilmN nmiNI Bo* tool N fcOftfaAt ftn KIMKLUKC MMTMOE /WTA KAMOAKCAO OE BU UMOUAM HOWTAK? MCI OE MWO VEROOREAAKTBWTAMSVAMMUIDENOOCM VfRMUO OTVOAI CM ItKKAOCS M PNNCMWATCRCN CM TEE OCOUREMOE VER9CMEPINO Bmrooi ilwTIni1! wan nMnI. dtoriqt iobAmI on tnimouWo ciQAOwrmu iif.n ........... .... yen O"**** |rtNN MNItn* POOCt 0**OR*T f MR t (ACB| [N iicB"Iii i *'vO*i A atomY tivd *>nhi wio a*no ' a o<ia<XMKnlg nocnn p< atovno iptci <K ucca*> Of v* ontmato N PREVENdM! lAPENETRA/IOMC Mf tl AMOR N If A CAIfSA 0***f AO*1f I DOME. SCARtCHI IVATORADONE. RAnRUTiO 0(1 CONtfNMORI OO A| IRQ IE PER0*TE. rvOMf O SCARIIDCVONO fSVM RACCOl II l *I*U R Ml* pn Salto too* oaaara MiNo a n*i NilcinA cf* po*oro *m>* ****#* * **<* I piManN N |uN Npkainm mN pwNi non ptmi *ow m cnntolto con * aohwA a pMoW looncoAct BOBTAMEA MQOVA PER BRJCSHQMC O P(R CON*ATTO PROLUNGATO CONLA Pf III PARTANTE NAlANlU E Otl OCCMr OURANTI A. IRASPORfOEVITARE PfROlTf ( TRAROCCHf IN ACOUE INTERNE ONI MARE An piadoWl towmititm a al--aoti d*mnn< pa nwwR 8N9MSN REPORTANT CMEOROEMPMCMEIB |9 *A. M fw 8 fPC| TM praAVcIcaMaVNPOlTCHtORMATTOBiPMENYtSfPCB a|nEacA aema NwAon Aa<*a Ko**n tnoy Ba pO**tonl. an anRronmaMal contammanl anA. poaib*f. *|wlBag la caNat* Iona* oi apwaix ana mntmel Ma PREVENT ANV ENTRY INTO THE fNVIROIANNT THROUGH SPA.IS LEAKAGE. DISPOSAL. VAPOURISATION. RE USE Of CONTAINERS OR OTHERWISE SPttLS LEAKAGES AMO WASTE PROOUCT MUSI BE COLLECTED U*a ml th>a p*oAvcl am Bo foatoicioA to app*eaiin wtocK can Ba cwOuAtoA me 4>mA enar^ <to toa aw*Kaniwanl Aooa no* occw a* to appAcationa in ntocB K canna* cent* nto contact *W tooA. amnwa* iMRiiAa of pBomac*a*icato HARMFUL SURSTANCE W TAKEN INTERNALLY OR 4 m PROLONGED CONTACT WITH 7C 3KSN CAUSES IRRIIA TION Of SK* ANO Ev( S DURING SHIPMENT AVOBT SPRlS ANO LEAKAGE P*TO PR.AMO WATERWAYS AND THE SEA Sto*o a<aor Bont too*, an--a* toaOHwRa and pAanacaaBcalB Haop confaBtof ItpBWy ctoao# Oa wo* aa* a* molt nBan wamg AotoBaa*B*np ^iMn. mN* or lotol Do no* waor contonAwatad cMBln^ WoaB pfodvcl Bom AB *di ooop nd aator . WtaH1TtaWta.ai.,. ' ' I contoMtoad AN protoRo A, ARM A CIXHoWo Mwnliro Twnini iir(w.naWM<ia,i..i<>im<Nvmpui MmtaNnrilm BfWl03 WmtCLonAOOS |TCB| <*. a^6o tan >RffiANtfp aor pinWwNl, c*rt****NoM Aaf midto N"A*onM f. ponHiimwN, ERHWAn para Alni^ntAn doaoa Aa plprtn j Ma arwMlra r ammA CVTTAft OUE ENTRE T.M fcONTACTO CON El MEDOAMR*Nir POTT Df ItflAMES fUOAS OESCCMO VATORIZACION. RE VTRI7ACION |)f fNVARfS. O WR CUAlOUn OIRA CAUSA ' KEE AECOHIA9E CUALOUtfR derrame. toga o orsNWao la AMttdln da oate prAct toft* r***rlnp*aa nr**acton** pn pwoAan a T a rn n* II In A para avNar an M'ottoccton an al ma<ttn a--nfrton* jr a apJk ion** an l* qu* no RaB onlrar an CBNarl* con aWwnmw. plana** * (waAn to fann*(Mkn SUB91AMCIA NOCtVA SI BE INONRC O ST ENCUCfcltRA IN CON1ACTO ERotONQAOO CON l> Q_ CAUBA *VWTAC*OM. A LA rtf I r l OS AJOS OEJRANTC B. TRANSPORTC. VIIAR CERRAINS V I IfOAS A CANAIIS O RIOS NAVEOARtf S. V Al MAll ^*A*ANBr N|aa Aa aaotantoi ptonaoa. jr pnxluctoa la<macaw*k.oa ftfhrnfltaAfif A* WNaaA |<anntfMcan*an<a ttim&o WATER PCB-SD0000059948 JOI 006565 ArocLor 1254 DIELECTRIC FLUID BY Monsanto CAUTION! CONTAINS CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS Read and follow all IMPORTANT safeguard instructions shown on this container. WASTE DISPOSAL With prior Monsanto notification used polychlori nated biphenyl fluids may be returned freight pre paid for proper indneration it the prevailing price. In case of: SPILL or LEAK, call colled (618) 271 5835 Ship to: Supervisor Dept. 790 MONSANTO COMPANY SAUGET, ILLINOIS 62201 LOT NO. 600 272.16e sriinBrawaifpj> ... K6. packer MONSANTO COMPANY, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 63166, U SA TARE 65 LB. GROSS 665 LB. 29.48 KG. 301.64 KG. 811.03 280.21/53 WATER PCB-SD0000059949 JO I 0 0 6 5 8 6 CUTPCN CMKwmrr D*w*s Pta**! an*** POLTCMlOfMf RFC BlPHCNrif (RCR'a) tfiNi*wto"pia*l 4 UmmA 09iNPto vkkKmvOM ua0 mTgWcharwIos R* to *OtO lWNH N D UUWUT tMtCM ^MCHQTTfM.UCMUKH VWWMMW. 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VAPOURISATION. Mg USC Of COMtAMgNS ON OTMf MWISC SPM.LS. LC ARAOCS AMOTTASIC CNOOUCI MUST M COLLCCTCD Uss o* PMs p*a0wci Mast to *ssMicia0 *a appiicsUswi* a*ni> esn to canasOto as 0ai atof --a* 9*0 ' aPvMsnMSNi 0us* nai ccw a**0 is ptfifttsMans an a comnan cs--s --is tomati 0i fiss0. awtmgi HARMFUL SU9STAMCC 0 TARgM PTTCRNALLV OR H IMPROLOMOCDCOMTACT WITH THE SMBf CAUSES 0MNIAI0MOC HMAMOCKS OURIMO 9F0PMCMT AVOID 5PM.LS AMO ICAMAQC MTO0R AMD WAICRNAVS AMO THC SCA MNIWi'lWMIFCR TOUCtOWJWtWlI |fC8| c*s aci>ii*o I nwRtti a Acw*4|ia ns rumNieiifca s *c>niiwii> ps* steams apaci wcit* aAwu sn--isiss0 PRCVCMPCLAPCMCmA/IONC WU MMNMK A CAUSA D< PfROUE IUOMF SCAWCMI EVAPORATIONS. NUHIUIO Ml CONIf NITORI OTJ At IRO if HWTl. ItMM O 0CAMTV MVONO f SSCRC MACCOt Vl L'lMua 0 Nto prstaO* ss>9>s *--** assn*, Nl*caiiewlcNpat--n --sc--aoWslA w mmM S M M^TillNt N< NNMa N 9 8MN Nl*cw,eM SN no* po**s *SM n trmtstto ton nXisisH^ wAisIoyrnAStarmacswScI SOOTAMZA MOCrVArCnvcQCSIlOMCOMACONf^TVOrAOtUNOATOCON LAPflU mtANVCPCIHAPCUCtOUOCCM . nffMMTf A nUHomoiWIAN PfROUC TMAOCCM W ACOVf WI(WC f Nfl MAH * . MOY.-M,M(oN*/4(9CM CtmHtnm MPgNHOS POUCLORAOOS |PCBJ --. sg6o <tsnos --ton-- Nr piuMaltNi**. c"**** (to Nt0N> smbter** f. poXMsswuM ' p*r 8nsNisft dowt *m p0ftn* 7 AM scwtttea 7 WWJ OR Hftjc El* COM! ACtO COM Ji HDIOAUMNK POnOfMRAMCS FUOAS DfSECHO VAPORIZAOON. MC-U1IUZACK)N Of FNVASfS. O POM CUALOU*n OIRA CAUSA MDC MCCOOOI9C CUAtOMR Of RRAMC. FUGA O OfSPfROICIO la <*musu8ftn 0 -- ytosclo 0sb rs*ulr*9tos a scrsc*on* <** pw-- m> t nvlMMitaa. para --tor -- to'Otocclon " * --o osWsXo. epfks> ions* *n Is* qua mf *"* sn ear*sets e* aPmsnlss, oMwaw, istowt is* fs#fw*r fern. <> pVMIANCIA NOCIVA 01 Sf MOCH O SC FMCUCMWA FN CONIACK) PRO! ONOADO COM LA MQ. CAUSA fWTACKM. A LA Pffl V LOS AJOS l L WWWt fVTTAM MMMAMCS V TUOAS A CANAIC9 O RKJS NAVCOAfM.CS. V At I ** * k. plant--. 7 pamfeeto* fsrmac*wk--. s*> ft*it*ciAn. Zasz&sZsazst POMTuouve toPONVANTM CAD t Pa pwMa cpMs POUCLOROONCNMO8 ^CS a CVITAW OUALQUCR PUNQOUCAQ WQ MCM> ffTUB ItMIC POM OCWW< (SCOAUENTO.HJDC^), VATOFM/ACAO. UIILUACAO RCPCTIOA M FHCIPHMICSOUDC dualOUCROUIMOMOOO OS PMOOUIO0 IWIONMOOS. TCRTRM30 OU RCJCHADOS OCVfM SCR HCUMMOOI cawas psaa awawi* as cam piNiai A 1 apbeactos an Da sto ps0s to tamstv esm HMTANCM MOCWA OUAMOO MHMHM OU K CMCOMTACrOPITOLONOAOOCOMAmg causa miACAooc me e DoeotMO* OURAMTg O tRANSPORIg MARIttoO gwfAN 09 OgRIMttSS g gSCOAMCMTOS MOS RIOS g MO MAR Armaca I pa a p Lava M o0o* ton 89119. por WATER PCB-SD0000059950 eThis Pack* Contains AROCLOR (A chlorinated diphenyl, teehnicei) AVOID REPEATED CONTACT WITH SKIN AND INHALATION OF THE FUMES AND DUSTS JQI 006587 WATER_PCB-SD0000059951 JO I 006588 Aroclor 1260 (Mm r.a U- s. ft*. 08.) CAUTIONS AVOID PROLONGED AND REPEATED CONTACT WTO SKIN. AVOID PROLONGED BREATHING OF VAPOR AND DUST. MANUFACTURED IT MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY as IT. LOUIS l; MO. WATER PCB-SD0000059952 JQI 006589 CAUTION! eotiTA!m cmoaWAi tmm&mmmm Avoitf protoosMl brMlMftg of vapors or mtih. A.uai|| Aj&*mL.aLjA *'' innir>iti n a* aSLS'a nw IvfiiWCi Wiifw vjrWS Or pOOvOn^Wv CwlfOCT WVTT9 iRm If sllit contod eccors roatova bf washing with soap m4 water. Following sys contact flash with water. . W dothlng bocomos Boohed with fluid, lopndor boforo woahtg*golt f- ' " I CavVlon! Contains chlarimrVaJ hydlracarWns *M frtlnfd bfrartilig of vapors or mtsls. I Avoid contort wirtt oyos or prolongod contact whti skin. It skin cantsKt occvrs, rsmsvs by washing wttti soap and wator. I Following ojro contact flsA wilt? wator. I if clothing becomes seabed witti Hold, iovnder bsisrs wearing, again. WATER_PCB-SD0000059953 i WATER PCB-SD0000059954 JOI AROCLOR CHLORINATED POLYPHENYLS CAUTION! CONTAINS CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS Avoid prolonged breathing of vapors or mists. Avoid contact with eyes or prolonged contact with skin. If skin contact occurs, remove by washing with soap and water. Following eye contact flush with water. If clothing becomes soaked with fluid, launder before wearing again. LOT NO. PACKER NET LEGAL 600 LBS. 272.16 KILOS MONSANTO COMPANY, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI, U S A. 826.14 290.07/5 WATER PCB-SD0000059955 This product contains polychlorinated bi phenyls, which some studies have shown may be an environmental contaminant. Extreme care should be taken to prevent any entry in to the environment through spills, leakage, use, disposal, vaporization or otherwise. 1020/53 WATER_PCB JOI 006593 AROCLOR CHLORINATED POLYPHENYLS CAUTION! CONTAINS CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS Avoid prolonged breathing of vapors or mists. Avoid contact with eyes or pro longed contact with skin. If skin contact occurs, remove by washing with soap and water. Following eye contact flush with water. If clothing becomes soaked with fluid, launder before wearing again. This product contains polychlorinated bi phenyls, which some studies have shown may be an environmental contaminant. Extreme care should be taken to prevent any entry in to the environment through spills, leakage, use, disposal, vaporization or otherwise. LOT NO. __________________________ - PACKER NET LEGAL 600 LBS. 272.16 KILOS MONSANTO COMPANY, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI, U S A. 826 14 290.13/53 WATER PCB-SD0000059957 WASTE DISPOSAL Used polychlorinated biphenyl fluids may be returned freight prepaid for proper incineration at 3* per pound. Ship to: Supervisor Dept. A 246 MONSANTO COMPANY SAUGET, ILLINOIS 62201 1H9/53 WATER PCB-SD0000059958 JOI 006595 ELECTRICAL GRADE ArocLor 1260 MonsantoCHLORINATED POIYPHENYLS BY CAUTION! CONTAINS CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS Avoid prolonged breathing of vapors or mists. Avoid contact with eyes or prolonged contact with skin. If skin contact occurs, remove by washing with soap and water. Following eye contact flush with water. If clothing becomes soaked with fluid, launder before wearing again. This product contains polychlorinated biphenyls, which some studies have shown may be persistent an environmental contaminant and, possibly, in jurious to certain forms of bird, aquatic and animal life. Extreme care should be taken to prevent any entry into the environment through spills, leakage, use, disposal, vaporization or otherwise. Contact your Monsanto Representative regarding reclamation ol used fluid. WASTE DISPOSAL Used polychlorinated biphenyl fluids may be re turned freight prepaid for proper incineration at 3* per pound. Ship to: Supervisor Dept. A-246 MONSANTO COMPANY SAUGET, ILLINOIS 62201 LOT NO. PACKER fid .Dfl -Ltwu. ^ I_|5. 97 99 Smm & MONSANTO COMPANY, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 63166, U S A. KG. TARE. 5 LB. GROSS 65 LB. 2.21 KG. 29.49 KG. 811.05 290.14/53 WATER PCB-SD0000059959 JO I 0 0 6 5 9 6 INERTEEN. p p o CAUTION! CONTAINS CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS Avoid prolonged breathing of vapors or mists. Avoid contact with eyes or prolonged contact with skin. If skin contact bccurs, remove by washing with soap and water. Following eye contact flush with water. If clothing becomes soaked with fluid, launder before wearing again. Made lor WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORPORATION. `Trademark of WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORPORATION. LOT NO. HIT LEGAL 674 LBS. PACKER 305.72 TARE 48 LBS KILOS GROSS 722 LBS. 21.77 KILOS 327.49 KILOS MONSANTO COMPANY, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI, USA 810 92 200.02 / 53 WATER PCB-SD0000059960 This product contains polychlorinated bi phenyls, which some studies have shown may be an environmental contaminant. Extreme care should be taken to prevent any entry in to the environment through spills, leakage, use, disposal, vaporization or otherwise. 1020/53 ro-in vO OO o WATER_PCB-SD0000059961 jo I 006548 n * CAUTION! amtoMm cmoaiMAW mmsmaamom 9' I Alf :.i ' bnolWtie of vapors or mists. . . Avol| tontad whh eyes: or |m)wsd amtod wW sUn. ' ^ If illn contact occvrs remove by washing with soap ami water. Following eye contact huh with water. 97 dothlng Imcomm sealed with Held, Savnder befero wear!ngagelft. " Caution! CenfaSns MwmrnMi hyrfrtcwflwm i ; Avoid breathing at voyers ar mists. ; Avoid cantor! with ajraa ar yrolengesi cantoct with shin. | If shin cantoct accars. remove by washing with seep mt wetter, i following ayo cantoct flesh with wartsr. ' | If clothing hatamas wdist with fluid, loonder batore wearing again. WATER_PCB-SD0000059962 WASTE DISPOSAL Used polychlorinated biphenyl fluids may be returned freight prepaid for proper incineration at 3* per pound. Ship to: Supervisor Dept. A-246 MONSANTO COMPANY SAUGET, ILLINOIS 62201 1149/53 WATER_PCB-SD0000059963 This Pscksqo Contains AROCLOR (A chlorirwted diphenyl/ technical) AVOID REPEATED CONTACT WITH SKIN AND INHALATION OF THE FUMES AND DUSTS JO I 006550 WATER_PCB-SD0000059964 JO I 006551 nr* \. ? i ' n . St R V [ a Aroclor 1242 __, {feeder Km. U. 3. Pal. C.l CAUTION I AVOID PROLONGED AND REPEATED CONTACT WITH SKIN. AVOID PROLONGED BREATHING OF VAPOR AND DUST. MANUFACTURED RY MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY f OAO-140--T-.M --.13 ,ST. LOUIS 4 MO. WATER_PCB-SD0000059965 jo I 006552 CAUTION! cortTAns ammMmm wmocmmsm & 9* ^ AvmjIc? pfolonQid brMlMflfi of vopofi or m!i9l ; Avoid confoct wlfh tm or erokmood centocf wftft iMn. ^ If iWh oonlod ocwTJ fwwv# by wothtn^ with Mop owd FoQowInf y# confoct ftvili wlllv woltf* - t 0 3f clothing becomes wold wlflt !Md, lomdvr btforo ivoorfng*&goSn. Caution! Contains cMurinuted hydirocndbons Avoid pcolongod hrootMng of vapors or mists. Avoid contort with ojres or prelongod contact svltft sfcht. If shin confoct sccors, rpamovo hf wMnf with sooft ond orator, following ojro contort flosh with wotor. If clothing hocomos soohod with fMd, loondor hoforo woorhtg again. WATER PCB-SD0000059966 JOI 006553 AROCLOR CHLORINATED POLYPHENYLS 1242 CAUTION! CONTAINS CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS Avoid prolonged breathing of vapors or mists. Avoid contact with eyes or prolonged contact with skin. If skin contact occurs, remove by washing with soap and water. Following eye contact flush with water. If clothing becomes soaked with fluid, launder before wearing again. i i LOT NO. ___________________________ PACKER NET LEGAL 600 LBS. 272*16 KILOS MONSANTO COMPANY, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI, U S A. 826.12 240.04 /53 WATER PCB-SD0000059967 This product contains polychlorinated bi phenyls, which some studies have shown may be an environmental contaminant. Extreme care should be taken to prevent any entry in to the environment through spills, leakage, use, disposal, vaporization or otherwise. 1020/53 4 m V oo o WATER_PCB-SD0000059968 JOI 006555 WATER PCB-SD0000059969 AROaOR CHLORINATED POLYPHENYLS 12421 O in in *o0 i CAUTION! CONTAINS CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS Avoid prolonged breathing of vapors or mists. Avoid contact with eyes or pro longed contact with skin. If skin contact occurs, remove by washing with soap and water. Following eye contact flush with water. If clothing becomes soaked with fluid, launder before wearing again! This product contains polychlorinated bi phenyls, which some studies have shown may be an environmental contaminant. Extreme care should be taken to prevent any entry in to the environment through spills, leakage, use, disposal, vaporization or otherwise. ' 1 LOT NO. ;__________________________ ____ PACKER NET LEGAL 600 LBS. 272J6 KILOS MONSANTO COMPANY, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI, U S A. 826.12 240.11/53 WATER PCB-SD0000059970 WASTE DISPOSAL Used polychlorinated biphenyl fluids may be returned freight prepaid for proper incineration at 3e per pound. Ship to: Supervisor Dept. A 246 MONSANTO COMPANY SAUGET, ILLINOIS 62201 1149/53 WATER PCB-SD0000059971 JO I Q Q 6553 ELECTRICAL GRADE ArocLor 1242 MonsantoCHLORINATED POLYPHENYIS BY CAUTION! CONTAINS CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS Avoid prolonged breathing of vapors or mists. Avoid contact with eyes or prolonged contact with skin. If skin contact occurs, remove by washing with soap and water. Following eye contact flush with water. If clothing becomes soaked with fluid, launder before wearing again. This product contains polychlorinated biphenyls, which some studies have shown may be persistent, an environmental contaminant and, possibly, in jurious to certain forms of bird, aquatic and animal Life. Extreme care should be taken to prevent any entry into the environment through spills, leakage, use, disposal, vaporization or otherwise. Contact your Monsanto Representative regarding reclamation of used fluid. WASTE DISPOSAL Used polychlorinated biphenyl fluids may be re turned freight prepaid for proper incineration al 3y per pound. Ship to: Supervisor Dept. A-246 MONSANTO COMPANY SAUGET, ILLINOIS 62201 LOT NO. PACKER Dfl NET MBPPlHIi.l LCmwHi. fiflfl 070 1C 1 II II 1 LD. Laog aiff J1L 1 1 "b. MONSANTO COMPANY, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 63166, U SA TARE 48 LB. nuonnuc,we e'rxfUo iILdU* 21.77 KG. ooi oi v,UnJ- 811.01 240.13/53 WATER PCB-SD0000059972 JOI 006559 ArocLor 1242 MonsantoDIELECTRIC FLUID BY CAUTION! WASTE DISPOSAL CONTAINS CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS Read and follow all IMPORTANT safeguard instructions shown on this container. With prior Monsanto muifsaticM sstsf poffdilorlnstid tslipfmy! Utrids ntij be returned freight pre paid tor preptr Mwwtson it 3* per pound. tfjf ' Ship to: Mfirlrtsor Dept @31 WOtf^mO COMPANY SAUGET, ILLINOIS 62201 mmn ir TMt68|b 5084kgUUUM _ NET LB. L1/1L1.i U KG. GROSS 668 LB. 303.00 KS. MONSANTO COMPANY, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 63166, U SA 811.01 240.16/53 WATER PCB-SD0000059973 JOI 006560 & nm 9**sa ftoLYCMiorotrc um NWrt Unaetl tewMl mudwmunn amt <Nwrt>nMW#c*>wtw<awi JCOUCMC* CMDfl**0CNmDUMWmDUaeHteRSCM0mNUEC8UM&Lm0tttfftft?N. meO**Qtt*M>CH VON StHRLTOM OOC* A*aCME9 ST 2u WRHMDCnM WKMOTTTW UNO ASftALtE WOMCM SC8ANMCLT WfNXN. P* O--> a--1h aAnfrtoo mw awt tewrtraftlarta Urn r.n*<,i Aw. 1MmNh( ' imnwiffwowaut I 681 vreSCMLUCKSM COftR Ml IAmSOVR WWMMQ MT OftA WUT. WHWWTttW OOW UOWagW W flOWI OOW KtW WlWW Ctt TWWO11wim wgcot SVtoCtWU^WTieOAgoTCMoRt>mTgFNRoOOPtOwWUoUKWTpMPu<HVtnATWoMCSMO.gNUMTAOWTWi'MCT POCH MOMSH.USSUttg. WMgPOgU. NS saMMnrMwv*In^<nMMpbroSMaftt MBMv* tapbaaNnIvwMa^atroSaainiNiMi <SaMtoatpMo^aaaMtofNttt^nawn i fiM9tMC nMMk tUanmNwM Iarftaa m scnwclukc susvtaotis wmwobr <stA90N6gfDoft eulAMiouraawoMTAKTMtTDgMuo. VWOOWWWT wwttvjnwobiooii4| . W W*gM#?IWWWl nwwpua MnmTwn ecm<SMTtaecMtowsM9*A-gcY4<aMimf>CDs C cnMoA oo-tftw* to tm*CWYtCS CMlOWCa **). HhncvWnM ee>*. pa.e*x c***"* muTyifrum fww*iww>l 4. ato e taM. dtv ttocfte 9m*> tmnaa BapftcOT 4 pfaaBwaa. As *to o''4"'*6* 84 ft* mcnOpCcScDCSa OoutnlMMMe mA. wm*VaAnAoOAdSaSmAnOi-Ng.wnvgw-otfwncAM?gNIOT NpaKr9bKutCt?inotsMtftMst*TC. omascent. LC8 nutis, rurm it mckti ooivfnt sra? nccueiuv tlWlNaa Aa eoyiMI o*i fttepHwtoto y gyflrmiiii wa caw Hfttoa aftto y **rpM>mwpiiy*, 8toJ y M awBcAlona m"yarfys en4rc on cntsc1 0ac I S8*wtoW(Nwmafino VMTANT AOUALAPAUCTL$Y^U9 * -0UO9TANCC NOCfVC AAA iNOSTBON OU AAA CONt ACT ANOlONOt AVfC LA AAU OUNANT U TNAMOPOAT EVITCA DCVEASfMCNT9 ? ACATf S DANS LfS COUNS O SAU T LA &A TTanNlrrlf>t rfgtetoftrlli<m~>WOnpnaW)haHata8.i livmstna pwhwaN e4 499 ptodvtt* pAptmaceaA*qta9 WtiaftpwHNtnaiwMgpawinarntweap(Newa Tmgwiawe giw. imtewB rpwPBaWwi ^' lNNmtft>alfryfa<n>^ilMl<tn>ir>wNBB*v<Mcft<srBraewsA. ftaw>iOT wiftiww wwomtm pMiBwirtwwtuw^ u^MwO^yqi pra faEl cwWahw ^OLYCML QWNATfP PgMVL S ff*C0'8t eaww aAm Nay gftgwn aaey feo p<A*>0a. y amtiimiiiiTigirtmi cew*Mwanaw> entf. pBaBTOOy. haftartww to paieaihi fawn of tfiMfle y# awfawgfl N8WHT ANT CNTTW 9ITO W& CWWWQMMCMT THNOUON S^U8. LCAAAOS. MPOSAL VAPOUTVSAnOM. K-U9C OT CONTAINERS OR OTHgRgnse. STA.L3. LEAKAQC8AMO WA8TC PRODUCT MUST K COLLSCTTO. HARMFUL 9US8TANCC ft TAWgW MTBSWUY OftftS PROLOWQgO CONTACT WW IN BCW. CAUK9 MUTATION Oft 8RM AMD ftTf9. . OUWNO 8HMSNT A^ND 8RU8 AMD l|SM MfORftMDWATUWAYflANOTHCSeA. Woa nwlMa tt|^yiB| Ma--ft. .Sam swn Am too*, ewfcwat ImuMNiWb anS pAantwcmlcaM. Oa ftotAM f aawafta wftiw wafofr cidwy>ww% n%iiw> iNNyco > POUCtOffOSW CWU gfrCSj. caicaw-- I ria nffl--t <g aftcwwa gyi ggcwte)ww 9 TSMWafai, prwfeaMMpNto nocM yr a*t>a aye* ft* aual. 4 tt --ctmpfr iUmmuMW ncumkimIi ovunnnottruax. kjchi. futWoicDmMmMTtcKX.MnCiiMM. MommacUNutMmmDKiCn* nC(MOBH>TnCEwMMTOCiMfmcOfOMitActctnootn. rt* uMMTIAMU WO** MOCOTOMt O mu.COM)ADO mOUIMQAtO COM VouMnTnMwtrlaCaP.mCRML)A>roCmLoUFtOvnUOMCCCcHeI.notret ftwoccMMAcauETf)ccMEi flAmyM umanl y antotoB 1 IWOMCiWMMta%.M,4<tN*^(aca| 0VVML09 ftOUCLONAOOS (FCS| y, tofftn clw*oi> Mtwflrw, feaa* ______ tai*miiliii a f* m# aaMvN y. yfifttoaniwato, tAmm 4a pNaraa y arwiftca y wto^ gWTAW CM Wtf BMCQWTACTQ CON CL MGD*0 \Wt>nt KW DOWMOft TOOAS. 0E8ECMO. VAWMAOOH FK-UTA.I2AOON DC ENVASfta. O CUALOUR OTRACAUS*^ ii `bjcsc wwmiwm cuAiamoi knmwe. ruoA o kvoodo. gAM VMTANCM MOCHA DC DXDCWl O 9* 0*C6*t)W CM COWIACTO CMW.OMOAOO COM IA L CMMA CWTACCOM. A LA MCI Y LOS AJCW. w*'*'* WMCromt, wt KMUtet Y FVOAS A CAMM.CS O MM NKVCOAHEI. Y At MM) WATER PCB-SD0000059974 This P*<k*9* ConUins AROCLOR (A chlorinated diphenyl, technical) AVOID REPEATED CONTACT WITH SKIN AND INHALATION OF THE FUMES AND DUSTS JOI 006561 WATER_PCB-SD0000059975 JO I 0 0 6 5 6 2 roclor 1248 (Arwfer P*g V. S. PM. Off.) CAUTIONI AVOID PROLONGED AND REPEATED CONTACT WITH SKIN. .if AVOID PROLONGED BREATHING OF VAPOR AND DUST. jk; ' T'jlf MANUFACTURED f IT MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY ST. LOUIS I, MO. 1040 700- 7-54- 5 I WATER PCB-SD0000059976 JOI 006563 # *' CAUTION! d*TABs ammMAiw mm&mmom * 9 Aveltf prolonged breothlng of vapors or mbh. - a a<5. ** . * Avoi^| contact with mym or pmkwped contact with s&fn. 9 * it skin conted oecart remove by washing with soap and water. Mowing eye contact flnl wilk water. . if dothing becomes soaked with Avid, Daender before weotfng'>again. CavVlon! ContaSm cfclurfiiNtudl Mwwtfctm > , Avoid prolonged twoiWig of vapor* or mtit*. I Avoid contact with eye* or prolonged contact with Ah. | if shin contact ocean, remove bp wathiny with soap and wator. i following fO contact fta*h with wator. I If clothing become* seabed with itvid, loondor hoforo wearing again. WATER_PCB-SD0000059977 WATER PCB-SD0000059978 JOI 006565 AROCLOR CHLORINATED POLYPHENTLS CAUTION! CONTAINS CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS Avoid prolonged breathing of vapors or mists. Avoid contact with eyes or prolonged contact with skin. If skin contact occurs, remove by washing with soap and water. Following eye contact flush with water. If clothing becomes soaked with fluid, launder before wearing again. LOT NO. _______________________________ PACKER NET LEGAL 600 LBS. 272*16 KILOS MONSANTO COMPANY, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI, U S A. 826.41 260.05/53 WATER PCB-SD0000059979 This product contains polychlorinated bi phenyls, which some studies have shown may be an environmental contaminant. Extreme care should be taken to prevent any entry in to the environment through spills, leakage, use, disposal, vaporization or otherwise. 1020/53 WATERPCB-SD0000059980 JQI 006567 AROCLOR CHLORINATED POLYPHENYLS CAUTION! CONTAINS CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS Avoid prolonged breathing of vapors or mists. Avoid contact with eyes or pro longed contact with skin. If skin contact occurs, remove by washing with soap and water. Following eye contact flush with water. If clothing becomes soaked with fluid, launder before wearing again. This product contains polychlorinated bi phenyls, which some studies have shown may be an environmental contaminant. Extreme care should be taken to prevent any entry in to the environment through spills, leakage, use, disposal, vaporization or otherwise. LOT NO. PACKER I NET LEGAL 00 LBS. 272.16 KILOS | MONSANTO COMPANY, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI, U S A. 826.41 260.12/53 WATER PCB-SD0000059981 WASTE DISPOSAL Used polychlorinated biphenyl fluids may be returned freight prepaid for proper incineration at 3c per pound. Ship to: Supervisor Dept. A-246 MONSANTO COMPANY SAUGET, ILLINOIS 62201 1149/53 WATER PCB-SD0000059982 JOI 006569 ELECTRICAL GRADE ArocLor MonsantoCHLORINATED POLYPHENYIS BY J| CAUTION! CONTAINS CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS Avoid prolonged breathing of vapors or mists. Avoid contact with eyes or prolonged contact with skin. If skin contact occurs, remove by washing with soap and water. Following eye contact flush with water. if clothing becomes soaked with fluid, launder before wearing again. This product contains polychlorinated biphenyls, which some studies have shown may be persistent, an environmental contaminant and, possibly, in jurious to certain forms of bird, aquatic and animal life. Extreme care should be taken to prevent any entry into the environment through spills, leakage, use, disposal, vaporization or otherwise. Contact your Monsanto Representative regarding reclamation ol used fluid. WASTE DISPOSAL Used polychlorinated biphenyl fluids may be re turned freight prepaid tor proper incineration at 3y per pound. Ship to: Supervisor Dept. A-246 MONSANTO COMPANY SAUGET, ILLINOIS 62201 LOT NO. PACKER NET TM-- l rni 979Cflfl 1h 1 11 II 1 \J a1n0. / 1 f /g s------- x1 l1 V MONSANTO COMPANY, ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 63166, U S A. nVlAa. mi *8 LB. PDflCC CIO ID UiivvW irtu lu. 21.77 KG. 905 01 ttfl "W. 811.02 260.14/53 WATER PCB-SD0000059983 JO I ArocLor 1248 MonsantoDIELECTRIC FLUID BY X Sewn#. Xn ^ CAUTION! CONTAINS CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS Read and follow all IMPORTANT safeguard instructions shown on this container. WASTE DISPOSAL With prior Monsanto notification used polychlori biphenyl fluids may be returned freight pre paid for proper incineration at 3* per pound. 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CAMA VWWTACION. A LA AC| V 10S AJOS "NNONGAOO CON PWANtt CL wwmomt FVTTAN Of ARAMES V TUOA3 A CANAtffS o W09 NAVff CACHES. 1 MwAbARN fcfto 6 affw* Nff |hn>w, p prmfactoe fermacevdcoa NMTIWW0 MNMTMnt Sie m 9*^4 9m 99H4 fPCS| ffVUAN OUAIOUffW WriWOUCJO NO MffW? (WWffWIC PON Off IWNAMff CfCOAMtNIO.MJCigAO. VAPONI/ACAO. UTIUTACAO RffPCTIDA Off 9MCtPNlff90UlM OUAtOUffROUTNOMOOO OS PNOOUTOS ENIONNAOOS. VCRTDQ9 OU MJClfWMM OffVffM SEN NECUPCRA0O8 O saarpiapo < 9UNSTANCIA NOCTVA OffMNDO AMOBVtM OV SI CMCOMTACTOMOlOMaAOOCOU A NIC causa innhacao oc me soot Off nos OUNANTff O TNANSPONTf ftAAMTMO ffVUAN 09 OtRRAASS ff ffOCOAMENTOS NOS ROS ff NO CAAN Armerener efaaiaffeffea a -- ------ . -- . _ ---ievarosePieacemApva. poapspareffe -_ - -- -- | WATER PCB- WATER PCB-SD0000059986 A, Jz ^LAJgu*CSjox/S A*ST- CtiM, Co La& / O L JOI 005834 WATER PCB-SD0000059987 THE PROPER HANDLING OF AROCLCRS AND THEIR MIXTURES IN THE ELECTRICAL INDUSTRY 1 P. 8. Benignus 12/1/54 Monsanto Chemical Co. Organic Div. Sales Dept. 800 N. Delmar Blvd. St. Louisi Mo. l JOI 005835 WATER PCB-SD0000059988 I INDEX Introduction Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter- 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 The Proper Handling of the Aroclors and Their Mixtures in the Electrical Industry. Procedure for Unloading Tankcars of Aroclors and Their Mixtures. A. Description of the Cars. B. Procedure for Unloading the cars. A. General Description of Storage Tanks. B. Detailed Description of Storage Tanks. Gasketing and Pump Packing. Sampling. Laboratory Analysis and Procedure for Treating Aroclors and Their Mixtures. Test Procedures. Typical Properties. Earth Treatment of Aroclors and Their Mixtures in the Electrical Industry Prior to Use. t Dermatology and Toxicology. . Attachments: Drawing No. 31-20848, Dome Detail. Drawing No. 31-20847, The Tank Car. Drawing No. 9C-8170-5, The Horizontal Storage Tank. Drawing No. D-13362, The Vertical Storage Tank. Drawing No. 90-8248, The Breather. Drawing No, 90-8278, The Varec Gauge. Drawing No. 90-8178, The Unloading Platform. joI 005836 WATER PCB-SD0000059989 THE PROPER HANDLING OP AROCLORS* AND THEIR MIXTURES IN THE ELECTRICAL INDUSTRY INTRODUCTION Monsanto's Aroclors*, especially the chlorinated biphenyls including types 12*12, 12*18, 125*1/ and 1260, used alone or in combination with chlorinated benzenes, are commonly used die lectric materials of the Askarel^ class. Askarel is a generic name referring to liquid dielectrics derived from halogensted aromatic hydrocarbons possessing excellent chemical and dielectric stability and fire-resistance over the temperature ranges and operating conditions required of transformers and capacitors in the electrical industry. The properties of Aroclors and their mixtures, used as dielectrics are described in detail in Chapter 7 entitled, "Typical Properties". These dielectrics are manufactured under very carefully controlled conditions in order to meet the strict and exacting electrical requirements and properties. The electrical Industry's use of these fluids has been largely in accordance with the General Electric Company's patents and developments. Aroclors - Monsanto's chlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated polyphenyls, Registered U.S. Patent Office. 1P. M. Clark, "Electrical Insulation", Chem. Eng/ News 25, 2977 (19*7). ----- 1 JOI 005837 WATER PCB-SD0000059990 Resulting from the wide use of these materials In the Industry, trade names have been established to identify them by different manufacturers of electrical equipment. Listed alphabetlcslly the trsde nsmes include, "Chlorextol," Allis-P Chalmers; ''Disclor," Sangamo Electric; "Dykanol," Cornell- Dubllier; "Elemex," Line Materials; "Hyvol," Aerovox; "Inerteen," Westinghouae Electric; "Hoflamol," Wagner Electric; and "Pyranol," General Electric Company. The purpose of this bulletin Is to ssslst the industry with the proper and safe handling of these dielectric materials In their operations. JQI 005838 2 WATER PCB-SD0000059991 CHAPTER 9 DERMATOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY Skin patch tests using Aroclor 1254 (biphenyl Chlorinated to the extent of 54% by weight) applied to gauze and placed in contact with the skin showed no primary irritancy or sen sitization. The tests were conducted under competent medical supervision and the standard procedure recommended by Drs. Louis Schwartz and Samuel M. Peck. Reprint No. 2552. Public Health Reports, vol. 59* No. 19 (April 28, 1944) was used. If Aroclors are spilled on the skin, the skin should be washed in the usual manner with soap solutions. If accidental burns oocur from contact with hot Aroclors, the burn should be treated the same as any ordinary burn. Aroclor adhering to the burned area need not be removed immediately unless treatment of the burn demands it, in which case use soap and water or repeated washings with a vegetable oil. At ordinary temperatures Aroclors have not presented industrial toxicological problems. If Aroclors are used at elevated tempesatures in open, systems, methods must be designed to exhaust any vapors arising. Experimental work on animals indicates that the maximum safe concentrations of vapors in workrooms is in the range of 0.5 to 1.0 milligram per cubic meter of air. This applies to all of the liquid Aroclors. " Laboratory technique merely requires keeping the hands 73 ` JQI 005909 WATER PCB-SD0000059992 free of the liquid and handling it under a well ventilated hood. Localized or spot ventilation together with general work room exhaust is recommended for plant operations. When sampling tank cars, canvas gloves and safety glasses or goggles should he worn. No special clothing is required, hut the worker's garments should he laundered at least weekly and changed In case Aroclor or Aroclor mixtures is spilled on the clothes accidentally. If workmen are exposed to Aroclor vapors at relatively high levels, as may he the case when opening a heated capacitor impregnating chamber, a respirator should he worn during these short intervals. The many years of satisfactory and safe use of Aroclors and their mixtures with chlorinated benzenes in the electrical industry for impregnating capacitors and filling transformers has demonstrated the industry's ability to handle these fluids without hazard to the workmen. It is a simple matter and in line with good "housekeeping" and personal cleanliness to exercize the suggested and required precautions in all cases. 74 JOI 005910 WATER PCB-SD0000059993 c c c c: c tr c > r* / c ,*1 2X MfiBJjatiL-ghttticil taaisr- Sr. P.Y.X. hardy*** Sr. X.S. Ifewa&a, 8t Louis, Missouri depteaber 20, 1955 Sr, J*. Barrett London !four aeso Septasber 8 to hr. Nason XBCCies TCKICZEf Howard Rase hii (Iyis a* your #a of Septaabar 8. J will be hippy to dltcmi this with Sr, Newsaa during tisit bare. I think) hovtver, thin art iivini points that 1 ear answer yea sow. You ccenvnt upas ti* difference in toxicity between iroelor . 12?t and 12**2. Thli it hot particularly surprising because la the work it vai found that toxicity increased with chlorination. Of eouraa. froa tha standpoint of ?2 atility in tha ease of inhalation or abeorptioa froa tha fut fro* tha point of flew f ingestioo art important. rankly, tbart wa not too great a difference Utweea tha two c pounds, howettr, is you know, the caxiaua allowable concentrate it 0.1 nl/eubic ter la the cate of 125*, tad as high at 10.0 ap ia the ease of 1268. 1 think the foraer Is to low and the latter is too high. In this country they don't use the XiC* fary routinely, but certainly la lagland I think it would be alright to consider 0.2 agn/eubic set*? as perfectly safe. * 1 don't know hew yoa would set say particular advantage in doing &re work. Vhat Is It that you want to prove? 1 believe your work should be directed towards finding out whet the concent rations art of iroelor luring different operations .whether it is Industrial or palatini.. The re ports you heft seen fro* Ketterlas Laboratory are the re sult of approximately 115,000 to #20,000 expenditure by MIX MCC't poaltloe can be sumearixed' la this fashion. We taow Iroelors are toxic but the actual limit has not been pre cisely defined. It does not sake too each difference, It steal to ee, because our mala worry is what will happen If an individual develop#s any type of liter disease sad gifts i history of iroelor exposure 2 as sure the juries would act pay a great deal of attention to MiCs. 1 PLAINTIFFS t EXHIBIT I WATER_PCB-SD0000059994 ?&4# 2 Septaaber 20, eon iaocioa toxicst tie, therefore, WTiw wiry aw Aroclor use froa thii point of Tiv. If it is is industrial spplieatio& vbsrt w can set tir concentrations and hit* aoae ruecaibli expeetstion that the sir concentrations will stay the sane, ve art mueh sore liberal Is the age of Aroclor. If, however. it is distributed to householders where it e*a fc* used la alnost aay shape and fora a&d ve are never able to Ibov how aueh of the eo&centratioa they are exposed to, we are aueh sort at riot. So aaouat of toxicity test lax will obviate this last dileasa tad therefore 2 do aot believe any aore testlas would be Justified. let's see what our diieussio&s with hr. Xewsaa aad yourself brias out. sirne S. Zaaet Kelly, K.8. Li I WATER PCB-SD0000059995 c *O (fl .Q jenzorura: c\ O dibenzo-p-dioxin PLAINTIFF'S 4 EXHIBIT WATER_PCB-SD0000059996 't * : v $ .:$vJ--y,fr?t- v moiKnitbi Nit :X i* Mo&fonfcd- ASICA UK f ra;?fK:;fioa ami mnwuattauco .* . .>. UW/f9&S>l .iSiCT. WM 1 PLAINTIFF'S i EXHIBIT II 7 JOI 006301 ) WATER PCB-SD0000059997 V Monsanto -- ASKAREL Inspection and Maintenance Guide JO I 006302 WATER PCB-SD0000059998 TABLE OF CONTENTS % SECTION A TRANSFORMER ASKAREL Page I. introduction................................................................................................................ I II. History of Trade Name Types................................................................................ Tabic I --The Composition of Transformer Askarels 1 ill. Tabic I! -- Official Transformer Askarei Shipping Specifications.................... A. General Electric Company's Transformer Pyranol A13B3B B. Westinghouse Transformer Inerteen PPO (7336-9) 2-3 , IV. Interchangeability and Stability..................................................................... 4 V. Directions For Handling and PersonalPrecautions............................................. 4 VI. Expected Service Life............................................................................................... 5 Vll. Dielectric Strength -- MoistureRelationship........................................................ A. Table 111 -- Dielectric Strength vs. Amount of Dissolved Water in Askarei and Mineral oil B. Table IV -- Approximate Solubility of Water in Askarei and Mineral Oil. 5 VIII. Table V -- Typical Values Found in Askarei Fluid Under Various Con ditions of Use........................................................................ .................................... 6 IX. Check Points For MaintainingAskarei Insulation........... .................................. A. General Considerations B. Modern Scaling Procedures C. The Older Sealing Arrangements 9 X. Periodic Fluid Inspection......................................................................................... A. Visual Inspection B. Dielectric Strength II XI. Inspection Check List............................................................................................... 12 XII. Contamination in Transformers............................................................................ A. Table VI -- Effect of Common Insulation Materials on Power Factor and Dielectric Strength B. Table Vll -- Effect of Common Insulation Materials on VolumeResistivity 12 XIII. Refining Askarei For Re-Use.................................................................................. A. Filtering Through Dry Blotter Paper To Remove Moisture and Extraneous Particles. Table VIII -- Guide to Rate of Dissolved Water Removal By Filtration. B. Earth Treatment for Maximum Improvement of Power Factor and Volume-Resistivity 1. Procedure 2. Effect of Earth on Removal of Scavengers 3. Table IX -- Approximate Relationship Between Power Factor, Volume-Resistivity and Dielectric Strength of Transformer Askarei 14 XIV. Cleaning Arced Transformers................................................................................. 15 XV. Sampling ASKAREL................................................................................................ JQI 006303 WATER PCB-SD0000059999 SECTION B ASKAREL FILLED SWITCHES AND TERMINAL CHAMBERS Page I. Introduction............................................................................................................... 18 It, Sources of Contamination....................................................................................... 18 HI. Sealing Switches and Terminal Chambers............................................................ 19 IV. Askarcl-filled Switches' Maintenance..................................................................... 19 SECTION C Monsanto Analytical Services on Transformer Askarel..................................... 2! Appendix A. Askarel Stability and Composition of Arc Formed Gas.................................... 23 B. Solubility of Gas in Transformer Askarel............................................................. 23 C. Approximate Vapor Pressure vs. Temperature For Transformer Askarel.... 24 D. Effect of Temperature on Dielectric Strength of Askarel................................... 24 E. Viscosity of Askarel and Mineral Oil.................................................................... 24 F. Density of Transformer Askarels........................................................................... 25 G. Thermal Conductivity.............................................................................................. 25 H. Heal Capacity............................................................................................................ 25 I. Coefficient of Expansion.......................................................................................... 25 J. Fire-Resistance.......................................................................................................... 25 K. Seals, Properties and Procurement......................................................................... 26 JO I 006304 WATER PCB-SD0000060000 SECTION A TRANSFORMER ASKAREL I. INTRODUCTION: This manual describes the operating characteristics of transformer askarcl liquid insulation and how it differs from mineral oil. The information given is based on facts gathered by Monsanto over 30 years as producer of askarei, plus knowledge gained from the experience of transformer manufacturers and users. This guide is provided to outline the very simple mainte nance required for askarei fluid in "modern" transformers and to offer suggestions for the sealing and maintaining of askarei in old units. By following this guide, users will obtain maximum service from askarei insulation with a reasonable minimum of maintenance. If questions arise relating to the designing and building of transformers -- these should be referred to regular transformer suppliers. Monsanto gratefully acknowledges the assistance, guidance, and the contributions of certain data by the following: Frank M. Clark.................................................General Electric Edward L. Raab................................................General Electric James G. Ford.........................................Westinghouse Electric George Shombert, Jr..........................................Allis Chalmers II. HISTORY OF TRADE NAME TYPES "Askarei" is the generic name for non-combustible (fire-resistant) liquid insulation. In this respect, the insulation is completely different from ordinary transformer mineral oils. Transformer askarei is marketed by Monsanto. Whatever the trade marked brand, the askarei contains Monsanto's Arocior (chlorobiphenyl). .. one of the best liquid insulations developed by science. This inert compound is chemically stable, fire-resistant, heat stable, non-corrosive, and has high dielectric strength under the operating conditions encountered in transformers. joi 006305 l WATER PCB-SD0000060001 Askarcl liquid insulation is made by thinning Aroclor 1260 with trichlorobenzene or tri-, tetrachlorobenzene mix. The first transformer askarel was made in 1932, in accordance with General Electric Company's patents, and was trademarked Pyranol 1488, Westinghouse, too, offered this askarel insulation in 1936 under their trademark Inert cen. In the mid-1940's, as shown in the following table, tin tetraphenyl was added to General Electric's Pyranol to scavenge hydrogen chloride. Shortly thereafter, Westinghouse added phenoxy propene oxide to Inerlecn for the same purpose. In 1963, General Electric replaced tin tetraphenyl with a diepoxidc scavenger. This new formula, which replaces previous Pyanols, is called Transformer Pyranol AI3B3B. Thus, today the two commercial types offormulations are General Electric's Transformer Pyranol AI3B3B type and Westinghouse Incrtcen PPO (7336-9) type. The composition changes made in transformer askarel formulations are shown in Table 1. Table I THE COMPOSITION OF TRANSFORMER ASKARELS Inertetn Pyranol_______________________________ 1488 1467 1470 A13B3D loertccn (7336-9) Year Introduced......................... 1932 1944 1952 1963 1936 1945 Ingredients: Aroclor 1260 ................................ 60 60 45 45 60 60 Trichlorobenzcnc........................ 40 40 40 40 40 40 Tetrachlorobenzene................ 15 15 Tin tetraphenyl....................... 0.125 0.125 Phenoxy propene oxide......... 0.20 Dicpoxide................................ 0.125 PPO OTHER BRAND NAMES Various electrical equipment manufacturers use other trade-marked names for askarcl liquid insulation, such as Chlorcxtol (Allis-Chalmers); Noflamol (Wagner Electric); Saf-T-Kuhl (Kuhlman Electric). These askarel insulating liquids are one or the other of the two standard formulations. Still other manufacturers, who designate their insulation only by its generic name, askarel, assign it a number or code. By this number, Monsanto knows whether to furnish Pyranol A13B3B or Inertcen PPO (7336-9) type formulation to the user. III. OFFICIAL TRANSFORMER ASKAREL SHIPPING SPECIFICATIONS The official shipping specifications for the two modern transformer askarel formulations are shown in Table II. JQI 006306 2 WATER PCB-SD0000060002 The above two formulas are used in modern transformers. There arc a number o f units in service dating back to 1933 with askarcls o f somewhat different compositions. These w ill be compatible with the above modern formulations. Table II OFFICIAL TRANSFORMER ASKAREL SHIPPING SPECIFICATIONS General Electric Co. 0.0007 monoxide, hydrogen and volatile hydrocarbons. 0.0007 i* Is is &ise n=>9 I-Uno u oo y \o *^ 5- 2 2so ^i *7*%S | o ^ 0^2 O V os o o .2i S . - .2 o\1 e 2 b Pe N J-R oSl J2 -S XO T33 8iI S1 8 .>2 *o IN u n a c ^-- M g o' > 2S ,:|i |i O Ori* U o g a IA <0- -0u 0 S3co1t 1xO Ev 9f*> 9 n-* (j o o o o oo^^ -- ^ 5v Os o u -- .5 2 j-~ ! J5S " s3 s s * 3.S Iji Ios? aSi" o k E i o - 5, 8 u * C O e - 4, -8 S 2'5 5 5 E2 H- '2sS Ji|gs=s=13 > -- -- ^ I -- - n w so <5 JsdriOdO J x i loa o u0 uo .i?<u *i N*i JJ 2 *? < O I 2 soSS 5*8*51 So) 2 R <J <2 wM I O Q oQs H</) gs1^3 = fl^l < 2 Is " | 5 . .1 irl!l a is gtll 5 a: > w 11 sQ a.s Ea& o= ?1 5 I! II ^ (9 .3 * 5 ? oou< 22 uo &e 9 5 6 a < Coefficient o f Thermal Expansion (ASTM DI903), C C ./C C ./" C. JOI 006307 3 WATER PCB-SD0000060003 IV. INTERCHANGEABILITY AND STABILITY A. Interchangeability: The two general types of askarcl insulation shown in Table II can be either mixed or interchanged and there will be no difference in the operation of the transformer. However, askarei insulation must never he mixed with mineral oil. Over 2% mineral oil in askarei begins to lower its fire resistance. Further, materials of construction in the transformer that are compatible with askarcl may not be compatible with oil and vice-versa. For example: a significant amount of askarei in a transformer built for mineral oil will attack gaskets, adhesives, core bindings, impregnating varnishes, etc. B. Stability: Askarcl liquid insulation is highly pure, fire-proof liquid made under close chemical control. It does not vary in composition like the commercial range of mineral oils. Askarei does not deteriorate when exposed to air, heat, hot metal; it does not break down over long use to form conducting or corrosive chemicals; it does not oxidize or sludge. Askarcl will remain perfectly stable year after year unless broken down by exposure to severe arcing. The only real "enemy" of askarei is contamination by water. Keeping askarei water-free will insure long-time service. Askarei is heavier than water. If water gets into askarei insulation, only a tiny amount (125 ppm) dissolves -- the rest floats on top. V. DIRECTIONS FOR HANDLING A. Keep Dry: In handling, storing, sampling, inspecting askarei -- and in operating askarei transformers -- take every precaution to guard the askarei insulation from exposure to high humidity and moisture contamination. Keep 5, 30, or 55 gallon drums of askarei dry; lay stored drums on their sides with the bung at the highest point from floor to keep water off the drum head (which can be sucked into the askarei by the drum "breathing"). This precaution is not necessary when drums are stored indoors, which is the preferred way of storing. B. Use Ordinary Personal Precautions: Transformer askarei has been made, handled, and used for over 30 years without causing toxic or other ill effects. It can be handled with only minor precautions. If accidentally spilled on hands, no serious skin irritation will occur. However, liquid askarei has a solvent action (similar to paint thinner) on the fats and oils of the skin and prolonged contact may lead to drying and chapping of the skin. 4 JO I 006308 WATER PCB-SD0000060004 In case of contact, wash off the skin with soap and water; remove and dry clean saturated clothing. Clean up spills with rags, sawdust or absorbent clay. Eye contact may result in painful irritation but no permanent damage to tissues. If askarel gets in the eyes, flush with large amounts of water. As with all eye first-aid, refer to a physician. To relieve irritation, physicians have used a 1% Pontocaine as well as opthalmic cortisone acetate solution, or castor oil. Infrequent exposure to askarel vapors will not cause ill effects. However, prolonged exposure to high vapor concentrations should be avoided. If hot askarel must be handled in a closed or confined area, provide the area with ordinary exhaust ventilation -- or -- wear an organic cartridge respirator approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines. VI. EXPECTED SERVICE LIFE Properly designed and installed askarel transformers will give trouble-free service for a minimum of 30 years. Since their introduction in 1932, the manufacturers report finding the over-all failure rate to be less than 0.5% for all units under test and service conditions. The Edison Electric Institute's report (1956-1958) on their member utilities publishes the failure rate for askarel transformers as 0.13 per hundred banks per year. Even the rare reports of failure are invariably found to be due to improper sealing that allows moisture to enter. VII. DIELECTRIC STRENGTH -- MOISTURE RELATIONSHIP The dielectric strength of askarel is highly sensitive to excess moisture; not sensitive to ordinary dissolved contaminants. While the dielectric strength can also be lowered by severe arcing, askarel turns noticeably black or has particles of sooty carbon floating in it if arcing has occurred. Then the transformer should be repaired and the askarel replaced. New askarel has a minimum dielectric strength of 35 KV at 25; a maximum mois ture content of 30 ppm. If the dielectric strength is checked periodically and decreases significantly -- this indicates moisture pick-up, arcing, or both. When the dielectric strength has dropped to 26 KV or less, an analysis for water is necessary. If water is found in excess of 100 ppm at 25 C., its source should be located and corrections made. When the moisture content approaches 125 ppm (saturation level), the dielectric strength of askarel drops below the value required for efficient insulating. The moisture content should not be allowed to rise over 70 ppm; it should be held as near as possible to 30 ppm. Maintaining a low moisture level will assure high dielectric strength and top operating efficiency. Table 111 shows the relationship of dielectric strength vs. moisture and Table IV indicates the approximate water solubility limits in askarei and mineral oil. s JOI 006309 WATER PCB-SD0000060005 Table III RELATION OF "BREAKDOWN STRENGTH" TO AMOUNT OF DISSOLVED WATER IN ASKAREL AND MINERAL OIL Breakdown Voltage (ASTM) Water Content (PPM) 0 20 40 60 n8o0 Askarel 70 KV 4575 40 3180 Mineral Oil 50 KV 39 30 2262 5 Table IV APPROXIMATE SOLUBILITY OF WATER IN TRANSFORMER ASKAREL AND MINERAL OIL Temperature Amount of Water (PPM) Dissolved "C. --30 --20 -- 10 0 10 20 30 40 F. =22 --4 14 32 50 68 86 104 Askarel 8 16 28 41 65 94 128 170 Mineral Oil '8 10 13 20 33 58 85 130 TURBIDITY . . .;may be the visual sign of undissolved water, or may indicate contamination from core materials, dirt, or deteriorating construction materials. Cloudiness may also result from cold precipitation of tin tetraphenyl "scavenger" that was used in the earlier Pyranols. This scavenger begins to come out of solution around 15F. above zero. To redissolve it requires heating to 150 - 200F. and agitation. High dielectric strength will quickly indicate that any turbidity present is not moisture; that the insulating efficiency of the askarel is still excellent. However, if the dielectric strength is below 26 KV, moisture should be determined, using the Karl Fischer method (ASTM D1533-60). The dielectric strength test for askarel serves primarily as an indicator for moisture. It is by far the most important maintenance rest for transformer askarel. VIII. TYPICAL VALUES FOUND IN ASKAREL FLUID UNDER VARIOUS USE CONDITIONS Table V gives the entire spectrum of properties that are typical for freshly-made transformer askarel as it goes through the various normal and abnormal conditions of use. The data in Table V are in terms of only the askarel fluid and do not refer to insulation resistance or power factor measurements on the over-all transformer insulation. Several utilities studying the power factor values of the over-all transformer insulation system indicate that the unit power factor of a new askarel transformer should range from 1% to not over 5%. This would generally correspond with the askarel fluid properties as given under heading "B". JO I 006310 WATER PCB-SD0000060006 JOI 006311 WATER_PCB-SD0000060007 Starting ideally with situation "B", it is normal to expect the power factor of thefluid in a satisfactorily operating askarel transformer to increase as shown under heading "C". The "over-all"' power factor of the transformer in normal service is expected to rise, but preferably not much beyond 5%. In this normal situation, the moisture level of the askarel fluid and its dielectric strength will be satisfactory, as shown in heading "_C". . Occasionally the power factor of a non-arced, satisfactorily-operating askarel transformer is found to be relatively high, i.e., 15%. In this case, the power factor of the askarel fluid will also be high, perhaps as high as 50% at 20C. and 60 cycles. It is not good practice merely to note that high power factor of the askarel fluid is to be expected. The important step is to check dielectric strength and note whether there has been a downward trend. A downward trend in dielectric strength very likeiy indicates moisture entrance and should be confirmed by a Karl Fischer test for water. The importance of any abnormalities in dielectric strength and moisture content of the askarel fluid cannot be overemphasized! Where abnormal values for the dielec tric strength or moisture content occur, the power factor of the transformer can be expected to be abnormally high; the expected high power factor of the askarel fluid will induce this. The indication that a high power factor on the transformer and on the fluid is due to contamination can be verified by earth refining the askarel fluid and noting whether after refining the test results correspond with heading "E". Assuming no mechanical defect or arcing, if the power factor of a askarel transformer is relatively high, the power factor of the fluid will also be high, giving the situation under heading This reflects contamination that should have been removed by the manufacturer of the transformer. In absence of mechanical defect, where there are no abnormal losses in dielectric strength, and no moisture pick-up in non-arced askarel -- the use history shows that a relatively high power factor for the askarel fluid (as compared with mineral oil) is to be expected. Normally, high power factor is due to contamination and not deterioration of the askarel operation. As shown by F. M. Clark in his book, "Insulating Materials For Design and Engineering Practice," John Wiley & Sons, N. Y., 1962 -- activated alumina can be used in the circulating system to bring the power factor down and keep it as low as possible. JO I 006312 WATER PCB-SD0000060008 IX. CHECX POINTS FOR MAINTAINING ASKAREL INSULATION A. General Considerations: Modern askarel transformers with welded construction or silicone gaskets for hand hole-cover, switch and terminal compartment covers, with properly constructed bushings require little or no .maintenance. With properly con structed transformers, annual or semi-annual visual inspection and dielectric strength test of the askarel fluid should suffice for routine maintenance checking over many years of service. However, many askarel units were installed in the early I930's -- before the development of some of the better modern gasketing materials and before improved designs were developed for sealing out moisture. Such early units should be, and can be, modernized. Leaky or deteriorated gaskets should be replaced. If the askarel has become contaminated, it should be reconditioned. At the same time, a general clean-up of the unit and possible refinishing may be desirable. ' If it is not convenient to take an old transformer out of service for general repairs, leaky gaskets can be sealed temporarily by painting over the leaky area with epoxy cement. , A survey of users indicates a good number of early-built askarel transformers (over 20 years old) are kept in continuous service in critical installations by the following steps (instead of modernization). The operating units are equipped with compound pressure gauges for reading pressure above and below atmospheric. Positive pressure is maintained on the shell by introducing nitrogen at 2 to 3 pounds above atomspheric. Regular workmen in the area daily record the temperature and pressure. If a sudend pressure drop is noted more nitrogen is introduced and the gaskets are checked for leaks with soap solution. Leaks are scaled by applying epoxy cement. B. Modem Scaling Procedures: Transformer purchasers should specify the following modern techniques for sealing: 1. Welding Construction: Covers, radiator connections, switch and terminal housings, instrument connections, etc. should be welded. 2. Bushing Connections: The most satisfactory bushings are the type with rolled-on flanges and two ring seals rolled into a depression in the porcelain -- scaled with silicone rubber rings held under compression. Metal-to-glass or metal-to-porcelain sealed bushings are also satisfactory. If for any reason the above type bushings cannot be used then use a por celain or glass bushing with a silicone or Viton gasket retained in a groove. The gasket can be either rectangular or circular cross section, usually V* inch thick. 3. Small Size Connections: When not possible to weld, small size connection seals should be made with Flexitallic stainless steel rings. The surfaces must be machined and parallel. The filler between the steel laminations of the Flexitallic ring should be either silicone or Viton. oo63^3 9 & WATER PCB-SD0000060009 4. Gaskets For Hand-Hole Covers: Modern design specifies silicone gaskets. Such gaskets must be retained in a groove. The groove preferably is machined into the flange or cover. However, it can also be formed by welding concentric steel strips to the flange or the cover. Generally the gaskets should be Vjs to Vi inch thick for covers, depending on the depth of the groove. A rectangular section is usually used. The silicone material should be Dow-Corning No. 50 Silastic or equivalent. This is a low compression set material. For best sealing 20 to 25% compres sion is recommended, with ample clearance in the groove to allow for this compression. No cement is required. With reasonable care the gasket is removable without damage and is reusable. Silastic 50 is slightly swelled by askarel which contributes to the tightness of the seal. It is not deteriorated by askarel fluid or vapors. It resists weather ing and it is thermally stable and flexible at all operating temperatures. It is an excellent moisture barrier. Notes: a. Dow-Corning, Midland, Michigan will supply a list of Silastic 50 gasket fabricators to all transformer manufacturers or users. They will also furnish technical data. b. Any user of Pyranol transformers, made by General Electric Company at Rome, Ga,, will receive prompt and generous help for converting to ^ the modern silicone or Viton gaskets by contacting the General Electric ' Company's Service Engineering Department at Rome, Ga. Sec Appendix K: Seals, Properties and Procurements. C. The Older Sealing Arrangements: The older type gaskets consist of either cork or ourk-nitrile rubber combinations or straight nitrile rubber. 1, Cork-Nitrile Combinations: Covers for the main tank, hand-holes, switch and terminal chambers, relief diaphrams etc. are held in place by studs welded to the flange or by bolts. The gaskets are cut with openings and placed over the bolls. Often Shellac (Westinghouse Style No. 1150419, or General Electric Company's Glyptal 1276) is used to cement the cork to the flanges. The following is recommended for sealing with the cork -- nitrile rubber combination: Use Armstrong NC-757 cork-nitrile material or equivalent. The gasket can be cut from a single sheet or by scarfing strips of the material. A convenient method for joining strips is to make a Keystone Type joint. For this, Westinghouse, Sharon, Pa., offers their gasket cutter Style No. 328 B614 GO I, (about $15). The joints should be cemented and the gasket also cemented to the flange, using one of the above cements. Excess cement should not be allowed to reach the interior of the transformer. JOI 00631A to , i j f ; WATER PCB-SD0000060010 After installation and bolting, the outside edge of the gasket should be coated thoroughly with epoxy cement to increase weather resistance. This epoxy cement is a paste to which a curing catalyst is added immediately before use. Typical are: a. Epoxy Patch Kit ffi-C Hysol Corporation, Olean, N. Y. b. Scotchcast Resin #4 Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co. St. Paul, Minnesota c. Adhesive A-! and Activator Type B Armstrong Products Company Argonne Rd., Warsaw, Ind. d. Adhesive 9860-1, Synthetics Organic Company, Cleveland, Ohio, used with activator diethylene triamine (Carbide and Carbon Chem. Co.) 2. Straight Nitrile Rubber: When straight nitrile rubber was originally used, invariably the gasket was recessed in a groove. This was to prevent gasket flow and to protect the material against excessive compression. Although this type seal was not cemented, the nitrile rubber gasket is not reuseable. Since grooves or stops have already been provided for the nitrile rubber seal, Silastic SO can be easily substituted and is recommended. This conforms ; with modern practice. X. PERIODIC FLUID INSPECTION AND WHAT CHECKPOINTS MEAN On a regular schedule --at six, nine, or twelve month intervals -- make a simple visual inspection of your askarel insulation and run a dielectric strength check. A. Visual Inspection: Askarel is a clear, faint-yellow liquid. After long-term use this color may gradually intensify to light brown. The fluid should remain dear and free from turbidity or cloudiness. Any color change -- such as to a green, red or blue cast -- indicates extraction of impurities from the solid insulation. If a distinct foreign color pick-up is noted, check the complete range of electrical characteristics and notify the transformer maker. The electrical characteristics may be found to be unim paired. Color change alone (except for black) is not a danger signal since the contamination is not likely to impair the dielectric strength. B. Dielectric Strength: If the dielectric strength has decreased significantly from the last inspection, or if it has gradually decreased below 26 KV range (at 25'C.) -- RUN A CHECK FOR MOISTURE. Use ASTM D901, D877 (Karl Fischer Method). The dielectric strength of askarel is the major indicator to the operating efficiency of your liquid insulation and of the askarel transformer itself. Besides the "visual" inspection tests, dielectric strength is the only test necessary to run on a routine basis. Well-sealed askarel transformers have service records of 25 to 30 years on the original askarel. New askarel has a minimum dielectric strength of 35 KV at 35C., a maximum moisture content of 30 ppm. JOI 006315 H WATER_PCB-SD0000060011 XI. INSPECTION CHECK LIST 1. If askarel is clear, even though darkened to light brown; has no sediment or turbidity; has dielectric strength over 26 KV ... give it the inspection "OK". 2. If askarel is clear; has foreign color of blue, green, red . . . it is "extracting color" from internal materials. This is not,of itself, an operating hazard when the dielectric strength stays over 26 KV and moisture remains low. However, this rare occur rence calls for checking into condition of the interior construction and consulting the transformer maker. 3. If askarel is dear; but dielectric strength drops to 22 or lower KV. and moisture rises over 80 ppm .... the askarel is ready for simple "refining". If the moisture is near the saturation level (about 125 ppm), a thorough inspection should be made for water droplets in the transformer tank, and even for "globules" or water floating on the askarel surface. If found, the transformer manufacturer should be consulted for reconditioning both the transformer and the fluid. 4. If askarel is dark brown to black; if black particles of carbon are seen; and dielectric strength is low ... the askarel has been broken down by arcing. It cannot be refined and should be discarded. If any of these four simple inspection tests appear out of the ordinary, or the relationship between appearance and test values is abnormal -- contact your transformer supplier for a complete analysis. Whenever a sample is to be shipped to Monsanto, please follow the directions shown under: "SAMPLING ASKAREL". XII. CONTAMINATION IN TRANSFORMERS Unlike mineral oil which can oxidize, sludge and deteriorate -- askarel breaks down in transformer use only when strongly arced. Thus, while askarel does not decompose in normal use -- it can be contaminated more readily than the relatively non-polar mineral oil. For example the following Table VI shows how a small amount of synthetic rubber or a bit of varnished cloth markedly increases the power factor of the askarel. Please note, however, that such minor contamination has no adverse effect on the dielectric strength. As explained, moisture entrance through faulty seals seems the only contaminant in normal use that lowers the dielectric strength of transformer askarel. JO I 006316 !2 WATER PCB-SD0000060012 Table VI EFFECT OF COMMON INSULATION MATERIALS ON POWER FACTOR AND DIELECTRIC STRENGTH ^ (HEAT AGED 96 HOURS IN ASKAREL AT 100`C) Material Immersed None (control)............................................ .. Black varnished cloth................................ .. Copper............................................................ Pressboard...................................................... Manila paper................................................. Phenol formaldehyde resins..................... ... Shellac......................................................... ... Iron.............................................................. .. Synthetic rubber....................................... , ... Askarel After Exposure Power Factor, Percent at 60 eye.. 100`C. Dielectric Strength 25"C. 1.0 85.0 1.5 2.0 1.5 1.6 6.0 5.0 70.0 35 KV 42 40 37 39 41 36 39 39 Similarly, trace contaminants from commonly used construction materials can lower the volume - resistivity of askarel, without affecting its dielectric strength. Table VII shows this. Table VII EFFECT OF COMMON INSULATION MATERIALS ON VOLUME RESISTIVITY OF ASKAREL ' Sample Volume Resistivity x 10* ohm-cm (at 100*C., SOO Volta DC, 0.1* gap) 1. New askarel before heat aging........................ .............. 2. New sskarei after heal aging 96 hours al JOtTC........... 3. After heat aging with 1 sq. inch specimens of: a. Phenolic resin lap changer material......................... b. Paper............................................................................. c. Grade A press board (tan)........................................ d. Grade A press board (gray)....................................... e. Grade A press board, laminated strip..................... f. Cotton wrapping......................................................... g. Glyptal 1276 cement, cured 48 hrs. at U0*C.......... 2,000 1,900 1,200 750 500 500 400 300 100 While trace contamination easily lowers volume resistivity from high levels, it is important as previously noted in Table V Case F, that heavy contamination (as when arced) does not lower the resistivity below the order of 10' ohm-cm. at 100C. The different behavior of askarel vs. mineral oil in these respects can be summarized as follows: High power factor and low volume resistivity in transformer mineral oils are commonly regarded as "danger signals" that the oil has deteriorated and broken down chemically. This is NOT TRUE of askarel liquid insulation, unless the dielectric strength is low. JOI 006317 WATER PCB-SD0000060013 XIII. refining askarel for re-use A. Filtering Through Dry Blotter Paper to Remove Moisture and Extraneous Partciles: Most operators prefer portable refining apparatus, such as a plate press fitted with-a dolly, (available from Sparkler, Mundelein, III., Westinghouse Main tenance and Repair Dept., Chicago, or General Electric Co., Pittsfield, Mass.); or the earthen cartridge filter type, (available from Industrial Filter Corp., Lebanon, Ind.). Filter paper liners for the plate press are available from Carl Schleicher and Schueil Company, Keane, New Hampshire and manufacturers of filter presses listed above. The filter paper must be dried immediately before use. For best results, spread the paper for maximum surface exposure in a hot air circulating oven and heat it for 4 to 6 hours at 110C. If possible do not take the transformer out of service until ready to filter the fluid. This will keep the transformer coils relatively hot and dry. Processing the fluid should start immediately after de-energizing the unit. Circulate the askarel hot (but not over 55-60C.) through the filter fitted with the dry paper liners. After filtration the dielectric strength of the askarel should be 35 KV minimum. 1. Precautions: Filtering should not be done when the relative humidity exceeds 75%. ' X. Any flexible hoses and gaskets on the refining equipment should be lined with or made of materials that will not be softened by contact with askarel fluid. (Silicone or Teflon-lined, or flexible metai materials are suitable.) Table VIII GUIDE TO RATE OF DISSOLVED WATER REMOVAL BY FILTERING ASKAREL THROUGH A PAPER PRESS Panes Throusk Paper Press 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Water is Askarel PPM US 35 22 18 12 10 10 i JO I 006318 14 WATER PCB-SD0000060014 B. Earth Treatment for Maximum Improvement of Power Factor and VolumeResistivity: 1. Procedure: (The askarel liquid should be relatively dry prior to the following earth filtration.) Use finely divided Attapulgus clay or Fuller's earth (dried and activated by heating for 12 hours at 300-350F. immediately prior to use) as a coating on the filter paper surface. The amount of earth used should be 0,1 to 0.2 per cent by weight on the weight of the askarel to be treated. (Askarel weighs about 13 pounds per gallon). To deposit the earth evenly, stir one-third of the earth with a small portion of askarel in a clean container. Pump the mixture through the filter and follow with two more one-third portions. Then circulate askarel taken from near the top of the transformer, pass it hot (not over 55-60C.) through the earth coated filter and feed back through the bottom transformer outlet. Continue circulation until the fluid is clear and test shows that the electrical properties are fully restored. 2. Effect of Earth on Removal of Scavengers: Only slight and insignificant loss (by selective absorption) of tintetraphenyl and epoxides occurs when askarel is refined by treatment with 0.1 to 0.2 per cent by weight of earth. To remove significant amounts of the scavengers requires repetitious treatment with much larger amounts of earth. 3. Table IX -- Approximate Relationship Between Power Factor, Volume Resistivity and Dielectric Strength of Transformer Askarel: Power Fector (60 eye.) tore. 2SaC. 2% 1% 15% 20-25% 0.05% 0.1% 0.7% 2.0% 40-50% -- Volume Resistivity x 10* ohm-cm. (at 100'C, 500 Volts DC., 0.1* gap) 1500 500 100 60-70 25 Dielectric Strength 25C.. 0.1* gap 35 KV 35 35 35 35 If it is desired (although these factors are not generally considered important for askarel transformers), to keep the power factor as low as possible and the resistivity as high as possible, hang a container of anhydrous alumina or activated clay in the circulating system of the transformer. XIV. CLEANING ARCED TRANSFORMERS If a unit has arced so that the askarel is no longer fit for use, a thorough cleaning of the unit is necessary before refilling with new askarel insulation and returning it to service*. Follow this procedure: JOI 006319 15 WATER PCB-SD0000060015 A. Drain out ail dark, carbon-contaminated askarel. (Discard by dumping or burying where it will not contaminate a water supply.) B. Carefully brush carbon deposits from internal parts and insulation, using a soft bristle brush making sure that insulation is not damaged. C. Flush thoroughly using new askarel (not an oil, no! a cleaning solvent). D. Flush a second time with fresh askarel; drain; then fill to the proper level with new askarel. E. Energize transformer to warm the fluid for 24 to 48 hours; then circulate the askarel through a filter, returning it to the unit filtered and ready for use. This assumes that the cause of arcing has been established and corrections made. When severe arcing occurs, major repairs are usually necessary and the unit rebuilt. This procedure can be applied for flushing out repaired units. JO I 006320 WATER PCB-SD0000060016 XV. SAMPLING ASKAREL Take a sample as close to the top of the liquid surface as possible. (Many large askarel transformers have a built-in sampling tube near the surface for convenient sampling). Then, to make sure that your SAMPLE truly represents your askarel insulation, take-another sample from the bottom. If additional sampling tube connections are contrived on the valves for easier sampling, make the tubes of clean glass, stainless steel, aluminum or tin for rigid types; and silicone or Teflon tubing for flexible types. Use NEW containers for the askarel sample. A new and thoroughly pre-dried smallmouth quart glass bottle fitted with a Bakelite screw cap fitted with an aluminum or tin bottle cap liner is recommended for "quick on-the-site testing." (If complete analysis is to be made, a 5-pint size sample is required). Be sure that the new bottle does not stand open to collect dust or moisture. Rinse the sample bottle and cap lining two or three times with askarel from the transformer: then fill it. If the sample will be tested promptly, a clear glass bottle can be used. If sample is to be stored indefinitely, use an amber glass bottle or wrap clear glass with aluminum foil. A. Select a dry day. Do not sample insulation on a worm, moist day when humidity exceeds 75%, and . .. B. Make sure that the askarel is at least as warm as the surrounding air. (Cold liquids can condense moisture from humid air.) C. When sampling askarel from transformers, it is best to take the sample when ; the unit is warm and operating at average or maximum load. Especially as a check on moisture (as reflected by a dielectric strength test), sampling the warm askarel more truly represents its condition during operation. Experience shows that water will migrate from a transformer's solid insulation to the askarel liquid and vice versa, depending on temperature. Therefore, when the transformer is hot, the moisture is most likely to be found in the liquid. This accounts largely for periodic variations in dielectric strength. For example: a relatively high dielectric strength may be found during winter months and a relatively low dielectric strength during the summer months on samples taken from the same unit. JQI 006321 17 WATER_PCB-SD0000060017 SECTION B askarel filled switches and terminal chambers I. INTRODUCTION: High voltage leads are usually connected to askarel or mineral oii-filled network transformers and power centers through terminal chambers and switches, (n some cases terminal chambers are not used, and the high voltage leads are connected directly to the switch terminals. They may be filled with either askarel or mineral oil. Switches are usually rotary or drum type fitted with a revolving block and porcelain unit as the principal element arranged for three-phase service. (A cutaway view of a typical terminal chamber-switch combination is shown for reference.) Askarel transformers with attached switches have been in use for about 30 years. Whcrt they were first introduced, the availability of insulating and gasketing materials was rather limited and even the best materials at the time had no service history. As a result, inadequate gasketing materials such as cork, nitrile rubber, and nitrile rubbcr-and-cork particles were used. While satisfactory For a limited period of time, these materials cannot be depended on for the expected long life of the equipment. The terminal chamber is usually above or below the switch compartment and separated by a steel wall through which the bushings are inserted. When bushings are properly selected and correctly installed, there is no leakage from one compart ment jo the other. With poor bushing seals, and the terminal chamber above the switch, potting compounds or cable oil can seep into the askarel. When the terminal chamber is below the switch, askarel can drain into the terminal chamber. II. SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION There are three possible sources of contamination for askarel in switches and terminal chambers; they rank in this order of frequency: (1) water entering through poor gaskets; (2) decomposition products from arcing when switch is used to break magnetizing current; (3) entrance of pothcad or cable compounds through leaky bushing seals. Unlike an askarel transformer where the amount of contaminant is likely to be very small (probably only trace amounts) in relation to the volume of askarel fluid -- in switches or terminal chambers with faulty seals, the amount of contamination can be relatively large. JO I 006322 WATER PCB-SD0000060018 Experience has shown that, based on the number of installed askarcl-switch units, the percentage of failures is extremely small. When investigated, it has been found that most failures originate in the switch chamber. Water is the chief source of contamination. However, heavy contamination of askarei with petrolatum and asphalt material, due to leakage, have caused a few failures. Petrofalum is used frequently for filling terminal chambers. When either cable oil or petrolatum seeps into askarei, no great harm results. The fire resistance will be somewhat decreased and power factor of the askarei will increase with an accom panying drop in resistivity. While highly undesirable, it is doubtful that failure of the unit results. Where asphaltic compounds are used in place of petrolatum, the danger is increased somewhat because asphaltic contamination may cause exces sively high dielectric losses in the askarei. When the terminal chamber is below the switch chamber, the potting compound can be contaminated by askarei if the bushing seals are leaky. This is undesirable because the askarei will increase the power factor and conductivity of the potting compound or cable oil and develop heat from dielectric loss. If this mixture is drawn into the cable insulation, a cable failure is likely. This again emphasizes the impor tance of tight bushing assemblies. III. SEALING SWITCHES AND TERMINAL CHAMBERS Proper bushing construction, use of Silastic seals and welding wherever possible is highly desirable (as covered in Section A). Where an elastomeric seat is to be used in .contact with both askarei and petroleum oil, DuPont's Viton is suggested. For new equipment the user should specify these modern sealing arrangements to keep out contaminants and minimize maintenance. IV. MAINTENANCE FOR ASKAREL FILLED SWITCHES A. Switches used for grounding after power source has been de-energized will not undergo arcing. B. Switches interrupting magnetizing current will be subject to arcing; the amount of decomposition will depend on power interrupted, time and frequency of oper ation. As a general rule, the liquid should be checked after 5 to 10 operations. JOI 006323 WATER_PCB-SD0000060019 1. On newly installed switches, check the askarel at 3,6 and 12 month intervals; if found satisfactory, check once annually thereafter. With proper attention to the gasketing of covers and bushings, experience wilt probably indicate that less frequent inspection is warranted. 2. Checlo askarel for: a. Dielectric strength (ASTM D877); It should be 26 KV minimum. If dielectric strength is low, confirm presence of water by Karl Fischer method ASTM D-1533. Filter to remove moisture. Dielectric strengtn should then be 30 KV minimum. b. Presence of carbon from arcing: Fluid should be relatively free of carbon. If badly arced and very black, replace fluid. If only minute amounts of carbon are present, filtration is recommended. Check power factor of liquid (should not be over 5% at 25C. and 60 cycles). Flush out switch chamber with several gallons of fresh askarel before refilling. 3. If there is discoloration, high power factor, detectable change in specific gravity or refractive index, or if fluid flashes below 250F., there is a possibility of seepage of potting compound into the switch compartment. In this case, correct any leaky bushing seals with proper replacements and fill with new askarel. 4. If terminal chamber is below switch, check potting compound for presence of askarel (can usually be detected by odor or by an increase in specific gt^tvity). If askarel is present, correct any leaky bushing seals with proper replacements, and renew compounds. 5. Examine cover gaskets visually. Deterioration can be detected by swelling and cracking of the exposed edge. In cases of severe deterioration, liquid seepage is usually present. 6. Check for leakage at packing gland of switching shaft. If leaking, repack with a Silastic ring type gasket. JO I 006324 WATER PCB-SD0000060020 SECTION C ANALYTICAL SERVICES ON TRANSFORMER ASKAREL AVAILABLE FROM MONSANTO Transformer users not wishing to make their own fluid analyses can obtain the service from Monsanto. Simply contact Monsanto and specify what analyses are wanted. You will be sent the proper-sized sample container filled with fresh askarel. When you receive this, empty it and carefully take your sample (following the procedure for sampling in this guide). Send the container to Monsanto's laboratory. Charges listed include sample container, shipping, handling and laboratory costs. Types of Analyses Available Analysis 1) ROUTINE MAINTENANCE CHECK Total Charge: $20.00 To determine the general condition of the fluid and find whether further analysis is neces sary. (one-quart sample required) Properties Tested Color and Condition Dielectric Strength Moisture ' You will be notified of the results of this test. If further testing is indicated, and you want a complete analysis, you will be sent a five-pint sample container. This sample will be used for the following series of tests: Analysis 2) COMPLETE ANALYSIS Total Charge: $50.00 (a) To determine the extent of fluid contamination, (b) earth refinement to determine what degree of restoration of electrical and insulating properties is possible, (c) check test to see how the fluid responded to earth treatment. a) Complete Analysis: to determine the extent of contamination Properties Tested Color and Condition Specific Gravity Refractive Index Water Free Chlorides Acidity Dielectric Strength Power Factor, Dielectric Constant, and Resistivity JQI 006325 21 WATER PCB-SD0000060021 b) Earth Refinement Response: Consists of treatment for 2.5 hours at 50-60C. with 0.1 to 0.2 percent by weight of properly conditioned Attapuigus clay and then filtration through dry filter paper. c) Analysis After Laboratory Earth Refinement: Properties Tested Refractive Index Water Free Chlorides Acidity Dielectric Strength Power Factor, Dielectric Constant, and Resistivity You will be notified of the results of this test series on your sample. Then aftet refining your entire transformer fluid fill you can check on the results by requesting the following analysis: Analysis 3) ANALYSIS AFTER EARTH REFINEMENT Total Charge: $30.00 (This charge will not apply when analyses I and 2 have already been made.) To determine whether the entire lot of the askarel fill responded to the same extent as the laboratory sample, (five-pint sample required) Properties Tested Color and Condition Refractive Index Water Free Chlorides Acidity Dielectric Strength Power Factor, Dielectric Constant, and Resistivity To arrange for the tests described above write to the following address: Paul G. Benignus Monsanto Chemical Company 800 North Lindbergh Blvd. St. Louis 66, Missouri Samples to be tested should be clearly marked for identification and sent directly to: Monsanto Chemical Company W. G. Krummrich Laboratory Monsanto, Illinois Attention: R. Kuster JOI 006326 12 WATER PCB-SD0000060022 APPENDIX APPENDIX A -- Askarel Stability and Composition of Arc Formed Gas: Askarei insulation is one of the most inert, chemicaily-stafale heat resistant, non corrosive liquids known. It will not break down, oxidize or sludge when exposed to air and high temperatures, 150C. or even somewhat higher. Arcing, however, will break down the compound to liberate some hydrogen chloride and small amounts of carbon. APPROXIMATE COMPOSITION ARC FORMED GAS FROM TRANSFORMER ASKAREL Cm carbon monoxide.......................... carbon dioxide............................... oxygen............................................ inert gases...................................... hydrogen chloride......................... (note (he absence of phosgene) Amount 0.3 per cent 0.3 0.6 1.3 97.3 This arc-formed gas is non-flammable and non-combustible. These requirements must be met in accordance with the Underwriters' Laboratory for permission to use the term askarel. Mineral oil evolves combustible hydrogen and hydrocarbon gases. For all practical purposes, the amount of gas liberated from mineral oil or askarel under a given set of conditions is about 100 cubic centimeters per kilowatt-second. APPENDIX B Carbon dioxide............... Air.................................... Nitrogen........................... Hydrogen chloride1 .... 1) In absence of scavenger SOLUBILITY OF GAS IN TRANSFORMER ASKAREL Percent of Get By Volume Corrected to: 25*C. 760 mm r , _ ; . 0*C. 760 mm 25*C. !rCV**r""" 25*C. I0O*C. 7t% 47% _ --IT 3.7 4.9 3.8 S.O 6.0 4.8 3.5 4.4 37.8 50.9 -- _ JOI 006327 WATER PCB-SD0000060023 APPENDIX C APPROXIMATE VAPOR PRESSURE ys. TEMPERATURE FOR TRANSFORMER ASKAREL Temperature C 40 60 80 100 120 140 Inerleen PPO. 7336-9 1 mm Hg. 5 9 . 30 60 90 Transformer Pyranol AI3B3B 0.9 mm Hg. 3.3 8.3 18 32 53 APPENDIX D EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DIELECTRIC STRENGTH OP ASKAREL Temperature *C. --60 --40 --20 0 20 40 60 80 Dielectric Strength 67 KV 63 57 55 50 50 48 4$ APPENDIX E COMPARISON QF THE APPROXIMATE VISCOSITY IN SAYBOLT UNIVERSAL SECONDS OF TRANSFORMER ASKARELS AND MINERAL OIL Temp. C. --20 0 20 40 <0 80 100 Transformer Pyranol AI3B3B 1,000 100 70 45 39 34 30 10-C Mineral Oil 1,000 150 85 49 40 34 30 Inerteen PPO. 7336-9 2,800 195 85 50 40 36 33 JO I 006328 - 24 WATER PCB-SD0000060024 APPENDIX F THE DENSITY OF INERTEEN PPO 7336-9 AND TRANSFORMER PYRANOL AI3B3B Approx. Deadly gm/ee. Temperature C. 0 20 40 60 80 Inerteen PPO, 7336-9 1.374 1.552 1.529 1.307 1.485 Transformer Pyranol AI3B3B 1.577 1.355 1.332 1.510 1.488 APPENDIX G The thermal conductivity values of transformer Pyranol A13B3B at 27C. and 58C. are 26.2 and 25.8 x 10** calories centimeters*1, degrees centrigradesecond'1, respectively. Or, approximately 0.06 BTU per (hr.) (sq. ft.) (F.) per foot. This same approximation applies to Inerteen PPO (7336-9). APPENDIX H Heat Capacity Over the temperature range of 25 to 125C. the specific heat of transformer askarel is close to 0.30 calories per gram per degree. APPENDIX I Coefficient of Expansion The average coefficient of expansion of transformer askarel over the temperature range 20 to 100*C. is 0.007 cc /cc fC. One gallon would increase to 1.0S6 gallons on heating from 20 to )00C. APPENDIX J Fire-Resistance To use the generic name "askarel," the fluids must be approved by the Underwriters' Laboratories as possessing adequate fire-resistance and freedom from forming explosive gases when arced. These liquids do not have a burn point (ASTM D92-33) (Cleveland open cup method) up to about 205C., at which temperatures they begin to boil. The significance of this is that they do not burn or support combustion under conditions encountered in transformer operation. Thus the danger of secondary explosion (or fire) is eliminated. ngn'i1 JQI 006329 25 WATER_PCB-SD0000060025 appendix k Seals, Properties and Procurement Dow Corning Corporation, Midland, Michigan with District's at Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Los Angeles, New York City, Washington, D. C. and Toronto has available Bulletin 09*019, August 1962 entitled "Silastic Design Data". This lists the gasket fabricators throughout the country from whom the "Silastic SO" gasketing can be purchased in sheet, extrusions or molded shapes. Generally Silastic SO sheet goods are stocked by local die cutters, hence, could be generally purchased locally. Usually, small quantities of gaskets are die cut. If larger quantities are needed, tools are made of the same type used to cut other elastomersWhere the gasket is extruded for fitting into a machined groove or between gasket stops, Dow-Corning advises use of a scarved joint. This joint is then cemented using Dow Coming's Silastic 140 (clear) or their RTV 731 (white) materials, which air cure. Dow Corning points out that the local "rubber" fabricators purchase the Silastic 50 in billet form. This is worked on a roll mill in preparation for sheeting or extrusion. Then to obtain the desired physical properties the fabricator must oven cure the Silastic 50 for 24 hours at 480F. SPECIFICATIONS* Color..........................................White Specific Gravity at 77*F.............1.20 * 0.02 ASTM D676 -- Hardness, Shore A. Scale......... 4S to 60 ASTM D4I2 -- Tensile Strength, psi. min.........................800 ASTM D412 -- Elongation, percent, min..........................250 ASTM D39S -- Compression Set after 22 hours at 30tPF., percent, max............................ 30 * All physical properties measured on 0.075 inch thick samples molded 5 minutes at 240F., and oven cured 24 hours at 480F. General Electric Company, Redmond Circle, Rome, Ga., uses silicone or DuPont's Viton wherever it is not possible or desirable to weld. For some small seals, where good matching surfaces are provided, Flexitailic stainless steel rings are used. By contacting the Engineering Services Department of General Electric Company, Redmond Circle, Rome, Ga., users of Pyranol transformers made prior to develop ment of these modern seals will obtain prompt assistance for conversion. Users of askarei transformers made by other manufacturers should contact the original transformer manufacturer, or Monsanto for assistance in converting to these modem seals. JOI 00*33 26 WATER PCB-SD0000060026 JQI 006331 WATER PCB-SD0000060027 Monsanto MONSANTO FUNCTIONAL FLUIDS DEPT. MO N. UHOBEROH BLVD. ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI C31M Tha rafcrmstfess toeis regarding obtaining optimum rendu from askarsi fluids.la year transformer to ton secumulated by Monsanto for over 29 ymm bam tha espartos of matters and users of askant transformers and it k betoto vM be helpful. Nothing lunin than ba eonatruad as applyini to other than askarel insulation. Data and mahstettaii eu^sstions herein do not apply to the other components of the transformer. Ail operating and maintenance suggestions recommended by the msmrftesuw of the tremferrar should also be carefully followed. Because these maintentnos directions apply only to the askarel insulation, Monsanto disclaims any liability for damage to property or injury to persons arising from transformer operation. JQ1 006332 yLithe it S.A. WATER_PCB-SD0000060028 ---------------------------------------------------- ---- BULLETIN NO. IC/FF-38R-2 (Ravitad August, 1978) TRANSFORMER Askarel Inspection & Maintenance Guide Monsanto JOI 006393 Z -!J fmAINTIFTS^I I ET I WATER_PCB-SD0000060029 TMfls ff SECTION A TRANSFORMER ASKARELS........................................1 I. Introduction...................................................... I II. History of Trade Name Types............................1 Table I - The Composition of Transformer Askarels ....................................... 2 III. Interchangeability ........................................... 2 IV. Table II - Official Transformer Askarel Shipping Specifications.....................................3 V. Ordering Instructions ...................................... 2 VI. Stability.............................................................2 Vil. Precautions When Handling Drums, Tank Cars and When Opening Transformers...................... 2 A. Keep Dry During Handling .........................2 Table III - Handling and Pumping Temperatures................................4 0. Use Ordinary Personal Precautions .............4 C. Precautions on Opening an Askarel Transformer.....................................5 VIII. Avoid Environmental Pollution.........................5 1. Labeling Askarel Transformers....................6 2. Disposal of Liquid and Solid Wastes .......... 6 3. Conditioning of New or Recycled Askarel .6 4. Teardown of Transformers for Repair or Scrap ..................................... 7 5. Transformer Disposal .................................. 7 IX. Expected Service Life....................................... 7 X. General Characteristics of Transformer Askerel fluid......................................................7 XI. Sampling Transformer Askarel Fluid .............. 8 XII. Evaluation of Adural Received in New Equipment ............................................ 8 XIII. Dielectric Breakdown Voltage- Moisture Relationship....................................... 9 Table IV - Relation of Dielectric Breakdown Voltage to Amount of Dissolved Water in Askarel and Mineral Oil.....................................9 Table V - Approximate Solubility of Water in Transformer Askarel and Mineral Oil . ... 10 XIV. Turbidity-.........................................................10 XV. Cheek Points for Maintaining Adtarel Insulation .......................................... 10 A. General Considerations.............................. 10 B. Modern Sealing Procedures .......................11 C. The Older Sealing Arrangements................12 XVI. Periodic Fluid Inspection and What Checkpoints Mean ................................ 12 A. Visual Inspection........................................ 13 B. Dielectric Breakdown Voltage ...................13 XVII. Inspection Checklist ......... 13 XVIII. Contamination In Transformers...................... .14 Table VI - Effect of Common Insulation Materials on Power Factor and Dielectric Strength.......................................... 14 Table VII - Effect of Common Insulation Materials on Volume Resistivity of Askatel.........................................................14 XIX. ASTM Method for Investigating the Compatibility of Transformer Insulation and Construction Materials in Askarels ..... 15 XX. Refining Adcerei for Re-Use............................15 A. Filtering Through Dry Blotter Paper to Remove Moisture and Extraneous Particles................................... 15 XXL XXII. Askareif TL~ W*te,0Rby Filling Askarel Through a Piper Press 5 B. Disposal of Solid Wastes ..................... .. C. Solid Insulation Requ.ring Oryi,,g............! D. Earth Treatment for Maximum ............6 Improvement of Power Factor and Volume Resistivity .......... Table IX - Effect of Power ..................... 6 Factor and Volume Resistivity ,7 Cleaning Arced Transformers ... 17 Sampling Askarel................... ....................... j' SECTION 8 ASKAREL FILLED SWITCHES AND TERMINAL CHAMBERS ........................ I. Introduction........................... (g II. Sources of Contamination . . ' . . .............. ls III. Sealing Switches and Terminal Chambers 20 IV. Askarel Used Under Mild Arcing Conditions 20 V. Maintenance for Askarel Filled Switches .... 20 VI. Askarel Under Excessive Temperature or Fault Conditions ................. 7, SECTION C TOXICITY AND SAFE HANDLING I. Inhalation........................ II. Skin Contact................... SECTION D ANALYTICAL SERVICES ON TRANSFORMER ASKAREL AVAILABLE FROM MONSANTO ..............................22 Types of Analyses Available: ........................................22 11 Routine Maintenance Chock...................................22 2) Complete Analysis................................................. 22 3) Analysis After Earth Refinement ......................... 22 SECTION E APPENDICES............................................................... 23 Appendix A - Askarel Stability and Composition of Arc Formed Gas............................... 23 Appendix B - Solubility ol Gas in Transformer Askarels ................................................ 23 Appendix C - Effect of Tempcratuie on Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of Askarel .................23 Appendix 0 - Comparison of the Approximate Viscosity in Saybolt Universal Seconds of Transformer Askarels and Mineral Oil........................24 Appendix E - The Oensity of Inerteen 54201 KA 7336-9 and Transformer Pyranol A13B3B-3..................................................... 24 Appendix F - Thermal Conductivity Values of Transformer Pyranol A13B38-3................. ............24 Appendix G - Heat Capacity.......................................24 Appendix H - Coefficient of Expansion..................... 24 Appendix I - Fire Resistance...................................... 24 Appendix J - Seels, Properties and Procurement ........................................................ 25 Appendix K - Caution Label ....................................... 25 NOTICE: "Nothing contained herein is to be construed as a recommendation to use any product in conflict with any patent. MONSANTO MAKES NO WARRANTIES AS TO THE FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR MERCHANTABILITY OF ANY PRODUCT REFERRED TO, no guarantee of satisfactory results from reliance up on contained information or recommendations, and dis claims all liability for any resulting loss or damage." JO I 006394- WATER PCB-SD0000060030 .1- **T .`n * *'_ "J- T Transformer Askarel I. Introduction The term "itkarei" at defined by IEEE, ASTM and the National Electrical Code generally describes a broad class of fire-resistant* synthetic chlorinated hydrocarbon insulating liquids widely used in transformers, reactors and accessory equipment operated at power frequencies. Askarel* of various compositional types are in use. (For the general properties and types see ASTM D-2283.) Under arcing conditions the gases produced, while consisting of predominantly non-combustible hydrogen chloride, can contain varying amounts oi combustible gases depending upon the askarel type. This manual describes the operating characteristics of transformer askarel liquid insulation as manufactured by Monsanto and how it differs from mineral oil. Appropriate handling and disposal procedures I for both scrap askarel liquid and impregnated solid materials are given in accordance with the guidelines recommended by the American National Standards Institute. t The information is based on facts gathered by Monsanto over 40 years as a producer of askarel, plus knowledge gained from the experience of transformer manufacturers and users. This guide outlines the maintenance required for askarel fluid in "modern" transformers and offers suggestions for sealing and maintaining askarel in old units. By following this guide, we believe users will obtain maximum service from askarel insulation with a reasonable minimum of maintenance. If questions arise relating to the designing and building oi transformers, these should be referred to regular transformer suppliers. Monsanto gratefully acknowledges the assistance, guidance and the contributions of certain data by the following: Edward L Rub - General Electric Dr. T. K. 9oat - Westinghouse Electric It. History of Trade Name Types "Askarel" is the generic name (or the fire-resistant liquid insulation and coolant first used by General' Electric Company in 1932 for their Pyranol1 brand name fire-resistant transformers, Westinghouse Electric Corporation uses their brand name, Inerteen.2 Whatever the trademarked brand, the askarel contains chlorinated biphenyl - one of the best liquid insulations developed by science. This inert material is chemically stable, fire-resistant, heat stable, non-corrosive, and has high dielectric strength under the operating conditions encountered in transformers. In addition to manufacturing Arodor* chlorinated biphenyl , Monsanto also mixes this dielectric fluid with chlorobenzenes to produce the presently used Inerteen and Pyranol blends described in Table I. '"NOTE: Materials designated 'fire resistant' generelty ere more difficult to ignite, or once ignited. burn it a slower rate than corresponding conventional materials. This term does not mean that (ire resistant materials will not burn. However, when property used. Monsanto's fire resistant ASKAREL FLUIDS ere useful in helping customers meet their (ire safety requirements." ^Trademark of Central Electric Company ^Trademark of Westinghouse Electric Corporation ^Registered trademark of Monsanto r*-- JOI 006395 WATER_PCB-SD0000060031 rvK Type 0 Type e Type G Trade Names Inerteen 70-30 Inerteen 100-42 Pyranol A138383 Ingrediints (% by wt.l Aroclor 1254, chlorinated biphenyl (54% chlorine by weight) 70 Aroclor 1242. chlorinated biphenyl (42% chlorine by weight) Trichlorobenrene 30 Phanoxypropene oxide scavenger 0.18 to 0.22 Diepoxide scavenger - 100 - 0.18 to 0.22 -' 60 40 _ O.IISto 0.1: ASTM Method 0-2283, titled "Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Askareis) For Transformers", also lists the composition oi all transformer askareis used at various times since 1932. Monsanto manufactures similar transformer askaref fluids in England where the trade name Pyrocfor is used. III. Interchangeability In general all transformer askareis are interchangeable. However, it is suggested that the' transformer manufacturer be consulted prior to mixing in significant proportions or total substitution. * IV. Transformer Askare! Specifications Specifications for the three modem transformer askarel fluids are shown in Table 11. V. Ordering Instructions Monsanto's current policy is to sell askarel transformer fluids only to transformer manufacturers. Others interested in these fluids should contact the manufacturer! of atfcartf transformers and not Monunto. The transformer name plate indicates the transformer maker and usually gives sufficient data to idendfv the specific asksrai fluids used. VI. Contamination Askarel insulation must never be mixed with mineral oil. Over two percent of mineral oil by volume in askarel begins to lower its fire resistance. In modern transformers, the principal "enemy" of askarel is contamination by water. Keeping askarel water-free will insure long-time service. Askarel is heavier then weter. If water gets into askarel insulation, only a tiny amount (approximately 125 ppm) dissolves - the rest floats on too. Askarel Is very Insoluble In weter, only about 200 parts per billion of askarel dissolve in water, at normal temperatures. VII. Precautions When Handling Drums, Tank Cars, and When Opening Transformers The following are significant precautions: ,A, Keep Dry During Handling: . . . In handling, storing, sampling and Inspecting askarel - end In . V. I. i JO I 006396 WATER_PCB-SD0000060032 Table II Traneformer Askarel Sptdfkadoni (New Fluid) . . ~-'+* . * . . '* . : Sgtasafleation Properties1 Color, APHA -'Condition Water.content, ppm (ASTM 01533-60) .AckHty. mg KOH/g (ASTM 0974 55) Dielectric Strength. 25*C, 0.1 in. gap '. vIASTM 087749) 'HTielectric Constant. 10OC, 60 Hi `T-'lASTM 092449) -.. y" Volume Resistivity. 100"C, ' 7 ' j 500 volts 0C 0.1 inch gap, 109 ohm-cm . . (ASTM 01169) Inorganic chlorides, ppm (ASTM D1821 and ' G.E. Method E4C41BI ' Refractive index. 25*C (ASTM 01807) . Viscosity at 37.8*C (ASTM 088-561 Sayboit Universal Seconds Pour Point *C (ASTM 0 97 57) Specific gravity 25/15.5'C (ASTM 0)810) Burn point (ASTM 092) Distillation range (ASTM 020-56) corrected for stem and barometric pressure . General Electric Co. Transformer Pyrsnol A13B38-3 ASTM 02283 Type G 150 max. Clear 30 max. 0.014 max. 35 KV, min. 4.2 to 4.6 100 0.10 max. 1.6110 to 1.6120 44 to 48 -38 or lower 1.495 to 1.510 None to boiling 1st drop 200*C min. 40% max. below 270"C 90% 379 to 394 WaatinghouM Transformer Inerteen 7030* ASTM 02283 Type O 150 max. Clear 30 max. 0.014 max. 35 KV. min. 4 .2 to 4.5 100 0.10 max. 1 6153 to 1.6173 56 to 61 -30 or lower 1.518 to 1.528 None to boiling 1 st drop 200*0 min. 35% below 27G*C 90% 379 to 394 Westinghouse Transformer Inerteen 10042* ASTM 02283 Type E 60 max. . Clear 35`max. 0.01 35 KV, min. . -- 4.7 to 4.9 \ , ioo 0.05 max. ! 1.6240 to 1.6260 : 82 to 92 -17 or lower ' 1.381 to 1.392 None to boiling .' 10% 325-C min.. 90% 360 max. Fixed chlorine 56.4+0.5% 55.6% min. 43 + 0.5% Corrosion test Color. APHA Acidity, mg K0H /g Inorganic chlorides ppm Condition Scavenger content Typical Properties2 After heating with aluminum lot 6 hrs. at 200 to 220"C, the aluminum must not be corroded on either visual or weight inspection and the askarel should meet the following specifications: 200 max. v 200 max. 200 max. 0.014 max. 0.014 max. 0.01 max. 0.15 max. 2.0 max. 0.15 max. Clear Clear Clear 0.115 to 0.135% Diepoxide 0 18 to 0.22% phenoxypropene oxide 0.18 to 0.22% phenoxypropene oxide Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (ASTM 0)903). cm2,Cm?/C Arc formed gases . 'WesunQhouM UMrfi lhf pnveie number Inerleen 5^201 KA *Q4 lnnen 70 30 ind ihe*t pnvtiv numutf lnifo S<*20ICM lu ln$r(nn 10042 0.0007 0.0007 000068 A&karels of various coffluouhon*! ivoe* are used. Under arcing conditions the gases produced, while consisting predominantly of non combustible hydrogen chlo<de. can include varying amounts of combustible gases depending upon the a*kere< type !su'di>0" . incorpoiating these askarels and celiulos*c or other organic materials may, when arced, produce gaicoui rn h>ch 4e moderately flammable. As a precaution, such gases should be emo*ed tiom the avkjn-' bv bubbi * g r>irogtrn through the askarel and Hushing the gas space with dry nitrogen before any wo*t s uertuimed on the apparatu> 1 Pi#m cjuantiio ' 'mil ult 4p#cl*c*lK>n only to the ament that they coincide with Monsanto's published specifications. JOI 006397 2Thu pete <t based upon ampJes tested in the laboratory and is not guaranteed lor all samples. Write us (or complete sales specifications for Asv. WATER PCB-SD0000060033 'eparttita'. (duffat' transform** - taka evwy. precaution to guai\i' thaeskarei insulation from exposure-1-; high humidity tnd .moisture contamination,' Keep S of &S gallon drums of askarel dry; lay storaci drum* on their sides with the bung et the highest point from floor to keep water off the drum head (which can be tucked Into the esfeanM by the drum "breathing"). This precaution Is not necessary when drums are stored Indoors, which is the preferred place for storage. To avoid leakage the drums used for askarel are of heavy construction. Sixteen gauge metal it used, with special rim teal and bung construction. The drums should be drained as completely at possible and then flushed twice with kerosene type solvent to remove all of the atkarel. Accumulated liquids and washings should be collected and should be incinerated at high temperatures, e.g., about 2000"F, to destroy the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). See Section A, VIII. Tank cars used to transport askarelt are in exclusive service and not used interchangeably for other products. All cars must be unloaded through the top (dome fitting) either by pumping or with controlled pressure using dry air or dry nitrogen. If nitrogen has been used for unloading it is necessary to advise the shipper to that when the car returns the nitrogen can be replaced with dry air before any one may enter the car. If the car is to be unloaded by pumpiitg it will be necessary to use a dryer on the sir intake line to remove moisture. All tank cars are fitted with steam coils, which are available for unloading under extreme low temperature conditions. Convenient hindling and pumping temperatures are given in Table III. B. Use Ordinary personal Precautions: Transformer sskerei has been made, handled, and used for over 40 years. It can be handled safely with recommended precautions. If accidentally spilltd on hands, no serious skin irritation will occur. However, liquid atkarel has a solvent action (similar to paint Table III Handling and Pumping Temperatum Product Unloading, Handling and Pumping Temperature *C Pyrenol A13B3B-3 Inerteen 70-30 Inertetn 10042 20-56 20-66 36-76 thinner) on the fats end oils of the skin and prolonged contact may lead to drying and chapping of the skin. In case of contact, wash the skin with soap and water; remove end destroy saturated dothlng. Clean up spills with rags, sawdust end absorbent day. Seagate thee* Items for proper disposal. (Sa* pegs i, "Disposal of Liquid end Solid Waites".) Eye contact may result In painful Irritation but no permanent damage to tissues. If askarel get! In the eyes, flush with large mounts of water. As with all eye first dd, refer to e physician. To relieve irritation, physi cians have used m opthalmic antithetic solution as welt as opthslmle cortisone aceuta solution. Infrequent exposure fq jskarei vapors will not causa ill affects. However, prolonged dKfMure to high vapor concentrations should be avoided. If hW Mkeffl mutt be handled in a closed or confined area, provide tfie erg* witft'ftltbhanicai exhaust ventilation - or. wv ----- '4 r $ JQI 006398 WATER PCB-SD0000060034 weir in organic cartridge respirator approved by the U.S. Bureau of Mines, C. Precautions On Opening an Askarel Transformer: Askarels of various compositional types are used. Under arcing conditions the gases produced, while consisting of predominantly non-combustible hydrogen chloride, can yield varying amounts of combustible geses depending upon the askarel type. Insulation systems incorporating these askarels and cellulosic or other organic materials may, when arced, produce gaseous mixtures which are moderately flammable. As a precaution, such gases should be removed from the askarel by bubbling dry nitrogen through the askarel and flushing the gas space with dry nitrogen before any work is performed on the apparatus. The American Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Guide IEEE Std. 76-1974 gives more detailed instructions and guidance "For Acceptance end Maintenance of Transformer Askarel in Equip ment". This guide is published by the Institute of Electrical & Elec tronics Engineers, Inc., 346 East 47th Street, New York, New York 10017. We recommend that users of askarel transformers refer to this IEEE document. VIM. Avoid Environmental Pollution Transformer askarels contain polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) which have been used in the United States and elsewhere over the past 40 years for many industrial end consumer applications. During the past several years evidence Has accumulated to indicate that PC8s are widely dispersed throughout the environment and that they can have adverse ecological and toxicological effects. The United States Government's Interdepartmental Task Force on PC8s, Com-72-10419, in their March 20, 1972 report titled, "Polychlorinated Biphenyls end the Environment", recommended restricting PCBs to use in capacitors and transformers. This report is distributed by the National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, Virginia 22151. A document titled, "Guidelines for Handling and Disposal of Capacitor and Transformer Grade Askarels, Containing Polychlorinated Biphenyls", has been prepared and is available from the American National Standards Institute, Committee C107, 1430 Broadway, New York, New York 10018. Oocument number is ANSI C107.1-1974. (This guideline it being revised during 1976. The new edition should be available 1976/771. The scope, objectives and the composition of this committee are; ANSI Committee Cl07 Scope; Procedures and guides for safe use. maintenance and disposal of askarel and askarel-soaked materials used In electrical equipment. Objectives; 1. Source of technical information and advice for Federal, State, local authorities and all others concerned, 2. Encourage development of suitable disposal facilities and koep ail concerned informed, 3. Serve as the advisory group for United States participation in International organizations: CEE, IEC, CIGRE. Composition: Organizations active in or represented by this ANSI committee include: National Electrical Manufacturers Association, Electronic Industries Association, Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, American Society for Testing and Materials; Electric Light and Power Association; Certified Ballast Manufacturers Association; Environmental Protection Agency; Office of Environmental Affairs; General Services Administration; National JOI 006399 WATER_PCB-SD0000060035 X ?` < ' M * * . N ; . of Standards: Department of the Army: Rural . Electrification Administration; Division of Environmental Research, TVA; American Public Power Association, Water . Pollution Control Federation; Food and Orug Administration; National Fire Protection Association; Underwriters Laboratories; and several sections of the U.S. Department of Interior. The following arc pertinent excerpts taken from the ANSI Guidelines lor askarol tiansformcrs: 1. LABELING ASKAREL TRANSFORMERS (Pg. 16) 4.2.2.1 New Transformers. A/I new transformers that contain PC8s shall have a label of adequate durability, permanently and prominently attached to the tank by the manufacturer, given adequate warning and instructions. A suggested label iiKludes the following: CAUTION: The insulating liquid in this transformer contains polychlorinated biphenyls IPCBs). Care should be taken to prevent entry into the environment. In case of malfunction or leaks, consult the instruction manual or the manufacturer. 4.2.2.2 In-Service Transformers. The transformer manu facturer should make available suitable labels with a similar warning as shown in 4.2.2.1 for use on existing transformers. ?. DISPOSAL OF LIQUID AND SOLID WASTES (Pg. 15) 4.1.6.5.1 General. Disposal of askarels and askaret-soaked materials should be accomplished by means in which there is no significant release of askaret to the environment. At present, disposal is accomplished by carefully controlled incineration of liquids and soaked software, and by con trolled landfill burial of apparatus and other hardware from which askare! has been previously drained and washed. Present knowledge indicates that proper incineration must involve a suitable balance between dwell time and temperature ift the incineration plus oxygen availability and, finally, suitable scrubbers to remove the HO that will be formed; for example, 2-second dwell time at 200QPF and 3% excess oxygen in stack ges. or 1.5-second dwell time at 270CPF and 2* oxygen in stack gas. These facilities should meet the applicable requirements of the state in which they are located and should control effluents within the limits set forth in this standard. Controlled landfill or deep-well disposal can be used where permitted by federal, state, and local regulations. The ANSI Guide lists the locations of facilities that conform with the above requirements. Monsanto has such an incin erator at the W. G. Krummrich Want, Department 831, Saugct, Illinois 62201, where arrangements can be made for scrap askarel liquid disposal for a modast fte. For disposal of solid scrap a controlled dry land-fill can be used where permitted by Federal, State and local regulations. 3. CONDITIONING OF NEW OR RECYCLED ASKAREL (Pg. 161 4.2.1.3.1. Aakarel Conditioning Equipment. The condi tioning unit should be located either in the storage tank area or in the main transformer manufacturing area for filling with askarel. 4.21.3.2 Fuller's Earth. Conditioning of new askarel or recycled askarel requires fuller's earth treatment. The spent fuller's earth in cartridges or bags, when replaced, should be allowed to drain thoroughly over drip pans to remove as much liquid askarel as possible. The cartridge units of steel mesh construction should be pieced in the "STEEL CON . TAMINA TED WITH ASKAREl" container for disposition. Cloth bags filled with fuller's earth should be placed in the "SCRAP BURNABLE ASKAREL WASTE" container for disposition. n water_PCB-SD0000060036 uci l rvV'.S*;.-.F.!>p(i Uyy-.-j-i'-iA-vi',fi , Si' 4. TEARDOWN OF TRANSFORMERS FOR REPAIR OR SCRAP (Pg. 16) 4.2.1.4.1 Drain all askant from the unit either into a holding tank or rtusa or into the drum labeled "SCRAP ASKARSL" for disposition, and then allow sufficient time for PI of the askarel to drain from the core and coils. 4.2.1.4.2 Remove the core and coil assembly from the transformer. Sufficient absorbent material should be placed on the floor to absorb any askarel fluid that still drips from the transformer. 4.2.1.4.3 Place all materials in the appropriate salvage containers during the dismantling for later disposition. 4.2.1.4.4 All used materials, including rags, sawdust, tape, etc, regardless of quantity, shall be put into the appropriate containers for disposition. 5. TRANSFORMER DISPOSAL (Pg. 171 4.2.3.S The ultimate disposal of an askarel-filled trans former may be accomplished in either of two ways: (II Complete drainage and dismantling with the proper disposal of the askarel and askarel-soaked components as described in 4.1.6. (21 Disposition of askarel transfanners by means of junk or scrap dealers. This should be avoided unless a transformer is first drained, followed by soaking the interior with a suitable solvent. Accumulated liquids and washings are to be disposed of as described in 4.1.6, IX. Expected Service Life Manufacturers indicate that properly designed and nisiallcd askarel transformers are expected to give trouble-free service iui at least 30 years. Since their introduction in 1932, the manufacturers report finding the overall failure rete to be less than 0.5% lot all units under test and service conditions. The Edison Electric Institute's report {1956-1958) on their member utilities publishes the failure rate for askarel transformers as 0.13 per hundred banks per year. ' Mr. Frank M. Clark, who invented transformer askarels at the General Electric Company in the early 1930s, made the highly pertinent comment based on his many years of experience with G.E, Pyranol (askarel type) transformers that - "The important thing is to keep them dry - otherwise leave them alone". These words of wisdom became especially applicable in more recent years when welding shut rather then gasketing became the main method Of sealing askarel transformers. These units are sold with the understanding that the liquid is in a normally hermetically closed system. X. General Characteristics of Transformer Askarel Fluid Appreciation of the following characteristics, as given in the IEEE Guide, leads to understanding the reasons for selecting dielectric breakdown voltage and' moisture as the prime practical tests to iudge the quality of transformer askarel fluid. Also, due to these characteristics the power factor of transformer askarel will be normally much higher than the corresponding values for mineral oil. In comparison to mineral insulating oil, askarel it a relatively polar materiel; i.,, its molecules are dipoles, free to rotate around their axes and responsive to orientation by electrical forces. Askarel also exhibits a much higher dielectric constant and capacitance than insulating oil, and these differences must be kept in mind when interpreting electrical test data. 8ecause it is relatively polar, and possesses high solvency power, askarel is much more electrically sensitive than mineral oil to traces of extraneous soluble polar materials, and consequently the choice of JOI 006401 11 WATER_PCB-SD0000060037 constructional materials destined (or use in askarel is very critical. This sensitivity it reflected in the power factor and resistivity (specific resistance) of the askarel. It is important to note that, with the exception of water, the dielectric breakdown voltage of askarel is not generally adversely affected by many of the soluble polar materials to which its power factor and resistivity (specific resistance) are so sensitive. In fact, the dielectric breakdown voltage of askarel is somewhat greater than that of insulating oil. Therefore, the values assigned these dielectric fluids in newly supplied translormers arc 30 KV min. and 26 KV min., respectively. At with insulating oil, askarel must be kept dry. It can pick up moisture from exposure to humid atmosphere. Under similar conditions of exposute, askarel can pick up nearly twice as much moisture when measured on a parts per million weight basis. XI. Sampling Transformer Askarel Fluid The following precautions about sampling are quoted from the IEEE Guide. "Representative samples, whether of the complete contents or only parts thereof, are extremely important from the standpoint of evaluation of the quality of the product sampled. Obviously careless sampling procedure or contamination in the sampling equipment will result in a sample that is not truly representative. This generally leads to erroneous conclusions concerning quality and incurs loss of time, effort, and expense involved in securing, transporting, and testing the sample. It is strongly recommended that all of the procedures and precautions outlined in the latest revision of ASTM 0 923 (Sampling Electrical Insulating Liquids) be followed. "Because of the high specific gravity (relative density) of askarel (greater than 1), water and some other impurities are most likely to be found at or near the surface. The top sample, therefore, is considered to represent the worst condition." XII. Evaluation of Askarel Received in New Equipment Some users of askarel equipment find it desirable to make "as received tests" on all equipment. It is quite common to use the dielectric breakdown voltage test and visual appearance as the most significant tests, if suitable equipment and trained personnel are available additional information may be obtained from the power factor, color, and moisture content tests. In sampling askarel contained in apparatus extreme care must be exercised in order to obtain a representative sample. ASTM Method 0 923 should be followed. New equipment with askarel exhibiting the following characteristics is considered acceptable: Dielectric Breakdown Voltage Color Condition Visual Water Content Power Factor at 2S*C 30 KV min. 300 max. (Straw color) Clear 35 ppm max. ASTM Methods 0 877 D 2129 D 1702 D 1533 D 924,0 160 'The power factor of askarel taken from new transformers, reactors and accessory equipment can reflect the presence of moisture, dissolved polar compounds, or other contaminants and may vary with the type of equipment from which the sample was taken due to the different ratios of liquid-to-soiid insulation and to the high solvency power of the askarel. Given an acceptable water content end dielectric breakdown voltage of the askarel as indicated above, a high power factor seldom impairs the serviceability of the askarel within rather broad limits and is $ JO I 006402 WATER PCB-SD0000060038 m indicative of the degree of extraneous soluble polar materials present. Recognizing the possibility of a wide range of power factors being recorded for askarel in new equipment, it is difficult to establish a tingle limit which would be acceptable to both suppliers and users for all applications. However, as a broad guide, power factors up to about 10% at 25*Cand 60 cyder per second (hertz) do not in general indicate any abnormal contamination providing that the other criteria (water content, dielectric breakdown voltage, etc.) are met. Much higher power factors may indicate excessive contamination or the misapplication of the solid materials used in manufacture in contact with the askarel and should be investigated. XIII. Dielectric Breakdown Voltage -- Moisture Relationship The dielectric breakdown voltage of askarel is highly sensitive to excess moisture; not sensitive to ordinary dissolved polar materials. While the dielectric breakdown voltage can also be lowered by severe arcing, askarel turns noticeably black or has particles of sooty cat bon floating in it if arcing hat occurred. Then the transformer should be repaired and the askarel replaced. If the dielectric breakdown voltage is checked iwnodicaily and decreases significantly - this indicates moisture pick up, arcing, or both. When the dielectric breakdown voltage has diopiwti to 26 KV or less, an analysis for water is necessary. If water is found in excess of 40 ppm at room temperature, its source should be locaiutl dm) corrections made. When the moisture content- approaches 125 ppm' (salination level at room temperature), the dielectric breakdown voltage of askarel drops befow the value required for efficient insulating. The moisture content should not be allowed to rise over 70 ppm, sampled at operating temperature. If the moisture content is found to be in a satisfactory range and the dielecttic breakdown voltage is low, the transformer manufacturer should be consulted. Table IV shows the relationship of dielectric breakdown voltage vs. moisture and Table V indicates the approximate water solubility limits in askarel and mineral oil. Table IV Relation of Dielectric Breakdown Voltage to Amount of Dissolved Water in Askarel and Mineral Oil Water Content IPPM) Breakdown_Voltage (ASTM D877) Askarel Mineral Oil 0 70 KV 50 KV 20 55 39 40 47 30 60 40 26 80 38 22 110 10 5 JOI 006403 i WATER PCB-SD0000060039 TabI* V Approximate Solubility of Watar in Transformer Askarel and Mineral Oil Amount of Water (PPM! Dissolved Askarel Mineral Oil 30 -22 20 A 10 14 0 32 10 50 20 68 30 86 40 104 8 16 28 41 65 94 128 170 8 10 13 20 33 58 85 130 XIV. Turbidity ... may be the visual sign oi undissolved water, or may indicate dirt. Cloudiness may also result from cold precipitation of tin tetraphenyl "scavenger" that was used in the earlier Pyrsnol transformers. This scavenger bogins to come out of solution around 15`F above zero. To redissoivc it requires heating to 150-200*F and agitation. High dielectric breakdown voltage will quickly indicate that any turbidity present is not moisture; that the insulating efficiency of the iskarel is still excellent. However, if the dielectric strength is below 26 KV, moisture should be determined, using the Karl Fischer method (ASTM 01533-601. The dielectric breakdown voltage test far etkerel serves primarily as an indicator for moisture, it is by far the most important maintenance test lor transformer askarel. XV. Check Points lor Maintaining Askarel Insulation A. General Considerations; Modern askarel transformers with welded construction or silicone or Viton* gaskets (hand hole-cover, switch and terminal compartment covert) and with properly constructed bushings require little maintenance. With properly constructed trans formers, annual or semi-annual visual inspection and dielectric breakdown voltage test of the askarel fluid should suffice for routine maintenance checking over many years of service. However, many askarel units were installed in the early 19%s before the development of some of the batter modern gasketing materials and before improved designs were developed for sealing out moisture. Such early units should be, and can be, modernized. Leaky or deteriorated gaskets should be replaced, if the askarel has become contaminated, it should be reconditioned. At the same time, a general clean-up of the unit and possible refinishing may be desireble. If It Is not convenient to take an old transformer out of service for general repairs, leaky gaskets can be sealed temporarily by painting over the leaky area with epoxy cement. A survey of users indicates a good number of early-built askarel transformers (over 20 years old) ere kept in continuous service in critical Installations by the following steps (instead of modernization). The operating units are equipped with compound pressure gauges for reading pressure above and below atmospheric. Positive Trsdemerk of i. i. DuPont DeNemours It Company. Inc. JO I 006404 WATER PCB-SD0000060040 pressure is maintained on the shell by introducing nitrogen at 2 to 3 pounds above atmospheric. Regular workmen in the area daily record the temperature and pressure. II a sudden pressure drop is noted more nitrogen is introduced and the gaskets are chocked for leaks with soap solution. Leaks are sealed by applying epoxy cement. S. Modern Sealing Procedures: Transformer purchasers should specify the (ollowmy modern techniques for sealing: 1. Welding Construction: Covers, radiator connuctions, switch and terminal housings, instrument connections, utc should be welded, 2. Bushing Connections: A number ol bushings h.ivo hiion developed to obtain a proper seal lor the electrical connection through the tank wall. They die classified as follows: 1) Welded Type (Bushing flange welded to tank svaill a. Cast resin bushing with a molded seal to the bushing stud and external stainless steel or cup|x.-r flanges. b. Rolled flange bushing with the metal to porcelain seal at the cap and flange made by being rolled into grooves in the porcelain over silicone r-ii-'-r nnyv The seal between the cap and stud .s >! iiy welding. c. Porcelain or glass bushings with rn i.r.-. m metal to porcelain seals. 2) Bolted Type (Bolted to tank wall) a. Cast resin bushings with eithci casi < ii uin<|..-s containing recessed gasket gioovcs. b. Porcelain or glass bushings with H n.umi>j recessed grooves or gasket stop. The gaskets may be either of rectangular or circular cm--. . i,.,n usually Vt inch thick. 8ushings with recessed grooves an- smi.iiiii* to use with cork, cork-nitrile rubber combinations oi mtnit- rubber as well as gasket materials such as silicone or Viton 3. Small Site Connections: When not possible to weld, small sire connection seals should be made with Flcxitallic* stainless steel rings. The surfaces must be machined and parallel. The filler between the stect laminations of the Flexitallic ring should be either silicone or Viton. 4. Gaskets for Hand-Hole Covers: Modern design specified silicone gaskets. Such gaskets must be retained m a groove. The groove preferably is machined into the Mange or cover However, it can also be formed by welding concenim. steel strips to the flange or the cover. Generally the gaskets should be 5/16 to 1/2 in. thick lot covets, depending on the depth of the groove or stop. A rectangular cross-section is usually used. The silicone material should be Dow Corning No. 50 Silastic** or equivalent. This is a low compiesston set material. For best scaling 20-2S% compiession is recommended, with ample clearance in the gioove oi slop in allow for this compression. No cement is required. With reasonable caie dm gasket is removable without damage and is reuscablc. Silastic 50 is slightly swelled by askaiel which cuninimies m the tightness of the seal. It is not deteriorated bv a-.k.m.-: dmil or vapors. It resists weathering and it is thermally si.ihli- and 'Trademark of Fltxhallie Gasket Company '"Trademark of Oow Corning JOI 006405 v^1 IM WATER PCB-SD0000060041 flexible it ill operating temperatures. It it in excellent moisture birrier. | f NOTE: Dow Corning, Midlind, Michigan will supply i lift of ! j Silastic SO gaskat fibricitort to all transformer 11 minuficturert or users. They will also furnish technical ! ' data. See Appendix J: Seels, Properties and Procurements." C. The Older Sealing Arrangements: The older typo gaskets consist of either cork or cork-nitrile rubber combinations or straight nitrile rubber. 1. Cork-Nitrile Combinations: Covers for the main tank, hand-holes, switch and terminal chambers, relief diaphrams, etc., are held in place by studs welded to the flange or by ^ bolts. The gaskets are cut with openings and placed over the | bolts. Often Shellac (Westinghouse Style No. 1150419, or I Gencrai Electric Company's Glyptal* 1276) is used to | cement the cork to Ihe flanges. Vl The following is recommended for sealing with the cork -- nitrile rubber combinations: fl Use Armstrong NC-757 cork-nitrile material or equivalent. The gasket can be cut from a tingle sheet or by scarfing strips of the material. A convenient method for joining strips is to make a Keystone Type joint. For this purpose, Westinghouse, Sharon, Pennsylvania, offers their gasket cutter Style No. 328 B614 G01, (about $15). The joints - and also the gasket - should be cemented to the flange, using one of the above cements. Excess cement should not be allowed to reach the interior of the transformer. After installation and bolting, the outside edge of the gasket should be coated thoroughly with epoxy cement to increase weather resistance. This epoxy cement is a paste to which a curing catalyst is added immediately before use. Typical are: a. Epoxy Patch Kit el-C Hysol Corporation, Olean, New York b. Scotchcast** Resin *4 Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Company St. Paul, Minnesota c. Adhesive A-1 and Activator Type 8 Armstrong Products Company Argonne Road, Warsaw, Indiana d. Adhesive 9860-1, Synthetics Organic Company, Cleveland, Ohio, used with activator diethylene triamine (Carbide and Carbon Chemical Company) 1 2. Straight Nitrile Rubber: When straight nitrile rubber was originally used, invariably the gasket was recessed in a groove. This was to prevent gasket flow and to protect the material against excessive compression. Although this type seal was ' not cemented, the nitrile rubber gasket is not reuseable. ' Since grooves or stops have already been provided for the nitrile rubber seal, Silastic 50 can be easily substituted and is ; recommended. This conforms with modern practice. : XVI. Periodic Fluid Inspection end What Checkpoints Mean On a regular schedule - at six, nine, or twelve-month intervals - make ; a simple visual inspection of your askarti insulation and run a dielectric ' breakdown voltage check. i 'Trademark of General Electric Company I . * Tiademeik ef Minnesota Mining k Manufacturing Company n JQI 006406 WATER PCB-SD0000060042 A. Visuel Inspection: Askarel is t dear, faint-yellow liquid. After long-term use this color mty gradually intensify to light brown. The fluid should remein deer and free from turbidity or cloudiness. I Any color change - such as to a green, red or blue cast - indicate* extraction of impurities (color materials) from the solid insulation. If a distinct foreign color pick-up is noted, cheek the complete range of electrical characteristics and notify the transformer maker. Blackening of the askarel may indicate an arcing condition. Other color changes alone are not danger signals since the dielectric breakdown voltage is not likely to be impaired. 1 B. Dielectric Breakdown Voltage If the dielectric breakdown voltage has decreased significantly from the last inspection, or if it hat gradually decreased below 26 KV range (at 25*C) - RUN A CHECK FOR MOISTURE. Use ASTM D1533 (Karl Fischer Method). The dielectric breakdown voltage of askarel is the major indicator to the operating efficiency of your liquid insulation. Besides the visual inspection tests, dielectric breakdown voltage is the only test necessary to run on a routine basis. Well-sealed askarel transformers have service records of 25 to 30 years on the original askarel. XVII. Inspection Checklist 1. If askarel is clear - even though darkened to light brown, has no sediment or turbidity, has dielectric breakdown voltage over 26 KV - give it the inspection "OK". 2. if askarel is clear, but has foreign color of blue, green, <cd ... it is "extracting color" from internal materials. This is not, ol itself, an operating hazard when the dielectric breakdown voltage stays over 26 KV and moisture remains low. However, this rare occurrence calls for checking into the condition of the interior construction and consulting the transformer maker. However, when sampling the fluid care should be taken to avoid getting color into the askarel from paint that may be inside or outside of the sample valve. 3. If the moisture content is found to be above 70 ppm at operating temperature, then sampling should be done at more frequent intervals to establish a passible trend, particularly on outdoor installations. 4. If askarel is clear, but dielectric breakdown voltage drops to 22 or lower KV, and moisture rites over 80 ppm when sampled at operating temperature ... the askarel it ready for simple "refining", if the moisture is near the saturation level (about 126 ppm et room temperature) a thorough inspection should be made for water droplets in the transformer tank, and aven for "globules" of water floating on the askarel surface. If found, the transformer manufacturer should be consulted for reconditioning both the transformer and the fluid. 6. If askarel it dark brown to black, if black particles of carbon art seen, and dielectric strength is low ... the askarel has been broken down by arcing. It cannot be refined and should be removed and Incinerated under proper conditions. (See ANSI Ct07.1-1974, Section 4.1.8). If any of these five simple inspection tests appear out ol the ordinary or the relationship between appearance and test values is abnormal, contact your transformer supplier for a complete analysis. Whenever a sample is to be shipped to Monsanto, please follow the directions shown under: "SAMPLING ASKAREL". J01 006407 WATER PCB-SD0000060043 XVIII. Contamination in Transformers Moisture, particulate matter and arced decomposition products are known to be serious contaminating influences on transformer askartl. The power factor test normally used for the detection of contamination in mirmti oil fiitod transformers is of little use for this purpose in skarei filled transformers, due to the extreme effect of extraneous soluble polar materials. This increase in power factor at illustrated in Table VI has no adverse effect on dielectric breakdown voltage. Table VI Effect of Common Insulation Materials on Power Factor and Dielectric Strength (Heat Aged 96 Hours in Askarei at 100*C.) Material Immersed Askarel After Exposure Power Factor, Percent at 60 _cyc., 100-C. Dielectric Strength _25*C._ None (control) Black varnished cloth Copper Pressboerd Manila paper Phenol formaldehyde resins Shellac Iron Synthetic rubber 1.0 35 KV 85.0 42 1.5 40 2.0 37 1.5 39 1.6 41 6.0 36 5.0 39 70.0 39 Similarly, trace contaminants from commonly used construction meteriels can lower the volume-resistivity of askaret, without affecting its dielectric breakdown voltage. This is shown in Table VII, ------------------------ )----------------------------------------------------------------- Table VII Effect of Common Insulation Materials on Volume Resistivity of Askarei Sample Volume Resistivity x 108 ohm-cm (at 10CTC., 500 Volts DC., 0,1" gap! 1. New askarel before heat aging 2. New askarel after heat aging 96 hours at 100*C 3. After heat aging with 1 sq. inch specimens of: a. Phenolic resin tap changer material b. Paper c. Grade A pressboerd (tan) d. Grade A pressboerd (gray) e. Grade A pressboerd, laminated strip f. Cotton wrapping g. Glyptai 1276 cement, cured 48 hrs. at 110*C 2,000 1,900 1,200 750 500 500 400 300 100 While trace contamination easily lowers volume resistivity from high levels, it is important to note that heavy contamination (as when arced) does not lower the resistivity below the order of 109 ohm-cm. at 100*0. The different behavior of askarel vs. mineral oil in these respects can be summarized as follows: High power factor end low volume resistivity in transformer mineral oils are commonly regarded as "danger signals" that the oil Hat deteriorated and broken down chemically or excessive moisture is present. This is NOT TRUE of askarel liquid insulation unless the dielectric breakdown voltage is low or the moisture content is high. 114 Manufacturers of askarel type transformers point out that n is quite welt known that askarel transformers with initial power factor of the askarel fluid in excess of 50% at room temperature and 60 Hr are giving satisfactory service life. However, there needs to be assurance that both dielectric breakdown voltage and moisture are at satisfactory levels and do not show adverse trends. XIX. ASTM D3255 Method For Investigating The Compat ibility of Transformer Insulation and Construction Materials in Askarel* This method uses the change of electrical and/or chemical characteristics of transformer askarel resulting front its condoned exposure to insulation and construction materials, in order to evaluate their immediate major "contamination'' effect on the askarel fluid. Delayed or long time contamination effects may not be detected. The method also utilizes various physical tests on (ho insulation and construction materials after controlled exposure to the askarel to determine the compatibility of these materials with transformer askarel. Properly proportioned specimens of the insulation or sductural materials are immersed in refined askarel for 168 hours at 100 * 1C in a forced draft oven. Changes in electrical and chemical prow-nms of the transformer askarel are compared against a control s.uiipiu of ihc askarel treated in the same manner, in absence of the te-.i m.i i nm-ns, Dissipation factor (ASTM D 924) change is one of the a : i .netl The askarel fluid is relined by absorptive treatment io j di-.. ; mon facior level ol 0.05 max. at 100*C and 60 Hz and 0.01 max . C end GO Hz. Corresponding values of the askarel fluid after he.u I hours jt 100*C in absence of a test specimen are 0.075 ami P ,<i:ciiviy. The maximum dissipation factor levels suggested for me jjkaiol alter heating in presence of the test specimen are 0.20 at lOO'C and GO Hz and 0.04 at 25*C and 60 Hz. XX. Refining Askarel for Reuse A. Filtering Through Dry Blotter Paper to Remove Moisture and Extraneous Particles: Most operators prefer portable refining apparatus, such as a plate press fitted with a dolly, available from Sparkler, Mundelein, Illinois or General Electric Company, Pittsfield, Massachusetts: or the earthen cartridge filter type available from Industrial Filter Corporation, Lebanon, Indiana. Filter paper liners for the plate J press are available from Carl Schleicher and Schuell Company, Keane, New Hampshire and manufacturers of filter presses listed above. The filter paper must be dried immediately before use. For best results, spread the paper for maximum surface exposure in a hot air circulating oven and heat it for 4 to 6 hours at 1 !0*C. ! Circulate the askarel hot (but not over 40"C) through the filter fitted with the dry paper liners. After filtration the dielectric breakdown voltage ol die askarel should be 35 KV minimum. PRECAUTIONS: 1. Filtering should not be done when the relative humidity exceeds 75%. 2. Any flexible hoses and gaskets on the refining epuuimeiit should be lined with or made of materials that will not be softened by contact with askarel fluid. (Materials lined with Silicone, Viton or Teflon* or flexible metal materials are suitable.I 'Trademark of 1.1. DuPont DeNemoori & Company, Ine. J0I 006^09 n/^ WATER PCB-SD0000060045 TABLE VIII Guide to Rata of Dissolved Water Removal By Filtering Askarel Through a Paper Press Passes Through Paper Press Water in Askarel PPM 0 115 1 35 2 22 3 18 4 12 5 10 6 10 B. Disposal of Solid Wastes: The ANSI guide C107.1-1974, Section 4.1,6 gives detailed recommendations. C. Solid Insulation Requiring Drying: If the solid insulation of the transformer requires drying, consult the transformer manufacturer or an apparatus service shop, as in such case oven drying is preferred. D. Earth Treatment for Maximum Improvement ol Power Factor and Volume Resistivity: We question whether pumping and filtering the fluid solely to achieve a change in power factor or volume resistivity alone is justified in today's ecological climate regarding PC8s. We recom mend that In these situations the original transformer manufac turer be contacted. 1. Ptocedure: The askarel liquid should be relatively dry prior to the following earth filtration. As a coating on the filter paper surface use finely divided Attapulgui* clay or Fuller's earth drfed and activated by heating for 12 hours at 300-3B0*F immediately prior to use. The amount of earth used should be 0.1 to 0.2 percent by weight on the weight of the askarel to be treated. Askarel weight about 12.5 pounds per gallon. To deposit the earth evenly, stir one-third of the earth with a small portion of askarel In a clean container. Pump the mixture through the filter and follow with two more one-third portions. Then circulate askarel taken from near the top of the transformer, pass it warm (not over 56*C) through the sarth-coeted filter and feed beck through the bottom transformer outlet. Continue circulation until the fluid it clear and test shows that the electrical properties are fully restored. 2. Effect of Earth on Removal of Scavengers Only slight and insipiificant loss by selective absorption of tin tetraphenyi and epoxides occurs when askarel is refined by treatment with 0.1 to 0.2 percent by weight of earth. To remove significant amounts of the scavengers requires repe titious treatment with much larger amounts of earth. Trademark of Engelhard Minerals and Cham teals Corp. WATER PCB-SD0000060046 I* "vr?- :* i `1 1<< I>i * V i Table IX Approximate Relationship Showing the Insignificant Effect of Power Feetor end Volume-Resistivity on Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of Transformer Adterei Power Factor (60 eye.) rare --?? Volume Resistivity k 10* ohm-em (at 100"C. 500 Volts DC, 0.1" gaol Breakdown Voltage 25`C, 0.1" gap 2% 55% 15% 2025% 40-50% 0.05% 0.1% 0.7% 2.0% - 1500 500 100 60-70 25 35 KV 35 35 35 35 XXI. Cleaning Arced Transformer* If a unit has arced so that the askarel is no longer fit lor use, a thorough cleaning of the unit is necessary before refilling with new askarel insulation and returning it to service*. Follow this procedure insuring care is taken to prevent any loss of liquid askarel to effluent streams. A. Orain out all dark, carbon-contaminated askarel. Arrange to have the scrap fluid incinerated under proper conditions. (See ANSI Committee Cl07 report.) . B. Carefully brush carbon deposits from internal parts and insulation, using a soft bristle brush making sure that insulation is not damaged. ' C. Flush thoroughly using new askarel - not an oil. nor a cleaning solvent. O. Flush a second time with fresh askarel; drain; then fill to the proper level with new askarel. E. Energize transformer to warm the fluid for 24 to 48 hours: then circulate the askarel through a filter, returning it to the unit filtered and ready for use. XXII. Sampling Askaral Take e sample as close to the top of the liquid surface as possible. Many lerge askarel transformers have a built-in sampling tube near the surface for convenient sampling. Then, to make sure that your sample truly represents your askarel insulation, take another sample from the bottom. If additional sampling tube connections are contrived on the velvet for easier sampling, make the tubes of clean glass, stainless steel, aluminum or tin for rigid types; and silicone, or Viton or Teflon tubing for flexible types. Use NEW containers for the askarel sample. A new and thoroughly pre-dried, smell-mouth quart glass bottle fitted with a Bakeiitt'* screw cap with aluminum or tin cap liner is recommended for quick, on-site testing. (If complete analysis Is to be made, 6-pint size sample is required.) Be sure that the new bottle does not stand open to collect dust or moisture. Rinse the sample bottle and cap lining two or three times with askarel from the transformer, then fill it. If the sample will be tested promptly, a dear glass bottle can be used. If sample is to be stored indefinitely, use an smber glass bottle or wrap clear glass with aluminum foil. A. Select a dry day. Do not sample insulation on a warm, moist day when humidity exceeds 75%, and ... This assumes that the cause of arcing has bean established and correction, mede. When wvere ereing occurs, msjer repairs srs usually necessary end the unit rebuilt. This procedure can be applied lor flushing out the repaired uniti. **Tredemerk of Union Carbide Corporation . J01 006411 WATER PCB-SD0000060047 JO I 006412 WATER PCB-SD0000060048 I I .. I f IB Askarel Filled Switches and Terminal Chambers i i i i i f `1 f 1 < I. Introduction High voltage leads are usually connected to askarel or mineral oil-filled network transformers and power centers through terminal chambers and switches. In some cases terminal chambers are not used, and the high voltage leads are connected directly to the switch terminals. They may be filled with either askarel or mineral oil. Switches are usually rotary or drum type fitted with a revolving block and porcelain unit as the principal element arranged for three-phase service. Askarel transformers with attached switches have been m use for about 30 years. When they were first introduced, the availability of insulating and gasketing materials was rather iimited and even the best materials at the time had no service history. As a result, inadequate gasketing materials such as cork, nitrile rubber, and nitrile rubber-and-cork particles were used. While satisfactory for a limited period of time, these materials cannot be depended upon for the expected long life of the equipment. The terminal chamber* is usually above or below the switch compartment and separated by a steel wall through which the bushings are inserted. When bushings are properly selected and correctly installed, there is no leakage from one compartment to dm other. With poor bushing seals, and the terminal chamber above tfm .miith, potting compounds or cable oil can seep into the askarel. When the terminal chamber is below the switch, askarel can drain into the terminal chamber. II. Sources of Contamination There are three possible sources of contamination for askarel m switches and terminal chambers; they rank in this order of frequency: (1) water entering through poor gaskets; (2) decomposition products from arcing when switch is used to break magnetizing current; (3) entrance of potheed or cable compounds through leaky bushing seals. Unlike an askarel transformer where the amount of contaminant is likely to be very small (probably only trace amounts! in relation to the volume of askarel fluid - in switches or terminal chambers with faulty seals, the (mount of contamination can be relatively large. Experience hat shown that, based on the number ol installed askarel-switch units,..the percentage of failures is extremely small. When investigated, it hat been found that most failures originate in the switch chamber. Water it the chief source of contamination. However, heavy contamination of askarel with petrolatum and asphalt material, due to leakage, have caused a few failures. Petrolatum it used frequently for filling terminal chambers. When either cable oil or petrolatum seeps into askarel, no great harm results. The fire resistance will be somewhat decreased and power factor of (he askarel will increase with an accompanying drop in resistivity. While highly undesirable, it is doubtful that failure of the unit results. Where asphaltic compounds are used in place of petrolatum, the danger is increased somewhat because asphaltic contamination may cause excessively high dielectric losses in the askarel. When the terminal chamber is below the switch chamber, the pottmg compound can be contaminated by askarel if the bushing seals are leaky. This is undesirable because the askarel will increase the power factor and conductivity of the potting compound or cable oil and develop heat from dielectric lots. If this mixture is drawn into the cable JOI 006413 WATER PCB-SD0000060049 Imuiitkm, a ctbJt failure Is likely. This again emphasizes the importince of tight bushing assemblies. ill. Staling Switches and Tsrminal Chambers Proper bushing construction, use of Silastic teals and welding wherever possible is highly desirable (as covered in Section A). Where an elastomeric seal it to be used in contact with both askarel and petroleum oil, OuPont'i Vlton is suggested. For new equipment the user should specify these modern sealing arrangements to keep out contaminants and minimize maintenance. IV, Askarel Used Under Mild Arcing Conditions The IEEE Guide for Transformer Askarel calls attention to the following: "Askarel is used, to some extent, in apparatus where it is subjected to light intermittent arcing, such as in self-contained induction regulators, where operating switches are continually producing slight arcs, in transformer de-energizing switches, etc.. Under normal conditions, daterioration of the askarel Is very slight. However, improperly edjusted or defective switches in this type of apparatus can produce excessive and prolonged arcing and accelerated deterioration of the askarel. It is recommended that whon askarel is used under these conditions, checks of the liquid, especially for moisture and dielectric breakdown voltage made more frequently than when it Is used only as a cooling and insulating fluid. Deterioration of this type is indicated by a blackening of the liquid. It can usually be reconditioned as previously described. Special attention should be given to maintaining the scavenger at the appropriate concentration." V. Maintenance for Askarel Filled Switches A. Switches used for grounding after power source has been de-energized will not undergo arcing. B. Switches interrupting magnetizing current will be subject to arcing; the amount of decomposition will depend on power interrupted, time and frequency of operation. At a general rule, tho liquid should be checked after 5 to 10 operations. 1. On newly installed switches, check the askarel at 3,6 and 12 month intervals; if found satisfactory, check once annually thereafter. With proper attention to the gasketing of covers and bushings, experience will probably indicate that lets frequent inspection is warranted. 2. Check askarel for: a. Dielectric breakdown voltage (ASTM 0877): It should be 26 KV minimum. If dlefectric breakdown voitege it low, confirm presence of water by Karl Fiachcr method ASTM 0-1S33. Filter to remove moisture. Dielectric strength should then be 30 KV minimum. b. Pretence of carbon from arcing: Fluid should be relatively free of carbon. If badly arced and very black, replace fluid. If only minute amounts of carbon are present, filtration it recommended. Check power factor of liquid (should not be over 6% at 25`C end 60 cycles). Flush out twitch chamber with several gallons of fresh askarel before refilling. 3. If there is discoloration, high power factor, detectable change in specific gravity or refractive index, or if fluid flashes below 25&F, there it a possibility of seepage of potting compound into the switch compartment. In this case, correct any leaky bushing seels with proper replacements end fill with new askarel. 4. If terminal chamber It below switch, check potting compound for presence of askarel (cert usually be detected by odor or by an Increase In specific gravity). If askarel is present, correct any leaky bushing seals with proper replacements, end renew compounds. 5. Examine cover gaskets visually. Deterioration can be detected 006414 WATER PCB-SD0000060050 bv willing and cricking of thi exposed adge. In cmt of severe deterioration, liquid seepage it usually praianl. 6. Check for leakage at packing gland of twitching shaft. If leaking, repack with a Silastic ring type gasket. VI. Askarel Under Excessive Temperature or Fault Conditions The IEEE Guide also points out that, "Chlorobenzenes used in transformer askarels begin to boil at temperatures of about 20S*C, under atmospheric conditions. If the material is heated to such high temperature In a sealed system, pressure develops. Pressure will also develop in the system if the askarel it arced sufficiently to generate copious hydrogen chloride gas. "Therefore, it is recommended that wherever possible, sealed askarel'flllad equipment bs provided with pressure relief devices. These devices must be large enough to provide immediate relief at a definite pressure, and to prevent further build up of pressure if decomposition continues. It must be remembered that the presence of devices of this sort does not necessarily preclude the rupturing of containing vessels, since pressure build up can be extremely rapid under violent arcing conditions." i' @tJnnQ r Toxicity& Safe Handling i! . . .v II Ir i : I. Inhalation At ordinary temperatures the chlorinated biphenyls in Askarel have not presented industrial toxicological problems. The hazard of potential toxfe exposure varies with their volatility: tha lower-chlorinated, morevolatile ones present more of a potential problem from tha standpoint of both inhalation and skin contact. When Askarel fluids are used at elevated temperatures, engineering controls must be applied, either by the use of dosed systems or by effective local-exhaust ventilation together with general workroom exheust. Vapors of Askare! et room temperature should not be breathed in a confined space, end no vapor of any fluid evolved at elevated temperatures should be allowed to be dispersed into the general workroom. Inhalation tests on animals indicate that the maximum safe concentra tion of vapor is in tha range of from 0.5 to 1.0 milligram per cubic mater of air. The threshold limit value (maximum allowable concen tration of an 8-hour working day) set by the American Conference of Government Hygienists ere 1.0 milligram of the lower-chlorinated biphenyl compounds per cubic meter of air and 0.5 milligram of the more-highly-chlorinated compounds, per cubic meter of air. II. Skin Contact Prolonged or repeated skin contact with the Askarel fluids must be avoided by the use of gloves end protective garments, because of the possible occurrence of a condition called chloracna. Although reports of this condition caused by Askarel ira rare, it can be produced by excessive skin contact. If tha fluid Is spilled on tha skin the skin should be washed in the usual manner with a soap solution. A burn caused by contact with a hot Askarel should be treated like any ordinary burn. For disposal Instructions of Askarel fluids, see Section A VIII. page 8. JOI 006415 WATER PCB-SD0000060051 I Analytical Services on Transformer Askarel Available From Monsanto Transformer user* not wishing to make their own fluid analyse* can obtain the service from Monsanto. Simply contact Monsanto ! and specify what analytes are wanted. You wilt be sent the proper-sized, clean sample container, fitted with a proper label. When I you receive this, carefully take your sample (following the procedure for sampling in this guide). Send the container to Monsanto's laboratory. Charges listed include sample container and laboratory costs. The charges are those in effect August 6, 1976, and are subject to change. Types of Analytes Available Analysis 1) ROUTINE MAINTENANCE CHECK Total Charge: $35.00 Per Sample To determine the general condition of the fluid and find whether further analysis is necessary, (one-quart sample required) Properties Tested Dielectric Breakdown Voltage Color and Condition Moisture l You will bo notified of the results of this test. If further testing it indicated, and you want a complete analysis, you will be sent a five-pint sample container. This sample will be used for the following series of tests: Analysis 3) COMPLETE ANALYSIS Total Charge: $165.00 Per Sample (1) To determine the extent of fluid contamination, (21 earth refinement to determine what degree of restoration oi electrical and insulating properties it possible, (3) check test to see how the fluid responded to earth treatment. a) Complete Analysis: to determine the extent of contamination Properties Tetted Free Chlorides Color and Condition Acidity Specific Gravity Dielectric Breakdown Voltage Refractive Index Power Factor, Dielectric Constant, and Resistivity Water b) Earth Refinement Response: Consists of treatment for 2.5 hours at 50-60*C. with 0.1 to 0.2 percent by weight of property conditioned Attapu/gus clay and then filtration through dry filter paper. c) Analysis After Laboratory Earth Refinement: Properties Tested Acidity Refractive Index Dielectric Breakdown Voltage Water Power Factor, Dielectric Constant, and Resistivity Free Chlorides You will be notified of the results of this test series on your sample. Then after refining your entire transformer fluid fill you can check on the results bv requesting the following analysis: Analysis 3) ANALYSIS AFTER EARTH REFINEMENT Total Charge: $70.00 Per Sample (This charge will not apply when analyses 1 and 2 have already been made.) To determine whether the entire lot of the askarel fill responded to the same extent as the laboratory sample, (five-pint sample required! Properties Tested Free Chlorides Color and Condition Acidity Refractive Index Dielectric Breakdown Voltage Water . Power Factor, Dielectric Constant, and Resistivity To arrange for the tests described above write to the following address: Dtvid Wood Monsanto Industrie! Chemicals Company 800 North Lindbergh Blvd. St. Usuis, Missouri @3166 Samples to be tested should bt clearly marked for Identification and sent directly to: Monsanto Company- - '. W. G. Krummrtah. laboratory Saugt,tUlnoU 62201 . Attention J. A, Gleeekntr - JO I 006416 1 \ WATER PCB-SD0000060052 l Appendices rArf-wniW) APPENDIX A Askarat Stability and Composition of Arc Formed Gas: Askarel insulation is one of tlie most inert, chemicaily-stable heat resistant, non-corrosive liquids known. It will not break down, oxidite or sludge when exposed to air and high temperatures, 160*C. or even somewhat higher. Arcing, however, will break down the compound to liberate tome hydrogen chloride and small amounts of carbon. APPROXIMATE COMPOSITION ARC-FORMED GAS FROM TRANSFORMER ASKAREL BLENDS ASTM TYPES 0 AND G (INERTEEN 70-30 ANO PYRANOL A13B38-3. RESPECTIVELY! Gas carbon monoxide carbon dioxide oxygen inert geses hydrogen chloride (note the absence of phosgene! Amount 0.3* * 0.3% 0.6% 1.6% 97.3% This arc-formed gas from ASTM Type D and Type F transformer askarolt it non-flammable and non-combuvtil.io. For all practical purposes, the amount of gas liberated from askarel under a given set of arcing conditions is about 100 cubic | eantimetars per^kilowatt-sacond. APPENDIX B a- SOLUBILITY OF GAS IN TRANSFORMER ASKARELS ASTM TYPES D ANO G Percent of Gat By Volume Corrected to: 2S*C 760 mm OC. 780 mm 26*C iptre 25"C 100*C r Carbon dioxide ' Air 71% 47% 6.7 4.9 -- 5.8 5.0 Nitrogen 6.0 4.8 5.5 4.4 Hydrogen chloride1 37J 60.9 `" x !ln absence of scavenger APPENDIX C EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DIELECTRIC BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE OF ASKAREL Temperature *C -80 -40 -20 .0 20 . 40 60 . to : :. . . `-S' /<!,: . 1 Dielectric Breakdown Voltage ASTM D877 67 KV 63 67 65 60 SO 48 45 JOI 006417 WATER PCB-SD0000060053 APPENDIX D COMPARISON Of THE APPROXIMATE VISCOSITY IN SAYBOLT UNIVERSAL SECONOS Of TRANSFORMER ASKARELS AND MINERAL OIL Temp. "C -20 fr 20 40 60 80 100 Pyranol A13838-3 1,000 100 70 45 39 34 30 1043 Mineral Oil 1,000 160 86 49 40 34 30 Inerteen 70-30 2,800 195 85 60 40 36 33 APPENDIX E THE DENSITY OF INERTEEN 70-30 AND TRANSFORMER PYRANOL A13838-3 Approx. Density gm/cc. Tamp.*C 0 20 40 80 80 Inerteen 70-30 1.574 1.552 1.529 1.507 1.485 Pyranol A13838-3 1.677 1.565 1.532 1.510 1.488 APPENDIX F The thermal conductivity values o< transformer Pyranol A13838-3 at 27*0 and 68*C are 26.2 and 26.8 x 1(7* calories osntlmeters-t, degrees centigrade-*, tecond-i, respectively. Or, approximately 0.06 8TU per <hr.| (tq. It.J (f.) per foot. This same approximation applies to Inertaan 70-30. APPENDIX Q Heat Capacity Over the temperature range of 26* to 126*C the specific heat of transformer askarel is close to 0.30 calories per gram per degree. APPENDIX H____________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Coefficient of Expansion The average coefficient of expansion of transformer askarel over the temperature range 20 to 100*C is 0.0007 oc/cc/*C. One gallon would Increase to 1.066 geflont on heating from 20 to 100*C. . APPENDIX i___________________________________________________________________________________________ Fire Resistance Askarefs of various compositional types are used. Under arcing conditions the gases produced, while consisting of predominantly non-combustible hydrogen chloride can yield varying amounts of combustible gases depending upon the askarel type. Insulation systems incorporating these eskcrels end ceilulotic or other organic materials may, when arced, produce gaseous mixtures which ere moderately flammable. As a precaution, such gases should be removed from the askaref by bubbling dry nitrogen through the askarel and flushing the gas specs with dry nitrogen before any work is performed on the apparatus! I JOI 006418 I WATER PCB-SD0000060054 Progenies and Procurement O^w Corning Corporation, Midland, Michigan with Oistricts at Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland Dallas Los Anoelet New York City, Washington, O.C. and Toronto has available Bulletin 09 019, August 1962 entitled "Silastic'oasign Data" This lists tho gasket fabricators throughout the country from whom the "Silastic 50" gasketing can be purchased in sheet' extrusions or molded shapes. ' Generally, Silastic 50 sheet.goods are stocked by local die cutters, hence, could be generally purchased locally Usually small Quantities of gaskets are die cut. If larger quantities are needed, tools are made of the same type used to cut other elastomers. Where the gasket is extruded for fitting into a machined groove or between gasket stops, Dow Corning advises use of a scaivcd joint. This joint is then cemented using Dow Coming's Silastic 140 (clear) or their HTV 731 (white) materials which air cure. ' Dow Coming points out that the local "rubber" fabricators purchase the Silastic 50 in billet form. This is worked on a roll mill in preparation for sheeting or extrusion. Then to obtain the desired physical properties the fabricator must oven cure the Silastic 50 lor 24 hours at 4804. ASTM D676 ASTM 0412 ASTM 0412 ASTM D395 SPECIFICATIONS* Color Specific Gravity at 77*F Hardness, Shore A. Scale Tensile Strength, psi, min Elongation, percent, min Compression Set after 22 hrt at 3004, percent, max White 1.20i 0.02 45 to~60 800 250 30 `All physical properties measured on 0.075 inch thick samples molded 5 minutes at 24(TF, and oven cured 24 hours at 4804, appendix k_________________________ _______________________ __ _____________________________ Caution, Label Ihe following or equivalent caution statements should be fixed on all containers of transformer askarels and the trans formers themselves: This product contains Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs). Care should be taken to prevent entry into the environment through spills, leakage, use, vaporization, or disposal of liquid or containers. Avoid prolonged breathing of vapors or mists. Avoid contact with eye* or prolonged contact with skin. If skin contact occurs, remove by washing with soap and water. Following eye contact, flush with water. In case of spillaga onto clothing, the clothing should be removed as soon as practical end the skin washed. Dispose of any contaminated materials as suggested in the American National Standards Institute document C107.1, "Guidelines for Handling and Disposal of Capacitor and Transformer Grade Askarels. Containing Polychlorinated Biphenyls". Monsanto MONSANTO INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS COMPANY FUNCTIONAL PRODUCTS GROUP 800 N. LINDBERGH BLVD. ST. LOUIS. MISSOURI B316B The information herein regarding obtaining optimum results from eskarel fluids in your transformer has been accumulated by Monsanto for over 40 years from the experience of makers and users of askarel transformers and it is believed will be helpful. Nothing herein shall be construed as applying to other than askarel insulation. Data and maintenance suggestions herein do not apply to the otlwr components of the transformer. All operating and maintenance suggestions recommended by the manufac turer of the transformer should also be carefully followed. Because these maintenance directions apply only to the askarel insulation. Monsanto disclaims any liability for damage to property or injury to persons arising from transformer operation. , TM ---- -- " " JOI 006419 WATER PCB-SD0000060055 U S CUSTOMER SERVICE CENTERS AKRON. OHIO 44313 30 Ottve Boa 6444 Montram Oavakpmans Farit tw. uwa4in ATLANTA. GEORGIA 3033* 370 Interstate Norm Mian? Suit* too TV T404T 434-4949 Houston. Texas nose 1300 Potl Oak rower SOS ( MUtlhVnw Road Tel. 12131 621-9650 LOS ANGELES. CALIFORNIA - I40f Dow Amt Suit* 3SO Nomrort SascH, California 92660 Tsl. 12141 632-9ISO NEW YORK. NEW YORK 10036 1114 Avenue ol 10s Americas Tsl. 12121 264-5000 ST. LOUIS. MISSOURI 63166 SOON. Lindbaryh gird. ' Tsl. 13141 694-1000 INI LHNA1IONAI OFFICES ARGENTINA Mntwtco Arcanum SA-t.C* Aide Madaro 1020. Floors 12th 6 16th Suenos Arras, Aryantina AUSTRALIA Monsanto Australia Limited East Tamar, Fitness Gats BMy. 151 Flinders Street Melbourne, Victoria 3001 Australia Monsanto Australia Limited 35 Terry Street Rosalie, Sydney, NSW Australia 7010 Monsanto Australia Limited Fort OTHea toe I111K. Adelaide Saudi Australis 5031 Monsanto Australia Limned Brisbane F, 0. toe 63, Hamilton Central Queensland, Australia 4002 Monsanto Australia l united Firth F. O. Boa 22 Ooubkvievr Nett Australia 601 AUSTRIA Monsanto GmbH Austria Am Stadtpark (HUton Center! A-1030 Wkn, Austria BELQIUM Arranua da Tervurm 3ZDSZS B-l1508nteeak.Bel8km Monsanto Sunset NVOA 2000Antwerp, Belglism BRAZIL Industries Monsanto Ltria. 681 ConsuMcao, first throuyh FHth Floors Sao Paulo. Brasil 01230 CANADA Monsanto Canada Ltd. 126 Rsadtk Blvd. Rtatkk, Ontario. Canada Monsanto Canada Ltd. 100 Fork Reyric. Suim 20t Mm Vencmncr, B.C.. Canada CHILE Monsanto Chile Comareial a Industrial Edilleta Soane OHeins 502 Cslla Ensdo 332 SantMfO da Chile COLOMBIA Monsanto Colombians Inc. Carters 10, No 22-59 Boyers. Colombia DENMARK Monsanto A/S 6 Ryeensteenttede OK 1654 Cooenheyen Danmark ' EL SALVADOR Monsanto Canttoamariea IEI SalvadorI S.A. Edi/ieio Flare 62 Avantda Sue y Celle a Sense Tesla San Salvador, El Salvador FEDERAL REFUBLIC OF GERMANY Monsanto IDeufchiandl GmbH Immarmannstrasaa 3 0-4000 Oussaldorl. Federal Republic ol Germany FINLAND Monsanto ISeandlnavMI At Arkedlenketu MC20 00100 Helsinki 10. Finland FRANCE Socials Monsanto S.A 9 rue d'Aryanton 26 Farts Itl Franca GUATEMALA Mansantc Guatemala Inc. Edilieio Casa 7s Avenria 7-11 Tones OuaiamaM City, Guatemala HONGKONG Monsanto far Seat Ltd. 0Mvjmua9dtVss| snv Svt^cuWresum 26 Cana! Road West Hasty Kerry INDIA MktdM Chemicals Ltd. NskaHaid House 11 Sprott Rd.. Battord Estato Bombay 400 OOt. India MhtdM Chemicals Ltd. IB Raleadtaneth Mutharica Rd. Calcutta 200001, India Mindla Chemicals Ltd. 310-311 Linthl Chatty Stmt Marina 600001, India 441-- -tl- ..... 1-- - | ^ --samnmaad WVfnWf L 3/0 Anal AH Rood Naas Damn 10 001, India INDONESIA F. T, Monsanto Am Ekemnks 181 Di. Or SehanNo Marta, Indonesia ITALY Monsanto Itallana Sp.A. Via Makhierra Gieia 0 Milana 20124. Italy JAPAN Room 212, Shin Kohusei Bidsi 4-1, Marunouchi Schema ChlyodaAu. Tokyo. Japan MALAYSIA Momenta Far East Ltd. IMakyda BranchI 116. Jelen Ssmanyat T w- fI r /ss(visTy~ni Um m&se^uvlfm.fvirmpmr Vys^tj--rykS MSXtCQ Afencenre Cem&eisi 4. Thin te. 24 8, O.F., MftJKfeO NETHERLANDS Monsanto 8. V. Jan van Nassauttraai 63-56 Dan Haay Holland, The Netherlands NEW ZEALAND Monsanto New Zealand L Id. 19 Groat South Road Ramuara Auckland 6, New Zealand NICARAGUA Monsanto INkereyuel S.A F. 0. Boa 288 Manatua. Ntcareyve NORWAY Mansantc Narys A.S. Fred Oimntyara 11 Oslo 1, Norway FHILIFFINES Monsanto Fhillpoinas Inc. Suita 1101 Security Bank & Trust 6268 Avars Ava Makati Rita! 0-208, FhiHppinas FUERTORICO Monsanto Fuarto Rko Comoany Monos Rivera Aim. Bornkeen St. Rio Fkdrat, Fuarto Rko SINGAPORE Monsanto Sinyapora Company IFte.l L Id. Suita 206 Cathey 0ldy. 2th Fleer Mount Sophia. Sinyspore 9 SOUTH AFRICA Monsanto South Attica IFtyJ L rd. I ItlI floor, Sandton City BittySandton, Trantvaal. South Attica SPAIN Monsanto Ibarka &A LapantaSSOB Bartakna 131, Spain SWEDEN Meiuynsa (Scandkavkl AS Xahammarkosen 22 Boras, Saodatt SWITZERLAND Monsanto ISulual A Fosriacn CM 5600, Lanibuty, Stviuarknd TAIWAN Monsanto Far East L Id. iTahvan BranchI 36 Chany An East Read, 6th Floor Section I, Taipei Taman THAILAND Monsanto Thailand Ltd. 6th floor, Kaaamkd Bitty. IZOSHem Road ft fiiflii oiifr ijiAi y9fsaa^taCtTfimnenmraFf UNITED KINGDOM Momenta Ltd. 10-18 Vktork Street Monsanto Mooes London SWIH ONQ Enyland VENEZUELA Monsanto IVtmtuelel CA Tam Fhetpa Risen 24 Piers Vsmsuck Caracas 101. Vmesttck JO I 006420 Monsanto Monsanto Industrial Chemicals Co. / A Unit ol Monsanto Company i 800 N. Lindbergh Blvd.* Si. Louis. Mo. 63166 \ l i 'i ;j l 1 WATER_PCB-SD0000060056 At jC. ioulc rfT-M- --'-1 Oott November nr. a. xffs OMr To Mr. H* B. Patrick Stfaenet At Krummrich Plant Subteet D?mTMEyg (&RCGLGR2) IS la the opinion of the Medical Department Shaft the eating of lunch# should not b allowed la fthla department for a number of reasons. (1) Aroclor vapors and other process vapors could eon tamlnate the lunches unless they were properly pro tested. ,, (2) When working with this material, the chance of osntaai ' nating hands and subsequently contaminating the food is a definite possiblifty. (3) It has long been the opinion of the Medical Department that eating in process departments is a potentially hazardous procedure that could lead to serious difJi culties. While the Aroclers are not particularly hazardous from our own experience, this is a dlffi cult problem to define because early literature work claimed that chlorinated biphenyls were quits ' toxic materials by ingestion or inhalation* In any , case where a worls&a claimed physical harm from any contaminated food, it would be extremely difficult on the basis of past literature reports to counter such claims. . - WATER PCB-SD0000060057 feiaal, z?ricats iadieata that Inert#isa is Isas vrti.9 th&s triable rbnjn*j that %ht intake ef fatal doses (fairly ltrgt quantities, perhaps S to C tablespocefuii) will hyperemia ef all internal organs, extensive degeneration of the liver, and dmg* ef the mucous membranes of the stomach* With smaller dosss these effects art lass severs and thare is evidently' seat tendency toward healing If further absorption of the toxic material is prevented* ' The contact of Inerteen with the skin causes dryness of the kin, thickening and scaling, and it appears that sufficient quan tities any be absorbed in this way to cause damage of the liver. It appears that for short exposure concentrations of 0*5 mg. per liter of air represent the maximal allowable concentration, and for continued exposure, concentrations below G.05 ag per liter of air. ' Dangerous concentrations, or at least potentially dangerous .concentrations, may be recognized by drawing 10 liters of air at (s rate of about 1 liter per 2 ninutes through e test tube contain ing 1 cc. of ethyl alcohol, cooled in cry ice or in an ice salt fixture, an;: then pouring the alcohol carefully on the surface of h few cubic centimeters of water in test tube. If the concentra tion of Insrteen is over 0.03 ag. per liter, a. white ring is pro duced between the tv j layers. For the safe handling of Inerteen it appears necessary that ( to| PLAINTIFF'S i EXHIBIT I I to IWATER PCB-SD0000060058 i eoaewatrwtiaaB of its vapors in air are kwpt below .05 g. pr 11 tar of air by adequate forced ventilatioc at the site of the production of *uch vapors. - Oreatest personal bygiaat is f paramocmt importance. Coo- taaiaatico. of the skin should be avoided by proper protective garments such as gloves, caps and. coveralls. la ease of accidents or tith short exposure to higher concentrations, of and above 0.2 mg per liter of air, respirators or open air masks should be worn. The akin should be kept immaculately clean and ointments such as lanolin, or iquafor should be applied to the skin after the washing of the hands. la vie*, of the possibility f s. toxic action of this material on the liver, parsons suffering froc injuries of the liver (jaundice) syphilis, and heart diseases should be excluded frou operations in which Inerteen is handled. Workers handling Xaerteen or with frequent exposure to its vapors, should undergo periodic examinations; special attention should be paid to their nutritional condition, end the condition of the liver should be checked by deteraining the icteric index in the blood and the excretion of urobilin tad urobilinogen in the urine* Regards the treatment of toxic effects of Xaerteen, the local irritation of the skin should be treated \.iih bland o into eats after the toxic material has been removed by intensive fashing and sc rut ting* la case there is evidence of injury of the liver, a diet rich in carbohydrates, administration of glucose and insulin, or.,* duodenal lavage vith cagnesius sulfate may be beneficial. If Ir.erteer. WATER PCB-SD0000060059 2 has been (T&llovcd,. cattles such soap aatar or auatard aater should be glYn lnaediatsly. This should be followed by Ciitric laTafe with a suspension of activated charcoal in uUr, sad saline cathartics such as Spsou salts should be gLrmx to remove any toxic material fro the Intestinal t?act Si3SS 4* ,, ` tWn WATER PCB-SD0000060060 WATER PCB-SD0000060061 St. Louie Research Report Ho. p~688 March 23, 1956 safety rev:?;/ c:.y;;.::tt; ap?z:\`:d cv____ _ phocsss for CQWTxinjcvs GSL0RIHAT2CH OF BIPHENYL Job Ho. 2-02-750,01-3040 / Louis Research DDepievritsaieonnfe Work 4e*s byi A. H. Ellenbur* R. A. Siaone ^^ten by; A. j mnpg WATER_PCB-SD0000060062 ; 5. from Aroclor 1160 to 1142 or 1148 wars required, the third stage would also have to be drained. An alternative when such a shift Is necessary would be to chlorinate the third stage batchwlse to Aroclor Il60 and drain the reactor. The overflow should be closed- during the batch chlorination to avoid overflow due to molar expansion. The product from the fourth stags should not be considered truly representative of a continuous operation until at least 3500 gallons have been discharged. The intermediate material will be partially composed of varying degrees of batch material. MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS, ANALYTICAL METHODS The raw, crude and finished material specifications are the same as those given by preeent product specifications. The analytical methods for finished Aroolors are the same presently used on preeent production. In addition, infrared spectra of lo carbon disulfide solutions of finished Aroolors are to be run by the St. Louis Research Department during the initial continuous production of each product or whenever sojourn time for any Aroclor is initially changed. TOXICITY AMP HAZARDS Chlorine - Chlorine is an extremely toxic gas. Thffl allowable concentration for an eight hour day is reported to be from 0.35 to 2 parts per million. High concentrations causes pneumonitis and edema of the lungs. An exposure of 1000 ppm is rapidly fatal. However, sufficient warning of its presence is given since the gas is detectable by odor at a concentration of 3.5 ppm, end 15.1 ppm gives throat irritation. Respiratory equipment should be available to those working on chlorination equipment. Reference: 3ax, N. I., "Handbook of Dangerous Chemioala1', Rhelnhold Publishing company, hew lone, igpi- ....... p. 93. Biphenyl - Large concentration of biphenyl vapors causes intoxication. Respiratory equipment should be worn when working in contact with its vapors. The material is flammable and should be kept away from areas of acute fire h&2ard. Reference: Opus Clt., p. 151. Chlorinated Biphenyl (Aroclora) - Arealew can give rise to dermatitis wnen contacted wira the skin. Inhalation of vapors is usually followed by systematic poisoning. The liver is affected by serious exposure to vapors. Toxicity laereaaee with increasing degree of chlorination. The proper protective clothing should be worn when handling Aroclor*. Respiratory equipment should b used wnen vapor contact is anticipated. WATER PCB-SD0000060063 6. Heferenea: Opus Git., p. 92 . These materials have been handled for many years in Monsanto so no difficulty is expected in the operation of this process. R. A. Simone Approved: A. M. Sllenbur* dm 3-28-56 , WATER PCB-SD0000060064 CIimilD IQSS1 Mr. J W* Hlgert Materials & hrooees &gr Hw^dquej-feerw &Nti&I Dej* Sept br IS, 1947 ' I a sorry far the long delay is getting the Safe PraatiiibT Data Sheet X4 prepared# 9e are still lacMng. seme date o$ but rather than waiting jatfeil. ws gwt oosplete' information I'amiiMM you the follewihgi ufaiah takes ears of aost of the Sata* 1 dl#OtS<K your oapaoiter ihaisllAtiea with eeveral persons at your. plant ago, isoludicg Mr,-T*'/1* fuller end Mr* J Seott* . They`are ftadll&r with the feet that iserteea is a fairly taxle material which must bo handled in euah. a way .as to prevent poisoning', - ' CCKYAIMEHS 1HD STO8A0I I believe the type of oontainer la indicated an P* D. Spee* 6888* You can probably determine the exact type of container in whitk you receive this aaterial from your supplier* There ere no ipeaial'pr*?,. oautions that need be taken is storing the. original containers* . In of spillage, the inerteea should be oleaoed up promptly so that its vapors will not oostaaisate the storage area* The use of oil absorbing oomppuhd, M06696-1, is reeosmwded siaoe this ocnpound ahsects the iserteen sad keeps the floor is a son-slippery condition* PROPERTIES Fire - Koa-flsmahle Bxploeioa - lon-expleaivw BREATHIHQ I do sot yet have data on. the odor level of this material* (Jsreaie poisoning may ooour where there are repeated or reowrlsg exposures tr ft . sufficient oonoentration of isertaen (6985) taper over a period of Jsodfth* or years* Sueh expostrt nay produce internal bodily iajtsy whieh mjr*b5 disabling or could be fatal* Where people may breathei-air oontainisg the. WATER PCB-SD0000060065 Mr* J* W * ' .. Sept, IB, 1947 pr, the Wcriaim Allowable Sefieeairatias is'aho '^nigy?^e*1''iubit v metar. this 1 Kind Allewfr 1* recurring daily 'e*pw*. If the eeseestratioa if'Jeiw than. 'wis stLlliy cru, tbsre is little abeam of poisoning net after years <af exposure-^ When aneh higher eaaosntreiisue of 'v&por are breathed"for a relatively ., short period, there may he ` irritations of th* ,a*e" astd thraat,.'or, heoa - .. si anally nausea. If air is saturated with inerteen rapor at room tamper** ^ tore, it will .oentala a eeneeatratiaa of Iff milligrams ef iahaKem pari' oubio aeter of air, (late) Z am not entlrelyV^Ekiffled withthiit/figure!.. although it la the .test-data that I have arrfe&g&lglji* y J`ecpevt . this valts before Issuiag. the lafa.^raetiM'JmivSMdto^^m relatively J^yjh^'bemeenimtien of . vapor eewi<t room temperature, -It'`ahrt be remembered tl^v;l&yetap^tidh temperatve 'is .vefy;'. ilo*'and it would' reqwi psgi'ods f iiis|^w-k' totally enoleihed tpiaoe, to reash this saturated'deBditi^iL#' ggdLLSgiaO' \ ' ., 'ZnsrtWs'ir,highly' bead if 'takas interadlly,!,She., approximately, sm or twoVettwee may cause eerimss 'iterhsl{lajw^^'..pet^ hapa death,. '. sra ntemcii . ' . . It la a mild skis irritant, fives though it is sot very irritating to the aids, it la absorbed through the skis and earn produoe toacio raaetiena internally. It may also produoe, after espeauraa of mcBtha or years,!"... . skin oonditioa known. as ohler-aaae. Shis eeaditiss ia very .dl^ledlt t ' heal, ,' PIRSQfiAL PH0SICSIY1 IQCIPMM? ' -. " * '' If it is neoessary, under mergenoy ooaditloss, to ester a spate eonteinisg very high ooseentratiese of vapor or fume, either a vmiteraal g&fi mask, 1406789-1, as sdr-lia respirator, or a hose mask with or withere* blower, may be used. For usual eoasesferations of vapor, standard ehemieal oartridge respirator 8S8S-1, equipped with as activated ehareoal eartridge 8883-2, will provide protection, these' respirators should he of a type approved by the W. S* Bureau of Mines, leoprene aprons and glarrea 7830-8 -may be used where neeessary to protest the skis,- If for any reesen the ' neoprene gloves do not stand up well on this applioatios, a glow 'nod*. Polyvinyl aloohol resin (suoh as Resistoflax) Could be. used* 'Hand/tretst, i such as West 88 (West Disinfectant Company, 42-18 West Street, long. lilted City), or Fend 0 (Mine Safety Applianoet Ccmpany, Pittsburgh,. Pfc) tey he ' WATER_PCB-SD0000060066 Mr. J. V. llgsrt -5- . lept. IS, 1M7 of son tains'-ui protection for the aids tier* Wbter ssthodi of. protection are hot practical* ' ` ,. -/ PSSCLU7ZQ978 " " '" ' ' , . . . , U' Oar* *arfe be tokos to prevent axcy appreciable- contact of thisr~T material eith tbs' ikin, especially ebon these etstastg mrm rep#sct4. Ifany appreciable area of the sJda beeaaet MtOt jrith -tlw' insrtesm*'It.V should be reserved by sashing with soap sad eatar&ilabyl stearate i$ & ;T good solvent for this mterlai and can he Bering the inert#*. trm the skis Zta us* is @<plbely _ 'he feXJhs^'.'hy.' sashing vdth soap sad'seter* ' She Msuetom 'Omaatntihi1 &;Spcr previously specified* should not be exceeded'hidar tione* fids ew.'W'aofeaipliihed either by using ' a: totally tern or by providing adequate v*trtdlatia&" Where this is. sot praotideX*^' respirator* say .be.-ased* /proper preplaoeasat l.and periedie.:plsy*iei':ir''` exasisatlons thohld he Bade by the ttedioal Department Os eorksnvrho work with laerteesu^'- ... : "' . " FIBST AH) :| ' In su*t of wrallwing, vooiting should be isdueed lsntsdiatsly ! by carefully inserting & finger is the person's throat* Is oase of say severe exposure, tbs person should be placed under the supervision, of the plant physician* ' 2C8 <y 1 0* Barnes Industrial Hygiene Sagiaeer WATER PCB-SD0000060067 i; hi iv.n Westinghouse Electric Corporation Corporate Standards * R & D Center P D Spec 54201KA Rev C (Federal CODE IDEM? HO. 79500) INERTEEN 1. This specification covers nonflammable insulating liquid for use in transformers. 2. No change shall be made in the quality of successive shipments of material furnished under this specification without first obtaining the approval of. the purchaser. MANUFACTURE t 3. COMPOSITION: Mixture of chorinated diphenyl and trichlorobenzene with 0.20 per cent phenoxypropene oxide added. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 4. . DETERMINED PER ASTM D-901: . Color, APHA, max Free chlorides, ppm* max Dielectric Strength, .1" gap, KV, min Fire Point, to boiling point Neutralization No., mg KOH/gram Inerteen, max Pour Point, max Refractive Index, 25 C (77 F) Phenoxypropene Oxide Content, per cent by vt Specific Gravity 15.5/15.5 C*(6e/60 F) Viscosity, SSU, 37.6 C (ICO ?), max Condition Water Content, ppm, max Distillation Range: Initial E.P. (1st crop' Per cent Distilled at 270 C (51c- ?), mast 90p, Distilled a Electrical Resistivity, Chms/csf at ICO C (212 F), min (at 500 volts DC after t*.:c minutes charging time) Power Factor at 60 Herts, per cent (max) at room teno ' at 100 C (-12 F) 50 0.10 30 None .014 -30 C (-22 7) 1.6153 - 1.6173 ' .16 - .22 1.516 - 1.525 60 s. 2 7 a S *r* ' 30 . 200 C (392 ?'; 35 :79.3c! c (714-7-1 F) ' r\ 10.0 x 10"" 1.0 5.0 5. CORROSION: Eright aluminum shall not show evidence of corrosion, either visually or by weight determination, when heated in the inerteer. for a period of six hours at 200-220 C (3?2-l2c ?). After use in this test the inerteen shall conform to the following: - Color, APHA, max Neutralisation No., m_x 200 0.014 WATER PCB-SD0000060068 PACKING AND MARKING 6. PACKING: (6.1) The Inerteen shall be shipped in drums or tank cars, as specified on the purchase order. - ' - - (6.2) Drums shall conform to the regulations of the Interstate Commerce Commission. 7. MARKING: (7-1) Drums shall be plainly marked as -follows: Purchase Order Number; Inerteen, P D Spec Number and Revision LStWr;Tfet~Weght in lbs; Name of Manufacturer. (7.2) Each tank car shall have a packing slip bearing the following information: Purchase Order Number; P D Spec Number and Reyjgion Lettert Batch Number; Number of gallons; Name of Manufacturer. .- INSPECTION " _; - : . 8. INSPECTION: (8.1) For each batch of each shipment of Inerteen the manufacturer shall furnish a test report of tests made in accordance with Sections k and 5* (8.2) (Samples) To all Westinghouse plants except Sharon the manufacturer shall furnish one quart samples from each batch of each shipment of Inerteen. 9. SHIPMENT: (9l) Inerteen meeting all requirements of this specification may be shipped without the purchaser's prior approval. The test report shall be forwarded at the time of shipment. ^ (9.2) Material varying`in any manner from-the requirements shall require prior approval from the purchaser before shipment. P D Spec 542Ci:-`J. Rev -C -- WATER PCB-SD0000060069 r ' 7^ ( Physical Properties of 7i.AROCLOR,S AROCLOR#1242 AROCLOR#1262 AROCLOR * 1248 AROCLOR#l269 AROCLOR # 1254 AROCLOR # 4465 AROCLOR# 2565 New York - Boston - Chicago - San Francisco Detroit - Birmingham - Montreal -- London JO I 005252 WATER PCB-SD0000060070 The zjfroclors THE Arociors have won a prominent place in the field of syn thetics with unique properties to fill requirements not met quite perfectly by materials heretofore available. They have found wide usefulness in fields where their properties are of especial value. Following is a description of the properties of seven Arociors, each of which is representative of a series. There are other Arociors with slightly different characteristics in each of these series. A study of this brief description will suggest means of em ploying the Aroclor in perfecting still other products, develop ment of which has been delayed by the lack of a material that exactly fulfills particular requirements. zA Description of the Arociors The Arociors vary from water-white mobile oils and pale yellow viscous oils to light amber resins and opaque crystalline solids. For each of these light-colored Arociors there is a cor responding gray or brown-black grade. The Arociors are produced exclusively by Monsanto Chem ical Company. Non-Flammability The viscous Aroclor oils and the resins do not support com bustion when heated alone even at their boiling points --tempera tures above 350C. Most of the Arociors flux readily with resin ous and pitch-like materials to give a product having a decreased fire hazard. When incorporated in nitrocellulose films the Aro ciors retard the rate of burning. JOI 005253 WATER PCB-SD0000060071 Electrical Properties The Arociors have extremely interesting' electrical character istics; high dielectric constant, resistivity and dielectric strength, and low power factor. Solubility The Aroclor oils and resins are easily soluble in most of the common organic solvents and drying oils. The hard crystalline materials are in general less soluble than the Aroclor oils or resins. All Arociors are insoluble in water. For more complete informa tion see the attached table. Compatibility data on Arociors in nitrocellulose lacquers will be sent on request. Adhesiveness The Aroclor resins adhere strongly to smooth surfaces -- to glass and metal or to smooth varnished or lacquered surfaces. The softer Arociors are suggested for difficult adhesive prob lems where a flexible non-drying waterproof material is necessary. The Aroclor adhesives are thermoplastic; are readily applied hot without solvent; do not require high temperatures for easy application, and are set immediately upon cooling. Thermoplasticity The Arociors are permanently thermoplastic. They appar ently undergo no condensation or hardening upon repeated melt ing and cooling. The clear Aroclor resins are now being pro duced with softening points up to 110C. The opaque crystalline solids are produced with initial melting points up to approxi mately 2%C. Non-Drying Properties The Arociors are non-drying, and when they are exposed to the air, even in thin films, no noticeable oxidation or hardening takes place. However, when used as ingredients of lacquers, they do not retard the rate of drying of the lacquer films. Quick drying varnishes and paints may be made with Aroclor resins. Vaporization Loss The Arociors have low vaporization losses as shown in the data in the table of physical properties. JOI 005254 WATER PCB-SD0000060072 Table of Physical T Description (at room temperature) Color (1" depth of Arodor)-- Lovibond yellow No. 510 Pour Point C., (A. S. T. M. Method) Softening Point C.; (A. S. T. M.) Initial Hold Point in Freezing Curve (C.) Condition at 0 C. Aboclok 1242 Practically WaterWhite Mobile Oil 0.1 to 0.5 -1T.T to -20.7 Aboclob 1248 Practically WaterWhite Mobile Oil 0.1 to 0.6 -S Viscous Liquid Viscous Liquid *0 1 Aa C s Soft Distilling Range (C.; A. S. T. M. Method) 311 to 356 330 to 350 35 Specific Gravity At 25C./25C. Per Cent Increase in Volume Upon Heating from 25C. to temperature specified Approximate Average coefficient of Expansion over range specified (cc./cc./C.) Pounds per Gallon at 25C. (Average) Decimal Part of Gallon Bulked by One Pound 1.374 to 1.393 2.71 25 to 65C. 0.000678 25 to 65*C. 11.50 0.0869 1.445 to 1.456 25 to 65C. --2.82% 25 to 250C.-18.56% 0.000702 25 to 65C. 12.06 0.0829 Viscosity (Seconds Saybolt) at 210 F. 34.0 to 34.6 36.0 to 37.0 Viscosity (Seconds Saybolt) at 100 F. Flash Point C., (Cleveland Open Cup) Fire Point C., (Cleveland Open Cup) Refractive Index for D-Line at 20C. Maximum Acidity (Milligrams KOH per Gram) Per Cent Loss on Heating (A. S. T. M.) 81.1 to 93.1 176 to 180 334 to None at Boiling Point of Liquid 1.627 to 1.629 200.0 to 210.0 ' 196 None 1.630 to 1.631 0.01 3.04 to 3.64 0.01 3.0 to 4.0 1.54 25 0 25 46. 180C 1,6407 1.06 JOI 005255 WATER PCB-SD0000060073 operties of the zArodors =?355=== o| 1254 Aboclob 1262 Yellow jus Oil Light Yellow Soft Sticky Clear Resin Aboclob 1269 Aboclob 4465 Cream-Colored Opaque Hard Crystalline Solid Pale Amber Transparent Resin Aboclob 2565 Brown Black Opaque Resin to 1.0 to 12.6 cky Resin a m 0.5 to 1.2 34.9 to 38.0 Hard Brittle Resin 373 to 404 - 4.3 to 6.4 235 to 245 Same as at Room Temperature 60 to 66 Same as at Room Temperature Too High for A. S. T. M. Method; Can Be Distilled at Atmospheric Pressure Too High for A. S.T.M. Method; Requires Vacuum for Distillation 68 to 72 Same as at Room Temperature Too High for. A. S. T. M. Method; Requires Vacuum for Distillation :o 1.550 64 > 65C. >0661 65 C. .86 >778 0 47.7 o 2400 i___ o^e o 1.8410 1.646 to 1.653 4.16 25 to 90C. 0.000640 25 to 90C. 13.71 0.0729 90.0 to 103.0 None None 1.6501 to 1.6517 1.870 to 1.876 15.60 .0641 Solid Solid None None 1.712 to 1.723 1.723 to 1.740 2.45 25 to 65C. 2.62 25 to 65C. 0.000611 25 to 65C. 0.000656 25 to 65C. 14.28 14.41 0.0700 0.0693 Too Viscous to Too Viscous to Determine with Saybolt Determine with Saybolt Apparatus Apparatus None None 1.664 to 1.667 None None 01 J 1.28 0.02 0.48 to 0.56 0.10 to 0.20 0.02 0.23 to 0.29 1.2C 0.21 to 0.24 LI JOI 005256 WATER PCB-SD0000060074 Toxicity Experimental work in animals shows that prolonged exposure to Aroclor vapors evolved at high temperatures or by repeated oral ingestion will lead to systemic toxic effects. Repeated bodily contact with the liquid Aroclors may lead to an acne-form skin eruption. Suitable draft ventilation to control the vapors evolved at ele vated temperatures, as well as protection by suitable garments from extensive bodily contact with the liquid Aroclors, should prevent any untoward effect. Stability The Aroclors are remarkably resistant to the action of either hydrolyzing agents or high temperature. They are not affected by boiling with sodium hydroxide solution. Because of their sta bility to heat, the Aroclors are useful heat-transfer media. Aroclor 1254 and particularly the less viscous Aroclor 1248 are recom mended for this purpose because they may be heated at tempera ture up to 325C. (6.17F.) in a closed system for long periods without appreciable decomposition and are at the same time non flammable. Action on Metals The Aroclors are non-corrosive. Mild steel exposed to the action of Aroclor 1254 or Aroclor 1248 in a closed system at 325C. (617F.) for 848 hours showed no pitting and the corrosion rate, as measured in inches of penetration per year, was 0.0021. Water and Moisture Proofness The Aroclors are water proof. When impregnated into porous rigid bodies they are effective water and moisture proofers. Special Aroclor compounds are available for moisture-proofing such articles as paper and radio resistors and for water-proofing articles such as abrasive wheels. STANDARD CONTAINERS SO gal. Drums Aroclor______ 1242 5Q0 lbs. net Aroclor--------- 1248 500 lbs. net Aroclor--------- 1254 500 lbs. net Aroclor______ Aroclor______ 1262 4465 500 lbs. net 500 lbs. net Aroclor______ 2565 -- drums, 395 lbs. to 426 lbs. net. Aroclor........................ ........... .......... ...........1269 -- bags, 200 lbs. net. barrels, 400 lbs. net. j01 005257 WATER PCB-SD0000060075 Solubility of the zAroclors In Various Solvents (Figures Represent Grams of Aroclor per 100 cc. Solvent) Type of Solvent Aeoclor 1242 Cold . Hot Chloro Derivatives Chloroform ... S* Carbon Tetrachloride___ ___ S Ethylene Dichloride_________ S Trichloro Ethane. ...... . S Tricholoro Ethylene__ ____ S Tetra Chloro Ethane. .S Mixed Amyl Chlorides . s Mono Chlorobenzene- . s S* s s s s s s s Aeoclor 1254 Cold Hot S* s* sS sS ss ss ss ss ss Ketones Acetone _s s s s Aldehydes Formaldehyde (40%) ... I* I* I* I* Furfural ssss Amines Aniline________________ s s Pyridine----------------------------- 132.5@30C. 440@99C. ss 114<g310C. 425@100C. Drying Oils j Tung Oil______ Ssss Linseed Oil___________ S s s s Acids a* Acetic Add___________ Okie Acid . - . - S s s' s s s s s MtseeUamons Nitre Benzene________ s s s s Carbon Disulfide________ s s s s Water I II I Non: S signifies very soluble or miscible in all proportions. I signifies insoluble. P.S. signifies partially soluble. JOI 005258 WATER PCB-SD0000060076 Solubility of the oTroclors In Various Solvents ' (Figures Represent Grains of Arocior per 100 cc. Solvent) Type op Solvent Aroclor 1242 Cold Hot ... Aroclor 1254 Colo Hot Hydrocarbons Mineral Spirits............. .........-- S* GasolineS Kerosene.S Paraffin_______ -- Benzene_______S Toluene.S XyleneS Turpentine_______________ ___ S Pine OilS S* S S S@50C. S S S S S S* S S -- S s s s s s* s s S@50C. s s s. s s Hydroxy Derivatives Methyl Alcohol42.5@29C. Ethyl Alcohol (Formula 3A)_ 23.3@29C. Normal Butyl AlcoholS Amyl AlcoholS GlycerineI* 9091. Phenol194@30C. 88.5@60C. 80.0@70,C. S S I S<S)99C. 15@26C. 10<278C. S S I P.S.* 22.2(3)65C. 28 @75C. s s I Slowly Solubi Ethers Ethyl Ether;__________________ S S S s Cellosolve AcetateS S s s Ether Alcohols CellosolveS Carbitol 224@31C. p-p' Dihydroxy Ethyl Ether___16.9@23C. S 307@998C. 19@99*C. s 173@26C. 8<@308C. S 259(3) 98C 10<100,,C. Esters Castor Oil S SsS Methyl Acetate S SsS Ethyl Acetate.S S s S Butyl Acetate S SsS AmylAcetatfS S s S Ethyl LactateS S s S Diethyl PhthalateS SsS Dibutyl Phthalate____ ;S SsS Tricresyl PhosphateS S s S Cotton Seed OilS S s S Ethylene Glycol Diacetate_____ S S s S JOI 005259 WATER_PCB-SD0000060077 TECHNICAL BULLETIN THE AROCLOR" POLYCHLORINATED POLYPHENYLS Dielectrics for Capacitors & Transformers i ! TECHNICAL BULLETIN 0-FF/1R i \ Monsanto WATER PCB-SD0000060078 THE AROCLQR POLYCHLORINATED POLYPHENYLS Dielectrics for Capacitors & Transformers TECHNICAL BULLETIN O-FF/IR "Nothin*eonteiMd hem Rio beeonstresd ist rceommtndiltsn to liso toy woduet in conflict with any patent. MONSANTO MAKES NO WARRANTIES AS TO THE FITNESS OR MERCHANTABILITY OF ANY PRODUCT REFERRED TO, no guarantee of utMaetory rasaIts from rifane* upon containad information or raeommtnditiont, end disclaim id liability for any rnaltint loss or dsmaf," MONSANTO INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS CO.. an operating unit of Monsanto Company 800 No. Lindbergh Blvd.. St. Louie, Mo. HIM --------------------------,--------------- JOI 005231 WATER PCB-SD0000060079 Table of Contents GENERAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CHART. . 4 ELECTRICAL APPLICATION OF AROCLOR. . 7 Dielectrics for Askarel Type Capacitors and Transformers...........................7 Expansion Medium.............................................. 10 Appendix Solubility Table.....................................................11 Vapor Pressure.................................................... 12 Vaporization Rates..................... 13 Corrosion Resistance of Structural Materials..14 Viscosity Table.................................................... 15 Density Table........................................................ 16 Dermatology & Toxicity.......................................17 Proper Handling of PCB's.................................. 18 Safe Handling.................................................... 19 Shipping Information........................................... 19 Ask your Man from Monsanto foradditional Arocior literature: ' Askarel Inspection and Maintenance Guide Arocior* Plasticizers Technical Bulletin Thermal* FR Fluid Heat Systems Engineering Heat Transfer Data Arocior. Therminol. Sterox. SimomwM, Fomwsr. lustran. and Retinoi are registered trademarks of Monsanto Company. JO I 005232 WATER PCB-SD0000060080 What are the Aroclor* Polychlorinated Polyphenyis These compounds are a series of chlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated polyphenyls. They range in form and appearance from mobile oily liquids to fine white crystals and hard transparent resins. Aroclor is non-oxidizing, permanently thermoplastic, of low volatility, and non corrosive to metals. Aroclor is not hydrolyzed by water, alkalis, or acids. The viscous liquids and resins will not support combustion when ' hculcd alone, and they impart fire-resistance to other materials. Crystalline Aroclor is relatively insoluble, but the liquid and resinous compounds are soluble in most of the common organic solvents, thinner* and oils. All Aroclor chlorinated compounds arc insoluble in water, glycerine or the glycols. Aroclor 5460 is insoluble in the lower molecular weight alcohols; 4465 is only partly soluble in the lower alcohols. The following table describes the properties of twelve Aroclor chlori nated compounds, each of which is representative of a series. JOI 005233 3 WATER PCB-SD0000060081 General Physical Properties of the Aroclor Chlorinated Compounds' Form.......................................................... Arodor 1221 Colorless mobile oil Color.......................................................... Acidity -- Maximum (Mgm. KOH per Gm.)... Average Coefficient of Expansion... .ec/ec/*C Typicai Density Specific Gravity........................................ Pounds per giiton - 2S*C(77*F)............... Distillation Range - ASTM D-20 (Mod.) Corr. *C................................................... SO Mix. (APHA) 0.014 0.00071 (15*-4fl*C) 1.182-1.192 (25715.5*0) 9.8S 275*-320* Eveporation Lon -- % -- ASTM D-6 Mod. 163*C............................................. Shrs. 100*C............................................. 6 hrs. Flash Point -- Ctaniand Open Cup........... *C -...- - T Fire Point -- Cleveiend Open Cup............. *C f Pour Point - ASTM 0-97........................ *C f Softening Point -- ASTM -28.................. *C T Refractive Index -- O-line -- Z0*C.......... . Viscosity -- Sayboit Universal 21Q*f (9I.9*C) Sec (ASTM - 0-88) 130*F (54.4T) lOOf (37.1*0 -- 1.0 to li 141*-150* 286*-302* 176* 349* Crystals at 1*C Crystals at 347 -- -- 1.617-1.618 38-31 35-37 38-41 Aroctor 1232 Practically colorless mobile oil SO Max. (APHA) 0.014 0.00073 (25*-100*C) 1.270-1.280 (25*/15.5*C) 10.55 290*-325* Arodor 1242 Practically colorless mobile oil 50 Max. (APHA) 0.010 0.00068 (25*-65*C) 1.381-1.392 (25715.5*0 11.50 325*-366* -- 1.0 to 1.5 152* 154* 305*-3l0* 238* 460* -35.5* -32* - 3.0 to 3.6 0.0 to 0.4 176* 180* 34T-356* None* -19* 2* -- -- 1.620-1.622 31-32 39-41 44-51 -- 1.627-1.629 34-35 49-56 82-92 AfOCiOf I24S Colorless to light yellowgreen, clear, mobile oil 50 Max. (APHA) 0.010 0.00070 (2S*-65*0 1.405-1.415 (65715.5*0 12.04 340* 375* 3.0 to 4.0 0.0 to 0.3 193*-196 379* 384* None -7* 19.4* -- -- 1.630-1.631 36-37 73-80 185-240 Arodor 1254 Light yellow viscous oil 50 Max. (APHA) 0.010 0.00066 (25*-65,,C) 1.495-1.505 (65 715.5*0 12.82 365'-390* 1.1 to 1.3 0.0 to 0.2 None None 10' 50' -- 1.639-1.641 44-48 260-340 1800-2500 JOl 005234 '4 WATER_PCB-SD0000060082 Arocior 1260 Light yellow soft sticky resin 50 me*. (APHA) 0.014 0.00067 (20*-!00*C) 1.555 1.566 (90715.5 *C) 13.50 j 38S--420* 0.5 to 0.8 0.0 to 0.1 None None 31* 88* -- 1.647-1.649 72-71 3200-4500 Arocior 1262 Light yellow sticky deer resin 50 Max. (APHA) 0.014 0.00064 (25*-65*C) 1.572-1.583 (90715.5'*C) 1172 395*-425* 0.5 to 0.6 0.0 to 0.1 None None 35*-38* 99* ~ -- 1.6501-1.6517 86-100 m-m (leaf w n*cj Arocior 1268 White to off-white powder 1.5 Max. NPA (molten) 0.05 0.00067 (20* 100*0) 1.804-1.811 (25725*0) 15.09 Arocior 4465 Light-yellow, clear, brittle resin 2 Max. NPA (molten) 0.05 0.00061 (25*-65*C) 1.670 (25725*0) 1191 435**450* 230*-320* at 4 mm. Hg. 0.1 <o 0.2 0.0 to 0.06 None 0.2 to 0.3 0.0 to 0.02 None None None ------ 150* to 170* (hold pt.) 302* to 338* (hold Bl) -- - -- --. 60* to 66* 140* to 151* 1.664-1.667 90*150 -- -- Arocior 5442 Yellow trans parent sticky resin 2 Max. NPA (molten) 0.05 0.00123 (25*-99*C) 1.470 (25725*0) 12.24 215**300* at 4 mm. Hg. 0.2 0.01 247* 477* >350* >662* 46* 115* 46* to 52* 115* to 126* -- 300-400 -- -- Arocior 5460 Clear, yeilowto-amber, brittle resin 2 Mix. NPA (molten) 0.05 0.00179 (25*-124*C) 1.670 (25725*0) 13.91 Arocior 2565 Black, opaque, brittle resin .... 1.4 0.00066 (25-65'C) 1.734 (25*. 25*C) 14.44 280*335* it 5 mm. Hg. - 0.03 1.5 to 1.7 it 260*- 5 hf.) None 0.2 to 0 3 -- None None None --- 98* to 105.5* 208 to 222* 1.660-1.665 -- --' $6 to 72' 149 to 162' - -- JQI 005235 5 WATER_PCB-SD0000060083 Stability Toward Alkalies -- Aroclor is remarkably resistant to the action of either hydrolyzing agents or high temperature. It is not affected by boiling with sodium hydroxide solution. Toward Acids -- Experiments were made to determine whether hydro gen chloride is evolved during the treatment of Aroclor with sulfuric acid. Aroclor 1254 (selected as typical) was stirred with an equal vol ume of ten per cent sulfuric acid for a period of 150 hours. Any gases escaping from the reaction flask had to pass through a trap filled with silver nitrate solution, which would give a precipitate of silver chloride if any HCI came in contact with it. After 150 hours of treatment, neither the trap solution nor the acid layer in the treating flask showed any hydrogen chloride present. Even prolonged treatment (255 hours) with concentrated sulfuric acid indicated negligible effect. Toward Oxidation -- When Aroclor is subjected to a bomb test at 140C with 250 pounds oxygen per square inch, there is no evidence of oxidation as judged by development of acidity or formation of sludge. Electrical Resistivity Aroclor has extremely interesting electrical characteristics: high resis tivity and dielectric strength and low power factor. The dielectric constant ranges from 3.4 to 5.0 at 100C and 1000 cycles, depending upon the particular Aroclor. Solubility All Aroclor chlorinated compounds are insoluble in water. They are sol uble, however, in most of the common solvents, plasticizers, and resins. JO I 005236 WATER PCB-SD0000060084 Electrical Applications of Aroclor Arocior is one of the purest commercial chemical compounds, virtually free of even traces of conducting impurities. For this reason, dielectric properties of-Aroclor closely approximate the theoretical maximum for these particular organic compounds. With its stability, heat-resistance and fire-resistance -- Aroclor can be used for a variety of heavy-duty dielectric applications, in hermetically sealed systems. Dielectrics for Askarel Typo Capacitors and Transformers Aroclor is used per se in capacitors and is formulated for the liquid coolant-insulation fluids in transformers. Such dielectrics must be highly pure with dependably minimal traces of electrolytes. They must be chemically stable and non-corrosive to a wide variety of structural materials. Most important, the dielectric fluid must be fire-resistant. Aroclor is the only liquid in low cost commercial supply that meets these exacting requirements. Aroclor liquids 1242, 1248, 1254, and 1260 are used directly, or are carefully formulated with chlorinated benzene and other additives to , make askarel fluid for particular needs. Typical formulated askarel fluids are shown on the following pages. Aroclor liquids 1242 and 1254, themselves or in special formulations, are used as the dielectric in fixed paper capacitors, for the power factor correction in utility transmission lines; for home appliances such as air conditioners, furnaces, washers and driers; for electric motors; and for ballast in fluorescent fixtures. There are also a number of applications in DC systems, in condensers, and the new energy storage capacitors. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES Dtefeftrfe MM st 1,699 yetae (1) Aroeler * It* VtfWM RHlittvIty (2) Ohm-tan et 100*, HI Valts D.C. Mettle Strenith (1) 1232 5.7 4.6 1242 5.8 4.9 Above 500x10* Greater thin 35KV 1248 5.6 4.6 Above 500x10* Greater than 35KV 1254 5.0 4.3 Above 500x10* Greater than 35KV 1260 4.3 3.7 Above 500x10* Greater than 35KV 1268 2.5 -- 5442 3.0 4.9 Above 500x10* 5454 2.7 4.2 5460 2.5 3.7 4465 2.7 3.3 (|) Asia frlSMfl (21 UTS D W-tt (3) AflM HTM4 (4) AM* D-itt-VT Power Fester (4) 191*, 1,000 Cyttet <0.195 <0.1% <0.1% <0.1% JOI 005237 WATER PCB-SD0000060085 Typical Transformer Askarel (MIXTURE or AROCLOR AND CHLOROBENZENES) Prsperty Vise. 37.8X. (ASTM 088) ' Spec. Gravity @ 15.5/15.5X., (ASTM 0287) Color, APHA Condition Acidity, mg. KOH/g. Pour PL, X., (ASTM 097) Inorginie Chlorides, ppm Refractive Index @ 25X. Oistillitiofl Range (ASTM 020) Corrected for stem and barometric pressure First drop 35% 55% 65% 95% Corrosion Water Content ppm. Resistivity, 10OX., 500v,, 0.1* gap Dielectric Strength, 25X. Dielectric Constant 100X., 1000 cycles Tin Tetrapbenyt* Burn Point, (ASTM D92>* Fixed Chlorine* Arc Formed Gam* (Oxygen Free Liquid & 2SX.) Electrical Stability* Typieai 41-45 See. Saybott Univ. 1-563-1.571 150 max. Clear 0.01 max. --44X., of lower 0.10 max. 1.6075-1.6085 210X., min. 240-256X. 29Q-33QX. 335-400X. 395-415X. After heating with aluminum for 6 hrs. 200-220X., the aluminum must not be corroded either on visual or weight inspection. The askarel fluid meets the following specifications: Color, APHA 200 max. Acidity, mg. KOH/g. 0.01 max. Inorg. Chlorides, ppm 5 max. Condition Clear 30 max. 100 x 10* ohm-cm., min. 35 KV., min. 3.S-4.2 0.125% 0.01% by weight None up to Boiling Point 60.5 0.5 Total combustibie gases including carbon monoxide, hydro gen and volatile hydrocarbons. After heating for 96 hours @ I00X in a closed container, the resistivity should not decrease more than 10%. JO I 005238 WATER PCB-SD0000060086 Typical Capacitor Aroclor Pnpvly Vise. & 37.8*C, (ASTM 088) Specific Gravity @ 25/15.5C (ASTM 0287) Color, APHA Condition Acidity, mg. KOH/g. Pour Pt., *C. (ASTM D97) Inorganic Chlorides, ppm ' Refractive Index <$> 25 C. Distillation Range (ASTM 020) Corrected for stem and barometric pressure Corrosion Water Content, ppm Resistivity 100*C. 500 volts DC ft 0.1' gap Dielectric Constant 10Q*C. iu 1000 cycles (ASTM 0924) Flash Point Cleve. Open Cup* Fire Point *C* Sulfates (ASTM-0117-31)* Fixed chlorine content (Carius)* Specific Heat (* 25;*C.* Evaporation gyr 100*C for 6 hrs.* Dielectric Strength (KV) (ASTM 0877)* Typteat 82-92 seconds Sayboft Univ. 1.381-1.392 50 max. Clear 0.01 max. -- 14 or lower' 0.10 max. 1.6240-1.6260 10% 325C. min. 90% 360*0. max. After heating with aluminum for six hours at 210'C 10C the aluminum must not be corroded either on visual or weigh! inspection and the Aroclor 1242 should meet the following specs.: Color, APHA 60 max. Acidity, mg. KOH/g. 0.01 max. fnorg. Chlorides, ppm 0.10 max. Condition Clear 35 max. 500 x 10* ohm-cm., min. 4.7-4.9 170*C,, min. None to boiling point None 41.5-42.5% 0.29 0.4% max. 35 Min. DIELECTRIC CONSTANT VS. TEMPERATURE Aroclor* 1242 & Aroclor 1254 JGI 005239 WATER_PCB-SD0000060087 HEAT CAPACITY OF AROCLOR LIQUIDS at Various Temperatures THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF AROCLOR 1248 Teatperanas C. T. 30 90 SO 140 100 212 ITU./Hr./Sq. Ft/ T./Ft 0.0680 0.0687 0.0697 Caieriei, rant /See./ S4.Cm./*C./Cai. 281 s 10-- 284 x 10-- 288 * IO-* The average coefficient of expansion of Arodor 1248 per degree F within the various temperature ranges indicated in the table below was determined by using the simple formula Vt Vt` [1 + a (t -- t,).| The coefficient a, has been calculated at 100*F increments as follows: Ton*. Range ? 0 to 100 100 to 200 200 to 300 3001o 400 400 to 500 S00 to 600 Averse* CeeflWent e4 Erpntlea ea/aa/F 0.00037 0.00039 0.00040 0.00046 0.00048 0.00051 The specific volume of arodor 1248 at different temperatures is as follows: Tung. T 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Sgasifii Veturaa mi/gm 0.674 0.699 0.726 0.755 0.790 0.828 0.870 JOt 005240 Wf? WATER PCB-SD0000060088 SOLUBILITY OF AROCLOR* CHLORINATED COMPOUNDS IN 100 MILLILITERS OF VARIOUS SOLVENTS Aroctor Type ol Solvent 1242 25*C Hot Acid AealtcActd. Ot**c Acid Bflntoic Acid .S s 10.0 lit Aldehyde 40% formcidsftydt. furfural 1 vs Amm Antitne ., Pyridine . s . . 132.5 ire Chfo/o -- derivative Amyl chloride*--mr*d........... Carbon TetracMortd.............. Chloroform ....................... Oiehforthyiene. ... . Ethylene 0ichk>Fid................ Monochtorobentene............... Orthodichlorobentne............ Ttrechtorethene..................... Tr<ehlorthne...................... THchtorefhyfene....................... S s S -- S s -- s s s s s -- 1 vs s 440 irt s s s -- s s -- s s s Dfylnt Oil Turn OH. ........................... llned Oil................................ E*tCf Amyl Acetate ........................ Butyl Acetate ....................... Ccttocotoo Acetate ................. Cottoneeed OH ..................... Olbutyi PMHelete .. ....... Diethyl Phthetate..................... Ethyl Acotala............................ Ethyl Lactate............................ Ethylene Qtyiot Otecetete Methyl Acetate ................. Trlcreayl Phoaohele................ Ether: Ethyl Ether. . . ......... . Ether Alcohol Caibttol*............. ........... CeUo.otve.................................. Otethytene Glycol..................... p-p' DUtydroey Ethyl Ether. . Hydrocarbon Beniene . ........... Geeollne ................................... Kerosene ................................. Mineral Sprrtta.......................... Para IfIn. ....................... Pine OH..................... ............... Toluene..................................... Tuipenttne. ........................... Xyfen........................... Hydroey- daitvettvea Amyl Alcohol ......................... Elhyt Alcohol (3A)................... Glyceflne.................................... Phenol--90%........................ Katone Acciona.................................... Miscallaneous Carbon Dteuilid.................... NWcMnicM............................ Water.......................................... 3 s s s s s s s s s s s s s 224 * s -- I6.9WX VS vs vs vs 2.0 n*x s vs vs vs s s 23.3 we t 42.3 ir 194 ax s s s I s s s s s s s s s s s s s s 307 ax s -- 19 x VS vs vs vs . s s vs vs vs s % 80.0 WX 1 68.3 ax s s s s 1248 25*C Hot -- -- 10.0 ox -- -- -- \1 VS vs ---- ---- Ss ss s3 ---- 3s ss ---- s3 ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss s% ss vs vs ss --* -- ss ss vs vs vs vs 2.0 ax vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs s vs vs vs vs --. -- _. ---- 11 _ -- ---- ---- ---- 1t 1254 25C Hoi ss ss ---- 1270 Com Hot _ __ -- __ 4465 Cold Hot SS $ s 5*60 25`C vs s 114 11X s s s -- s s -- s s s s s I V3 s 423 urc s s s _ s s _ 3 s s s s t ss _ -- _ 3.7 _ 3.0 2.9 _ 3.3 _ -- s s s s s s s s 3 s s s 173 WX s -- 8 re s s s s s s s s 8 s s s 259 ax s .- 10 i-e -- -- -- __ -- -- _ -- s -- --c -- vs vs vs vs s vs vs vs s s 10 ox ss jtc ss s % s vs vs vs vs s s vs vs vs s s 28 rrc 1 222 WC s s 3 s 1 3.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- -- 1 f1f SS vs vs _ vs vs -- vs vs _ vs vs __ _ vs vs vs 156 vs vs vs _ vs vs _ _ _ vs vs vs vs vs vs vs vs -- vs vs _,, vs vs -- vs vs vs vs _ vs vs vs vs s vs s vs _ s vs -- s vs _ vs vs _ vs vs _3 s -- ss s ss _ ss _ s __ - s -- ss -- vs vs -- vs vs __ vs vs -- vs vs -- <5.0 s --s s vs vs -- vs vs -- vs vs --s s ss $ -- ss t( 1 ss __ --s s --s s -- vs vs -- vs -- 11 143 142 178 260 ss-- eMMM *tMssas*a&iWntt WATER_PCB-SD0000060089 VAPOR PRESSURE mm MERCURY- VAPOR PRESSURE OF AROCLOR CHLORINATED COMPOUNDS JO I 0052^2 WATER PCB-SD0000060090 VAPORIZATION RATES temple WtLesa Sms. Heurs Exposure Aroeior 1221 Aroeior 1232 Aroeior 1242 Aroeior 1248 42% chlorinated paraffin dioctyl phthalite Dutrex* 25 Aroeior 1254 Otitrex 20 Aroeior 1262 Aroeior 1260 Aroclof 4465 Aroeior 1270 Aroeior 5442 Aroeior 5460 Trieresyl phosphate 0.5125 0.2572 0.0995 0.0448 0,0745 0.0686 0.0256 0.0156 0.0047 0.0039 0.0026 0.0064 0.0045 0.0039 0.0032 0.0010 cww * > miw< uti--it a fca Hhamcb. . 24 24 24 24 48 48 24 24 24 24 24 72 72 72 72 24 SitHsts Area Cm.' 12.28 12.28 12.28 12.28 12.28 12.28 12.28 12.28 12.28 12-28 1228 12.28 1228 1228 1228 1228 Veperlaatlen Rate smt./em.>hr./100oe 0.00174 0.000874 0.000338 0.000152 0.000126 0.000117 0.000087 0.000053 0.000016 0.000013 0.000009 0.000007 0.000005 0.000004 0.000004 0.000003 APPROXIMATE VAPOR PRESSURES CALCULATED AT 100 F (37.8 C) Arcelor* 1232 Arodor 1242 Aroclof 1248 Aroeior 1254 0.005 mm. Hi. 0.001 mm. Hf. 0.00037 mm. Hg. 0.00006 mm. Hi. JOI 005243 13 WATER_PCB-SD0000060091 CORROSION RESISTANCE OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS Metals 12 48 25*C 125*0 inelm Number 12154 25*C 121*8 Aluminum.. .................................................... R R R R Copper..................................................... R 0R D Magnesium ............................ RR R R R Nickel................ ................. RR R R RR Silver.................................. R RR R Tin, ................................... R RRR Zinc............................ ........... R RR R Mild Steel ............................... RR R RR RR Phosphor Bronre................................... R 0R R Red Brea................................. 0 DRD Stainless Steel (Type 316)....................................... RR RR RR RR Yellow Brass......................................................... R Re R De Plastics , Alkyd Resin No. 46594-12............ . Alkyd Resin No. 46594-13A.................................. Cellulose Acetate (Fibestos)..................................... Ourite111 Phenol Furfural Resin................................... Formvar Highly Plasticized polyvinyl formal resins... Formvar Low Plasticized polyvinyl formal resins......... Glyptel 1276.............................................................. Glypisl 7136........................................... Maleic Rain No. 46594-138................................... Maleic Resin No. 46594-I3C...................................... Methyl Methacrylate................................................. Lustron B Polystyrene....................................... Resinox* Mineral Fitted Melamine Resin..................... Resinoz Wood Flour Filled Melamine Resin............... Resinox Mineral Fitted Phenol Formaldehyde................. Resinox Wood Flour Filled Phenol Formaldehyde.... Resinox Rag Filled Phenol Formaldehyde........ Urea Formaldehyde Resin (Ptaskon Co.)................ P *0 0 0 Oe PS R 0 P P o p *0 o 0 0 0 *0 P P P P T T P T P P P T P P 0 P D P P P 0 P DP *R P Pe T PS T 0P R T P P R P 0 P PT *R R R 0 0 0 0 R *0 *0 0 P 4445 12S"C RR D RR RR R R R R R R RR Re P P P 0 T T P T P P P T P R R 0 o P $480 12SC RR D RR R R R RR RR R De RR Re P P P P T T P T P P P T 0 P P P P P a* IcMmMi<nn iuinna afteevwnaod nmietmi ifte-t^itneaa/wBtoneatatsnsne.omo crauo/n. I Cotlomnn W>>MllMt<MUll<-<Wllt->aWi<ltgm<lWIWUmivH. nBf {NPtmen|**l|aIMua<n<nni.*OMrnnoatlttitellnbpumMd soeamlsnIBm> lei -w<'<vm>/m*vne3iQmMttttIaff*ti.mvv a teRswa $.mn *sa ta/p, 01) t0aBowfimei#9mrwi>Mw t0eatfca6wraai6wf4wewtista. CfcsMiefi. JO I 005244 WATER PCB-SD0000060092 VISCOSITY RANGES OF SOME OF THE AROCtOR CHLORINATED COMPOUNDS JOI 00524-5 1 WATER PCB-SD0000060093 DENSITIES OF AROCIOR CHLORINATED COMPOUNDS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES ABSOLUTE DENSITY (GMS./CC) 40 80 120 160 200 240 2B0 320 360 400 440 TEMPERATURE DEQRCES C JOI 005246 WATER PCB-SD0000060094 Dermatology and Toxicology At ordinary temperatures the Aroclor polychlorinated polyphenyls have not presented industrial toxicological problems. The hazard of potential toxic exposure varies with their volatility: the lower-chlorin ated ones, being more volatile, present more of a potential problem from the standpoint of both inhalation and skin contact. When Aroclor is used at elevated temperatures, engineering controls must he applied, either by the use of closed systems or by effective local-exhaust ventila tion together with general workroom exhaust. Inhalation tests on animals indicate that the maximum safe concentra tion of vapor is in the range of 0.5 to 1.0 milligram of the lower-chlorin ated Aroclor compounds per cubic meter of air. The threshold limits , (maximum allowable concentration for an 8-hour working day) set by the American Conference of Government Hygienists are 1.0 milligram of the lower-chlorinated Aroclor compounds per cubic meter of air and 0.5 milligram of the more-highly-chlorinated compounds, such as Aroclor 1254, per cubic meter of air. Schwartz patch tests on 200 volunteers showed that neither Aroclor 1254 alone when applied to gauze nor a polyvinyl chloride film contain ing 11.5-weight-per cent Aroclor 1254 was a primary irritant or a sensitizer. Canvas coated with an oii-modified alkyd resin (17-weightper cent of the paint-film solids and 7-weight-per cent of the painted fabric was Aroclor 5460) did not produce primary skin irritancy or sensitization according to the same Schwartz technique. Continuous or repeated skin contact with Aroclor must be avoided because of the possible occurence of a condition called chlorance. Although reports of this condition caused by Aroclor are rare, it can be produced by excessive skin contact. * JOI 005247 17 WATER PCB-SD0000060095 The Proper Handling of PCB'S by the Electrical Industry to Avoid Environmental Contamination Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's), better known by various trade names including Aroclor (Monsanto), Pyranol (General Electric Co.), and Inerteen (Westinghouse Electric) are the most commonly used askarel class fire-resistant dielectric fluids for hermetically sealed capacitors and transformers. They have served these essential purposes in a satisfactory and irreplaceable manner for over 40 years. PCB's are noted for their high order of stability, inertness, low vola tility and very low water solubility. For these reasons PCB's will persist, if introduced into the environment. This holds true especially for the more highly chlorinated PCB's, as these members of the family have been found quite refractory to soil organisms and are considered to be essentially non-biodegradable. Recent studies indicate that typical small amounts of PCB's found in the environment can be harmful to certain species of birds and young marine life. - Therefore it is essential to do all that is possible to avoid environmental contamination with PCB's. To establish guide lines, the FDA indicates as maximums 5 parts per million of PCB in fish and 0.2 parts per million in milk. PCB's must not be introduced into water or marine areas. Spills or leakage must be contained. Monsanto, and several others, provide facilities for the proper incinera tion and destruction of scrap PCB fluids. Such materials can be sent freight prepaid to Monsanto's attention, Supervisor Department A-24C, Sauget, Illinois for incineration at 3 cents per pound. Also, PCB fluids should be removed from solid scrap. For example, discarded transformer coils and cores, should be drained free from PCB's followed by flushing or solvent extraction, using such solvents as perchloroethylene, or trichloroethylene employed in vapor degreasing equipment. The scrap fluid mixtures should then be incinerated under the conditions, as provided by Monsanto to destroy the PCB's. If additional assistance is required about handling PCB's, please contact Monsanto's PCB environmental coordinator, Mr. W. B. Papageorge, Monsanto Company, 800 N. Lindberg, St. Louis, Missouri 63166; phone (314) 694-4051. JOI 005248 WATER PCB-SD0000060096 Safe Handling Vapors of the Arocior liquids at .room temperature should not be breathed in a confined space. Vapors evolved at elevated temperatures should not be allowed to be dispersed into the general workroom. Instead, engineering control must be applied to reduce vapor con centrations below the allowable concentrations mentioned above. Continuous or repeated skin contact with Arocior must be avoided by the use of gloves and protective garments. If any Arocior is spilled on the skin, the skin should be washed in the usual manner with a soap solution. ' A burn caused by contact with a hot Arocior should be treated like any ordinary bum. Arocior adhering to the burned area need not be removed immediately, unless treatment of the burn demands it, in which case either soap and water or repeated washings with a vegetable oil are recommended. JOI 005249 WATER PCB-SD0000060097 DISTRICT SALES OFFICES AIL DIVISIONS \ AKRON. OHIO 44313 260 Sprtngeide Ortve Montrose Development Park Tel. (216) 666-4111 ATLANTA GEORGIA 30339 320 Intaratata North Pukwef Suite 600 Tel. (404) 432-7111 ' BOSTON. MASSACHUSETTS 02149 Everett Station Tel. (617) 387-6010 % J I J J l * J CHICAGO. ILLINOIS 3168 Dee PlalneaAve. Dee Pfe/nea. Illlnoit 60018 TaL (312) 296-6688 * CINCINNATI. OHIO 45206 1801 Madlaon Hoad TeL (613) 761-6707 ; * l DETROIT. MICHIGAN 600 Northland Towers Weat Southfield. Mhh. 48076 TeL (313) 367-0910 J J J HONOLULU. HAWAII 96812 206 Peejfle Intometionol Bldg. 677 AJs 'Moane Btvd,, P. 0. Bos 3824 TeL (808) 631-2744 HOUSTON. TEXAS 77027 1301 Port Oak Tower 6061 Wertheimer hoed Tel. (713) 621-9660 LOS ANGELES. CALIFORNIA 90022 6670 E. Phtllla St TeL (213) 723-2492 NEW YORK. NEW YORK 10017 277 Park Avwm TeL (212) 922-4111 ST. LOUIS. MISSOURI 63166 BOO N. UndBeegh SNA TeL (814) 684-ttm SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA 2710 Lsfmrtm. Santa Omu. CsMf. 96062 TeL (4m) 248-0414 SEATTLE. WASHINGTON 98121 2112 Third Avenue TeL (206) 622-4203 WILMINGTON. DELAWARE 19810 Suite 204. Bancroft Bldg. 3411 Siheralde (toad Tel. (302) 478-4600 MONSANTO, m N. LINDBERGH BLVD. Mdehhaal Bhtriet gfBeee ere meietaieed If: Agrftsdttsral DhrMen OCCATUR. ILLINOIS *2823 207 Deeetur Pioteecionet utdtn 363 Srali Mmi SlTMt TeL (217) 423*6031 OES MOINES. IOWA 10310 312 Mette Hev Tower TeL (616) 276*6603 INO'ANAPOLIS INDIANA 46206 Suite 216* 4002 Meedewe Drive fiuttotan TeL (317) 647-6146 KANSAS CITY. MISSOURI 64133 701 Slue Rfefee Tower 4240 IKm RMge Beuteverd TeL (816) 363*6060 LULINO, LOUISIANA 70070 P. 0. Bee 174 TeL (604) 764*6263 MANKATO. MINNESOTA 66001 111 Meelleen Eeet TeL (607) 187*340 MEMPHIS. TENNESSEE 36104 J03 Union Flew BuBfin* 1636 Unton Aeenue TeL <601) 278-7811 MUSCATINE. IOWA 62761 P. 0. Bee 473 TeL (318) 283*1331 IMracMteae ft fetretsro Blvtelon NEW ENOLANO AREA 730 Wetewou 8L Indton Otsteed. Mo. 01081 TeL (413) 788-8811 i&m 00 EL OORAOO. ARKANSAS 71730 Uen 06 Bussing TeL (601) 883-3111 JACKSON. MISSISSIPPI 36209 P. O. Bee 10837. Weettond Stetton TeL (801) 382-3848 N. LITTLE ROCK. ARKANSAS 72116 410 Wees m SBeet, P. a lee 8821 TeL (SOI) 378*2437 MEMPHIS. TENNESSEE 3*113 1023 RlvenWe Oftee. P. 0. Bee 13248 TeL (SOI) 848-4461 fta* MBi ft Mas HMwhrn EUGENE. ORISON 87402 886 Senses Reed TeL (103) 342-7201 KENILWORTH. NEW JERSEY 07033 Nan* SeeentR SL ft Mesee Av. TeL (201) 278-2609 NEW ENOLANO AREA 1(0 Oeaemnsl Aeeme tndtoa Otefewd. Mete. 010*1 TeL (413) 718-4811 1 CHARLOTTE. NORTH CAROLINA 28210 6239 Fetortowr Reed. Suite 409 TeL (704) 384-0110 OREENVIUJ. SOUTH CAROLINA 28808 P. 0. Beat 8884. Stetton I TeL (893) 242-8700 NEW YORK. NEW YORK 10801 3SS FlWt Am. TeL (212) 688-8100 JST. LOUIS. MISSOURI S3JSS 8/71 JO I 005250 2 iMf \ l/l l H MCI IM II T A WATER PCB-SD0000060098 JOI 005251 Monsanto 800 N. LINDBERGH BLVO., ST. LOUIS. MISSOURI S3ISS WATER PCB-SD0000060099 BCC: P* G. BE2JIGNUS D. A. OLSON July 6,. 1970 Mr* aarlington Wilburs Manager* Engineering Westinghous Electrie Corporation South Boston* Virginia, Dear Gary2 2 have read your Process Specification 891400A "Disposition of Scrap Inertsen and Inerteea Contaoinatad Materials" end I found it an excellent document which reflects Westinghous (s concern shout the PCS problem and is a major step- forward toward improved control* 2 do have one concern that I would like to pass on to you* The suggestion to burn solvent or oil contaminated with Inerteen does not refer to any minimum combustion temperature* As we discussed previously* total destruction of PGB's can only occur above 800C* Any temperature below this ainisua will result in vaporization with release to the atmosphere or worse yet, it is possible to partially oxidize PCS* a into materials #ich can be highly toxic (e.g* dioxins or furans). Your incineration should be thoroughly reviewed* I found our discussion and plant tour last week very interesting and informative* Your plant has excellent housekeeping and with continued emphasis os controlling loss of ?CBfs to the air wd sewer* I am confident you can succeed in achieving a *bne dry plant in which the leakage* spills* etc. ars a rarity* 1 am working with our P.B. Department on a suggested press release which I will send you soon* Sincerely* W. B. Papageorge, Manager Environmental Control WATER PCB-SD0000060100 B. PAPAGECRGB : ,October; 6 1970 X J. R. SaTage H. S. Bergen V. R. HI shard R. Keller* 2. P. Wheeler* Recent data fro Dr. J P. Mleure *s^*sorie~dndlcates the presence of naphthalene la Mpfrgrryi-r*j'anthracene or phenanthrene and/^ibenzofur^n lantotsss R used Is the sanufacturs 61" 'Ifcclors* The naphthalene, anthracene or phananthrene could be present la the benzene used in the diphenyl unit or could be co-produced with the biphenyl, ter-- phenyl and quaterphenyl. The dibensofuran could result fro oscygea contain ing contaminants in the benzene or, sore likely, be forced because of the presence of the prone ter, &cetcne 'Sie Anniston Plant should design and execute & program for determining the source or sources of these contaminants. . B. PAPAQEDRGS S3 WATER PCB-SD0000060101 jMensanlo industrial chemicals co. R. E. Keller - TIB - St. Louis In June this year a plan was developed with Bill Papageorge and others to learn more about chlorinated dibenzofurans in our Aroclor products. As a part of this plan it was decided that furans standards should be prepared and analytical methodology developed for the detection of at least 0.1 ppm for each furan homolog. Laboratory mixtures of monochlorothrough hexachlorodibenzofurans have been prepared and characterization for homolog distribution is underway. Also, we have about one-man con tinuous effort on the method development work. As part of the plan it was decided that we should determine if Bayer has carried out'"in-house" work of this type. The attached June 16 memo from Dave Wood to J. N. Haggart covers a request for this information. We have had no reply to this correspondence to our knowledge. Any infor mation or assistance you can provide on this point will be appreciated. During the past week a publication has appeared in the literature entitled "Identification of Chlorinated Dibenzofurans in American Polychlorinated Biphenyls" by R. W. Risebrough et al. of the University of California. A copy of this paper is attached. It shows the identification of chlori nated dibenzofurans in our Aroclor products except Aroclor 1016. We are now anxious to develop our own data for comparison with this publication. Regards, ss Attachments(2) R. E. Keller PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT 22 WATER PCB-SD0000060102 < CI75-J2S9G) -------- *.-- W. B. Papageorme t 1 " " w --"" m,,,n"' TM" B2SX De eesWrj> W7KSB CHLORINATED DIBENZOJPFUURRAANJji H. S. B4r%*n R. E/'Xelltr O. J. Levinsk^s W / R. Richard J. R. Savage TO J. ?. Hiaure - T23 P. L. Wright S. P. Whtaicr _ Attached is a copy o^f a paper which ia being offered fo' r .-v . . /,, publication in the "Bulletin of Environmental Contamination/ /,' and Toxicology." Dr. Kimbrough has solicited our comments. ' If you or any of the recipients of copies of this memo have any consents to offer, please submit them to me by December 16. ,\$v Jt /3 .. tf*^*'* , B. Ptpageorge I /,/*' .v > / f'v * *4* w* -.1 > yy . * 1+ ^ i * .i W. .. 4 4* .<W* >K* * r*yy>"*, * ^ #A'v 0 x w- & / i . M . W % WATER PCB-SD0000060103 / ( > Qecember 3. 1974 ; FDA DETECT! OH OF CHLORINATED 0tB EN20FURANS IN AROCLOR =< R . . Ke I I r - T ! S R.H, Munch - T13 W. R. Richard - T3A TO ; W. 3. Papageorge B2SK Per your recant request, I have talked by telephone with John Roach of FOA regarding his paper at the national meeting of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists reporting detection of chlorinated d I benzofurans (CDF) in Arociors. This memo documents our converse cion. According to Mr. Roach, he and his co-workers have isolated and identified CDF in Arociors 1016, 1242 and 1254 but not in Aroclor 1221. These reference Arociors were provided by Monsanto. The concentrations were in the low (probably 1-10) ppm range. Dichlorodibenzofurans were found in Aroclor 1016, d 1 -1 e t r a homo logs in Aroclor 1242 and tecra and pen ca homo i.ogs in Aroclor 1254. He estimates the 1r lower limit of detection. at less than 3.1 ppm. ~ The analytical method was similar, but not identical, to that used to dt;riinfl CDF in Kanechlor 400 (see attached reference) . Isolati'-on o` the CDF was accomplished by column chromacograpny followed S v i SentifIca 11 on by SC/MS. I raised the question whether soar potential impurities such as chlorinated methyl biphenyls nich have similar mass spectra) could have been mistakenly identified as CDF. Roach's response was negative, followed 3v u sooh i sticated and technically correct explanation that they -> ave ootained and character i zed several chlorinated methyl aipnenyls as reference materials to eliminate this possibility. They are currently attempting to identify some or the i n qivI 3 u ai isomers which have been isolated. Roach agreed A0AC meeting completed in findings. to send me a copy of the paper he presented at the as well as a preprint of their entire study when about two months. They plan to publish their Their methodology is similar to that first resorted by Vos and duplicated in our laboratories during a 1371 survey of our . Aroclor j'jdycts for CDF. This survey did not detect any CDF with a lower detection limit of 0.5 ppm for each isomer. (Several at lower concent rations totaling >1 ppm could have been jrasent). Roach indicated their current technique gives better (but not complete) recoveries than the method c f Vos . FDA also 'as j more sensitive MS than our cu r ren t mode 1 , although we wi 1 I nave a superior instrument in a few weeks. Mi sura WATER_PCB-SD0000060104 iltcific Corpora; ion S VI Hrrvj'4 Vet P.tirvni Ln^rjtu^ i\3 DctCXV'-CJ Oics;Ci.`i' T-'Gi^Pcvr/iarvi tn? January 15, 1972 Monsanto Industrial Cv_-r.ica.ls Co. _800 N. Lindbergh Boulevard St. Louis,. Missouri 63166 - - ' . Gentlemen: . Monsanto Company (r'Monsanto"^ manufactures certain polychlorinated biphenyl products (`PCB's") which Westing-house Electric Corporation ('Buyer'1) desires to purchase. While Buyer desires to purchase PCB's because of certain desirable flame resistant and insulator properties; Buyer acknowledges that it is aware and has been advised by Monsanto that PCB's tend .to persist in the environment that care is required in their handling, possession, use and disposition; that tolerance limits have been or are being established for PCB's in various food products. ' . .- '. ' ' . Monsanto has therefore adopted certain restrictive policies with respect to its further production, sale and delivery, of ?C3's, includingthe receipt of undertakings from its customers as set forth below, and Buyer is willing to agree to such undertakings with respect to sales and/or deliveries of PCB's by Monsanto to .Buyer. ' -. . ' ` Accordingly, Buyer hereby covenants and agrees that, `vith respect to any and aH PCBJ-s sold or delivered by or on behalf of Monsanto to or for the account of Buyer on or after .the date hereof, end in consideration of any such sale or . delivery. Buyer shall defend, indemnify and hold harmless . Monsanto, its present-, past and future directors, officers, employes- end agents, from and against any and all liabilities, ' claims,- damages, penalties, actions, suits, losses, costs and expenses- arising out of or in connection with the receipt, purchase, possession, handling, use, sale or disposition o: WATER PCB-SD0000060105 lions onto Industrial Chemicals Co. Page T~o ' dunuary 15, 1972 such PCB's "by, through or-under Buyer, whether clone or in 'combination with other substances, including, without implied limitation, any contamination of or adverse'effect on humans, marine and wildlife, food, animal feed.or the environment by reason of such PCB's. . - . ' " .. . The point at and after which the provisions of this ' .agreement shall apply to PCB's sold or delivered by or on behalf, of. Konsonto to or for the account of Buyer on or after the date hereof, and the point at which title and risk of loss with respect to such PC3's shall pass from .Monsanto to Buyer, shall be the F.O.B. point at the location from which deliver}' to-Buyer.is initiated by Monsanto, and shall refer to'the point of transfer of possession of the drum, tank car, tank truck, or other container for such PCB's, from Monsanto to Buyer or .the first receiving carrier utilized to effect delivery of.. such PC3'.s to Buyer. .' . . The provisions of this agreement. shal-l not be applicable to. any PCB's' delivered -to Buyer prior, to the date hereof; and nothing herein ;shall create or imply- any duty or obligation: (i) of. Monsanto to sell-or deliver, any-. PCB'.s to Buyer; or (11) of..Buyer-to-defend, indemnify or -hole'--harmless Monsanto or- any--other corporation/or. any personyt'far. any- damages resuiting-from- the negligence, of Monsanto .-(in the absence -cf negligence of Buyer)-in Its packaging or shipping of_PC3's or . from the failure of PCB's to comply with the-contract specifi cations.- applicable -to such'PCS' s,- ' 1\o -conditions, understandings" or. agreements, purporting to modify or vary the terms hereof shall be "binding unless hereafter made in-writing specifically _ referring to this agreement and signed1 by the party to be ocurd end no modification or yariance of--this .--agreement. shall be . _ effected by the acknowledgment-or acceptar.ce of-'anyfsale docunen-, purchase order, ' shipping*Instruction or other forms-containing- terms or conditions at variance herewith- WATER_PCB-SD0000060106 Monsanto Industrial Chemicals Co. Pae Two January 15., 1972 In the event., of litigation to which these inaennity provisions shall apply, Monsanto will n.ahe available to Buyer such information as Monsanto has. (excluding trade secrets or proprietary information of- Monsanto, or any other information which Monsanto is not legally free to disclose) which nay reasonably' be required by Buyer in the defense of such litigation, and otherwise will cooperate with Buyer in connection therewith. " * This agreement shall be governed by and be construed according to the lavs, of the State of Missouri. All existing contracts for`the sale of PC3rs' by Monsanto to Buyer for delivery ih the futi:re are hereby amended to contain the=provisions set forth herein. UESTINGKCUSE ZLZCTRIC CORPORATION ;V Title - Vice President Late.: January 15,-1572 MOSS^TO COMPANY " ' ORIGINAL SIGNED' BY:' 'By i~- E.'J. Putzell WATER_PCB-SD0000060107 f.lonHnio INDVSTRIAX. CHEMICALS COMPANY ... ..t g, Keller - South Second Street - St, Louis October 28, 1371 ALLDO^D DIOXINS AND BSN20FURANS IN t>CSS - INPUTS FOR REPORT MSB 10-22^71 Memo to RSX/whr TO :W. R. Richard General Offices ** C, W. Rocs - Res. 1 S. M. Patrick - Res. i M, W. Dietrich - Res. 2 J, ?. Mieure * Res. j ft S, tucker - Res. 2 The attached reports and summary data table for furine cover information in hand on the above subject. Overall, we should be able to meet predicted regulatory agency maximum permissible levels of chlorodibenzofurane in our Rcs/FCT products. Data in hand show that Arocior 1242, 1254, 126G and MCS 1016 contain no detectable (<2 ppm)* furane {or chlorodiherucp-dioxins). Arocior 5442 contains no detectable (<S ppm) furans. The above position is based on the belief that higher levels would be permitted for furans because of lower toxicity compared to dioxins. The data shown or. the confidential attachment from & European manufacturer shows that tetrachlorodibenze-p-dioxin has an acuta toxicity to rabbits at least SOX that for tetrachloro* dibensofuran. Regulatory agencies, including the SPA, are currently imposing 0.1 ppm max. for tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in 2,4,5-T and hexachlorophene. Or. this basis, a 2 ppm max. lev*! should be acceptable for furans. If ve art required to push the detection to 0.1 ppm, we will need to synthesize furans and develop more sensitive methods. This will be costly, end difficult technically, especially for PCI products. . . Based on experimental work in our own laboratories and in part at the University of Utrecht - We Know 1. Monsanto Arocior 1242, 12S4, 1260 and MCS 1016 contain no detectable (<2 ppm) chlorodibenzofurane (I) or chlorodibento- p-diexina {ID of the type below. Arocior 5442 also contains no detectable {<5 ppm) chlorodibenzofurane or chlorodib*nso- p-4ioxins. . Cl 1-1 Cl 1-8 WATER_PCB-SD0000060108 Dr. W. R. Richard October Ut l$7i Pi) two 2, Competitive products - ProdeUc and Bayer chlorinated biphenyls similar in composition to Rrcolor 1260 contain detectable furans (up to 30 ppm) and no dioxins (<2 pom). Japaneae product from Shizuki similar to Aroclor 1242* oofttains no detectable (<2 ppm) furans or dioxins. 3. All the above PCS products contain chlorinated naphehalenes at ppm levels, Aroclor 1442 contains either chlorinated anthracene or phenanthrane. Dor^ t Know or Limited Information Or.lv 1. Biodegradability of furans - * Toxicity to bacteria may be a problem for biodegradeeion studies. 2. Photodegradation of furans - Work by the OSDA indicates that photodegradation of . dioxins under conditions in which water is the solvent ; is probably extremely slow in the natural environment. ' 3. Existence of furans (or dioxins) in the environment or as biological residues - Methodology normally applied to analysis of environ mental materials will not make this detection. Questions for Medical *. 1. Toxicity of other impurities - . Chlorinated naphthalenes, anthracene and/or phenanthrane found in above commercial products? . , 2. Acuta toxicity or teratogenic effects Of chlorodibenzofurans ' relative to dioxins? Availability*of published data in the public domain tfor reference purposes? * 3. Based on the above - the odds that 2 ppm max. for chiorodibenxofurans will be put on our products? u i* Z suggest that the only Immediate analytical work would be to fi up furan data for remaining PCB/PCT products with existing methe olooy. Out of thisi we should decide what minimum monitoring is needed to insure that our manufacturing process produces no furans in our final products. Additional analytical method development work should be done only if lower detections era needed, based on inputs such as adverse toxicity findings from others, . . db ' . 2&X1 R. E. Keller '' WATER PCB-SD0000060109 PC/MS ANALYSIS DATA FOR TOXIC COHPOWEHTS IN PCB/PCT PWOPPCTS ]LABQRRTOR~/PROP*)CTS Vos, et al University of Dtrecht .. . Prodelec Phenoclor DP6 (Compos 1 tion almLUr to Aroc lor 1260) - Bayer Clophan A60, Lot 912434 (Coc^x>s it ion similar to Arocior 1260) Monsanto Arocior 1260; Lot AK- 3 Applied Sciences "Monsanto-Industrial Chemicals Pxodelec Phenoclor DPC . Prodelec Phenoclor OPfi ' Bayer Clophen A60, Lot 931134 ICaneclor KC-300 Shituki, July 1970 (Composition similar to Arocior 1242) Monsanto Arocior 1242, Lot AK- 255 Monsanto Arocior 1254, Lot AR- 38 ftonsamt AroclDr 1260, Lot AK- 3 Monsanto MCS 1016, Dna B Itonaanto MCS 1016, KA-708 Monsanto Arocior 5442, Lot AI- 9 CriLOROOlBENZOPtmAHS FOUND <4 Cl/mof 4 Cl/mol 5 Cl/mol WD (<1 ppm) MD PP) NO (<1 PP) Detected (1-20 ppm) Detected(1-20 ppm) Detected(1--20 ppm) Detected (1--5 ppm) MD (<! ppm) MD (<1 ppm) m> .(<2 ppm) MD C<2 ppm) ND (<2 Pf*) MD 2 Ppm) ND (<2 ppm) MD (<2 ppm) MD (<2 PPm| MD (<2 Ppm) HD (<2 ppm) MD C<5 PS) Detected Detected Detected MD C<2 ppm) ND (<2 ppm) MD (<2 ppm) MD (<2 ppm) ND C<2 ppm) MD (<2 ppm) ND <</ ppm) Detected (15-30 ppm) Detected(15-30 ppm) Detected MD (<2 ppm) ND (<2 ppm) ND (<2 ppm) ' MD (<2. ppm) HD {<2 ppm) ND (<2 ppm) MD (<5 ppm) WATER_PCB-SD0000060110 bcci *. a- ssaora 0, JL CLSOH July 8, 1??0 Mr. fv <3. Jenkins Tio# frssident* Sprague Ileetrio Caapany norths M4a} |&as*Qhu8tto 0X2^7 Sear Hr# Jenkiast X mm fortunately abl to visit your Brown St* Flint oa Jiai 17 with F-aadaH drihan* 1 personally found the diddassiois iafaswatl'y and 1stsiftst4it< and t %&* mast favorably i^ftseed with th oeacem and interest expressed by your aasscsaeat peromi@l V dto(sus*4 briefly so* of the pinto raised in your latter dated Jha 11 X wXH try la this letter to b were spedfie. Biodogxsdatiaitsr H4fiTtdatiei studies oosduotod in ourresearca Xafeoratonss la SS tools Missouri and la Zfcsabaf Wale using sadla eensiatisg of lesi river sate? or activated Xwd^m aeoHaated to Mpbeayl give dirtet evidanc that th lor dorlmt4 biphenyls f ifftoted. there is mm ovldtaa tout ehLoria* position m ths biphenyl 4mm lafltenet th dsgr of dtotmsti*t by th oloroortaMaoa. . X ha.4? easJ.s*4 a tofeuXatio froa our Itobea lahoratosy fdHali sbbsspto to show- tola dsfftrsao. do not Jmv frsml Uiftifeatlea regarding the effect of sunlight or other natural tofXutatts on Areolar. feparlaaee falned over anr year Htdloatea Areolar are MiftXy stable dr all feaetm coodittoa present la to ntvlreBiaiat ' 1m ^1 Tl4si frw many laboratories tnateirtola ape!* of bird which ar at th# top of the sarin fool chain ctroo reproduce preparly fchen ar present to their ditto ttt 7 X ftmhmtXn laboratory at Gui/bretse. florid conducted a study ithiah indicated that JuyoqH b?e%Bi ihrdap dM not survive la water eotmstAji< 5 parts pr hilliea of FQ. Attached cr copies of reports oa those todies-. . WATER PCB-SD0000060112 Monsanto rpcnsored ease studies qq laboratory rata cad 4oc* A uaeary of the results to 4*fe " la attached* Slapoaal - the gfrr<3 raetfaod far 4109094! la 23STitw incinemticn* 2 suspect there are several eoesercisi tow on too earktfi *16 wHl perform mil* 1 personally witnessed feurainn teats at tot John dak e^&n?** unit to-fula** @dahon%e fs^er&eursd mat exceed l6CQrp to assure tost eoq?l te dedtruetioa la &#hitod Lowe? aturts wuld oaiy vepcrise ton Afaolors sad areata ataospheri# pollution or* nrs< yet# would fern* fey partial axi<u.tieaB eattrials toioH esuld to highly taxi# (.. farana sad dtoaimK HiSh iatoneratloB SCI is. ftraed WUoh aust to aerebfeed f?en the stack gas end neutralised feefere disposal We are planning for an initial InatnUation in nan of our plants laser tola year* Mm a service tn our ountemrsi too ' eay sot k? accede to other iaedaeratort* to have offered to accept scrap Jxodor far Smadl&to Storage and eventual mtoaeretien jsaasanto toll charge 3# for pound of returned eats&al* ms charge 4e not include freight or ooatolner cetta and toll fee reviewed toon HjmI iaeinefttiea oddto are catabHahed* Material which in retained for disposal should fee addressed to Mestfignto to#aa^ V, a. Eruserlto finite Sasg*t HJAaUt IttonfciSBt Supervisor Department Sti . Solid! eoatatomtad totn Aroolom present a feller challenge* la Jtt to have not tested an isdzm%tsr toto th# materials.. thtH to get tore information the fees* to can advise safe tensdal in on anthdflstd9 properly operated land fin located imy fro any "' - We have laboratory tork usder-owy on other ferws of destrsetin. to jot m eecaoaiemlly feasible appro** &m hmm tend* ^tolrtiaal Methodology I have attached copies of toalytitoapreModdrad fw the deterstmtm of F^9e is totar# e2f tor @d feiol@^.eal sa^le@ V# are iiitortotod in ect^erisg our methods with those 4wud fey other laboratories toy eo^ento jaw la^rmtoty swy harro would fee toloono mi appretodted* WATER PCB-SD0000060113 > X tM6 ttet i&qti InfaramtXati Is usafttf, ta |w. Xf S.eas e of fusths? Mrridti please 1$ iramt* SSaa*r*ly# it 2tr 8. finis n#*ts* C I OsB&aa v. &. r(fw((t $sms*B&ssfc*& cmtsv% M WATER PCB-SD0000060114 c- c ' - MONSANTO'S PCS PROGRAM ______ ... V...B._PA?AG20RG2__________ Presented at ANSI Committee c-107 Me*tins - September 14-, 1971 I appreciate the opportunity to share Monsanto' 3 PCS experience with you and I hope the Information I have can help'this committee plan and achieve its objectives. We at Monsanto first heard of PCS's as potential environmental contaminants in early- 1967 when we received copies of a talk . given 'in Sweden by Professors Widmark and Jensen of the University of Stockholm. In their paper they described how they were able to identify a material which had been interfering with pesticide analyses as being polychlorinated biphenyls. Our la:boratories began work on the development of analytical methodology to confirm that PCS's indeed were being found in the environment. During 1S63* and 13^9 as methodology improved the evidence continued to indicate that the higher chlorinated biphenyls were being identified in the tissues of fish and birds. During this period Monsanto mounted an extensive program aimed at acquiring more knowledge about PCS's and their effect.on the environment. We perfected our analytical methods, we started" X animal toxicity studies, began biodegradation work and evaluated alternative 'materials for those applications we felt were con tributing substantially to contamination. S PLAINTIFF'S I EXHIBIT 3 WATER PCB-SD0000060115 rr -2- ' Qur animal toxicity work was similar to the type we would have undertaken 1? we. had_wished _to. have PDA approval for food use. Chronic toxicity and reproduction studies were made on leghorn chickens. Two year chronic feeding studies were started on rata and dogs. Three generation reproduction studies were made on rats. - The ?C3's used in the tests were Monsanto1 s Aroclor 1242, Arcelor 12=4 and Aroclor 1260. These were selected since they represented the acre commonly used ?C3 mixtures. The animals were fed con centrations of 1 ppm, 10 ppm and 100 ppm in .their normal diets, - ,,f The results to date indicate that at the levels used the rats * JS and dc$s shewed no effects with Aroclor 1242. At ICQ ppm both (_ the ruts and dogs exhibited decreased weight gains and enlarged * livers. The chickens were affected by Aroclor 1242 at the 10 ppm level. The hatchability of the eggs was significantly 'reduced.. . ,' To summaries what I've said about Monsanto's sponsored animal toxicity work the. highly chlorinated polychlorinated - biphenyls at ICQ ppa in the animal diet does have some effect cn mammals. The lower ehlorinatad polychlorinatad biphenyls at 10 ppa in the diet ham*some effect on leghorn chickens, and I say specifically leghorn chickens because there is mounting evidence that there are definite species variations as determined by the Pautuxet Laboratories her in Maryland with fsur types of wild birds. There is a species variation noted which frustrates many scientist WATER PCB-SD0000060116 cr -3 - X was asked what we know about the effect on marine life. Mcnsar.c did sponsor static fish toxicity work and we were completely frustrated because these PCS's have.the tendency to plate out on surfaces. Qur information was garbled because in the static testing we were really exposing the fish to ?CS environments a lot less than we thought we were. The data was so distorted it was meaningless. In the meantime, we found that there are . many competent laboratories looking at fish and the effects on fish that we decided that maybe this is an area that is best left to the experts. . - t ,r - Ve have been in touch with laboratories such as the. Water Quality Laboratory of Duluth, Minnesota. They have conducted studies which indicate there is some effect on some species. There has been seme work done in the Columbia, Missouri Bureau of Interior Fish-festicide Laboratory which indicates, for 'example, magnifi cation about 5G,GCQ times. By that I mean that the amount of ?C2 detected in the fish tissues was 50,000 times that present in the water environment in which this fish was exposed. ' There have been reports of fish kills and soma very drastic effects attributed to PCS's. I've tried to get evidence that these things have occurred. I have not been able to confirm any reported incident. '/ Ve have talked with scientists at the Gulf-3reese, Florida Commercial Fisheries Laboratory. They have conducted studies WATER PCB-SD0000060117 -4- r with crab and shrimp. This is the laboratory that did detect a build-up in crab and also the lethal effect on Juvenile shrimp. Very, very low concentrations - 5 ppb in the water - do destroy Juvenile shrimp. * There is a growing thought among many of the. responsible scientists that this environmental problem is most complex and'it is not really any one insult that is the demise of any particular species, but it could be the cumulative effect of all insults a creature is exposed to and usually the last insult is the one that gets blamed.. - Dr. Tom Duke of Gulf-Breeze is a proponent, of this - ^* theory and he is conducting studies to substantiate" this. It ~ could -be the lack or-presence of .oxygen, the lack or presence of proper nutrients is the environment, the lack or presence of the proper temperature conditions, the exposure to a DOT or a cadmium or a mercury or an arsenic, and along comes a PCS and the ish dies.. ?C3 might get blamed. This is the kind of thing*that does happen in the environment. There is a growing concern that we should be considering to a greater degree chronic effects of all these materials rather than relying on the old acute studies that used to serve as a screening*' for many, many chemicals. I have sketchy data on marine Ilfs. We know that it does 'build up in the marine environment and ' there is, of course, the published evidence that it does affect the fish eating birds. WATER PCB-SD0000060118 cr -5 - There Is soaB- Indication In tie Duluth studies that reproduction and survival of tie frye is affected. Tiers seems to be affect or adult fish. ' It was suggested earlier ti&t I might want to review tie sanufae~ ture of PC3*s, tie 'many applications in which it was used and what cur present program Is. To the beat of- ay' information, It was 1929 that these materials were introduced as very attractive ' fluids for use in transformers, and tiers are many in this audience that are sore fa-miliar with this development that I as. PCS's were used in transf ormers as an insulating cooling .fluid because they are sore resistant to breaJcdown, less apt to .explode and burst>Into flames and cause property damage and human injury. . Through tie years, additional uses were found for these materials because of these properties that I mentioned earlier. - They gradual 1y at first, and of course with increasing amounts, ended up in applications that Monsanto through its in-house usage referred to as plasticiser usages. That is not a very good description, but It fit cur needs for many years, and you'll find us using that expression. These are uses such as. in paint formu lations, the specialty ink uses, the plasticiser in sealants, * adhesives, and paper coatings of all sorts. -/ There was a use that was & real thorn in our side and you'll see at least seme of the earlier articles on pCS.'s referring to pesticide use. There were some studies conducted by the Departmon of Agriculture in which PCS' were used to 'extend the effect of WATER PCB-SD0000060119 ( . **,.-.. 0:rv-r- .* - -6- Ufa of pesticides such as lindane. It warn never intended far .broadcasting~as''we. visualise DD?--waa-on food crops, esttcn crops, or orchards. The only widespread use that I could find was a limited trial to help prevent or curtail the dutch ela. disease/ and that proved to be a failure. The other uses were extremely snail in private formulations that were used to spray or coat hard surfaces - shelving, comers of floors and ail for the ' typical crawling type insects such as the roach and siiverfish. In fact it was so snail that .Monsanto did not market directly to pesticide fomulatofs; we gave this business to our distri butors.. On the other hand, this use' did cause considerable emotion and was used by some to explain the-presence of PCS's in remote areas. We wrote to the Department of Agriculture . suggesting that during 1570 when pesticides were being re registered that ?C21 s not be approved. .Finally in October they did put out a notice to .that effect. We have had questions raised, "Is it in my shower curtains at home? ` Is it in the draperies? In the Carpeting?" The answers ( to those is "not very likely". And 1 use those words because we really don't Icscw. If it was put into these applications, it was so small we, Monsanto, were not aware of it. It was not used in automobile tires; it was not used in brake linings. ^ Other major uses include the use in hydraulic fluids which are fire resistant. Monsanto marketed these fluids under Its trademark Pydraul. I am sure seme of you remember the Livonia, WATER PCB-SD0000060120 I /, ! I if , i5 I Michigan fire? This was a disastrous fire In terms of property damage and was really a high mark-inr terns-of convincing industry that there was a need for firs resistant hydraulic fluids. But the application is not the type that is maintained to a degree where everything is leakproof. Many of these connections leak, hoses hurst, and the tendency is to keep producing by adding more fluid. So it is conceivable that many- of these hydraulic . fluids ended up in the sewer. I do not intend to criticise the customers of our products.. From the knowledge that we had at. that tine of the material the practice was considered acceptable. Another fairly widespread application of ?C31 s is the use of these -fluids as a heat transfer media to achieve high temperatures, have a fire resistant transfer fluid, and avoid the installation of high pressure equipment. These materials were ideally suited for this application. We thought at one time that these were adaptable to close control and proper maintenance where we could logically call them closed systems. Seme recent evidence indi cated`that we were wrong and I'll get into that when-1 discuss our present applications. Cne. application that was a fairly significant one and one that in our thinking is associated with coatings is the use in. car bonless reproduction paper*With the emphasis on recycling paper.'' wastes and with the persistence of ?C2's there is a problem developing la that ?C2!s are being found in many paper products and many of these paper products end up in food packaging. WATER PCB-SD0000060121 Initially evidence we were getting seemed to point to the .higher chlorinated materials as environmental pollutants. As soon as we were aware of this, we. sent a letter to' all of our easterners telling them that what little we knew indicated that these materials could be an environmental problem, and care should be exercised in handling. When the results game in on our chicken tonicity studies they indicated that the lower chlorinated materials might be a problem regarding birds. We decided, as a company, that xe better place some restrictions on these materials because there were to' us some uses that i ^ deserved to be kept In spite of the problems that we saw facing QS '% 9' . . # - . "We decided that we've got to get out of those applications where we felt there was no earthly chance or it was beyond our ability to csntrol the introduction into the environment, so we got 'out-of-all the so-called plasticiser applications. August 30, ' 1970 was the targeted effective date. . We then went into-a very active program of reformulating the hydraulic fluids, 'Eierslagain, it required a lot of testing. We had ts run these new materials through the Underwriters Laboratories for approval on fire resistance. They had to be compatible with the machinery then in use. This is not easily / done, but It was done. ' We decided that we could and mst continue to supply the trans* former- nmufseturer, the capacitor Mnufacturer, md at that WATER PCB-SD0000060122 (r *9- 0 tins closed heat transfer systems based primarily cn cur concept that firs resistance was Important In heat transfer. Ts pick up the point that was raised earlier about foreign im ports, we are to the best of our ability trying to monitor Imports. Ts this day, we have no information that any. have arrived, in this country. On the ether hand, we are getting some reports ' that some of cur former customers have made inquiries of the foreign producers. I am also told by some Canadian provincial agency people that they had heard and were going to further investigate that PCS's were entering Canada.and from there moved .into the Jnitad States. X have talked to representatives of the Japanese producer, the Xanegafuehi Company, and I aa led to be.lievc that they are most reluctant to enter this business. Cn the other hand, the Japanese producers are the producers that are being accused of entering the 3.S. market. I haye talked to'representatives of the French companies. They assure me that they don' t want any part of this- business. In May, 1970 Congressman William Fits Hyan introduced a proposed bill which would in. essence place into law the very things that Monsanto had proposed doing on a voluntary basis. The bill provided that FCS's be banned except for those situations where the Secretary of B2W would give special permission or license. .>" We went through the latter part of *70 and early part of this year feeling, however, that we were still walidng on thin ice. WATER PCB-SD0000060123 rr - 10 - But' We thought that we had made some tremendous strides la the right direction to- preserve those uses which-we thought were essential while eliminating these uses which were grossly con taminating the environment. This sumsser our hopes of control la the heat transfer business vanished .when we found that a user of PCS did net appreciate the problem, did not -maintainhis equipment and created the recent chicken, egg, fishmeal problem. Because of this incident, Congressman Ryan withdrew the first * bill that was submitted .and has now placed before the com- mithee s bill wnich totally bans PCS and does not provide for any use ^whatever. And there are, of eourse, penalties for the ' marketing, manufacture, or use of PCS in this country. A very drastic measure which does cause or can cause a lot of concern among, those of us who feel that PCS has a place in dur society under proper conditions. _ As a result of this incident, we were forced to re-evaluate our position. Ve decided that, although heat transfer systems could be closed units, w are still at the mercy of the attitude of the operator of the equipment and we continuously faced the. situation w*re even a- pinhole leak can create tremendous pro blems be fere it can be discovered. So have taken, again, * an arbitrary position and informed all of our customers in the food (wnether it's animal sr human food)j packaging business, and the pharmaceutical business, that we will no longer supply . them heat transfer fluids which contain PCB'a. ' WATER PCB-SD0000060124 cc ' -U- ` la addition, we will no longer market to any new heat transfer ..applications, Gur efforts will be concentrated on reducing those that we market today. This business should decrease as' tine gees on. * To get back to legislation ... as many of you probably know, there is before Senator Phillip Sard's committee a bill referred, to as the Tonic Substances Act of 1971. The purpose of this bill is to prevent the introduction into our society of hazardous materials. It also provides"for the review of materials now in our society and the curtailment of the use of the more hazardous '* e ones. Initial hearings were held' in August, to which a select few individuals were invited to testify. PCS was brought cut as an enamele of a material introduced lata society and thought at one time to be most valuable, but la now considered a serious threat to aH of ua. The meetings will be resinned in October; 1 da not Jciew the enact date as yet, and X'a. led to believe that this would be the * opportunity for industry to speak up in its behalf. . I am assuming that since PCS'* were brought up as an example of the type of substance this bill is supposed to prevent that Monsanto as sole producer in this - country wHl be either invited or we may choose to ask to be invited (we don't know at this point Just what is the proper approach here) to speak en the merits of retaining PCS's in transformers, capacitors and firs resistant heat transfer systems, non-food applications.? WATER PCB-SD0000060125 mi \'wTis of meeting of the corporate osvslqpms: November 17 . 1963 Present: . .. ' Messrs. 4 E. J. 3ek, ChaI roan H.- H. Sible J. R. Eek J. L. 51111s .. J. Putael1 C. H. Soaner J. N. Eh 1ers, Seeretary 7i. I PLAINTIFFS 1 3 Z ji EXHIBIT I _ . _ . ' ORGANIC 01 VISION, LAW AND MEDICAL DEPARTMENTS -- REPORT ON P0LY" CHLORINATED BIPHENYLS________________________________ _________ Present: Messrs. C. J. Saleh, J. Mason, T. K. Smith, H. S. Bergen, : J . E. SprInggate, R. I. Kelly, E. P. Wheeler, Rodney : Harrls, Jr., 0. W. Ml 1I er, W. C. Rob Inson Monsanto1 s wor 1 dw I de Aroelor bus i nos i^ioounti to 1 Ob M* lbs./yr., ' 70m used In functional fluids end 34 M In p1es11eIxers. This represents $22 M In sales. Products range from aonoeh I orob i phersy 1 WATER PCB-SD0000060126 73. to decachlorobIphny1, terphenyI $, and ch1 ori natad terphanyI Production location* ara at Annis ton, Alabama, Sauget, J l I i noi Newport, U`. K. and Yokka ( eft (, Japan. . ' f nv t ronmtn ta1 Aspects * E. P. Wheelar a* Tha 5 and. 6 ch lor I natad blpheny.ls (Aroclor 1254 and 1260) hava baan found at llaltad locations in water, in birds and soma farms of aquatic 1ifa. Recent Indications ara that such biphany1s may affact raproductI on of fowl 1ifa and may ba toxic to shrimp. Thasa products ara not toxic fro* tha acuta standpoint to man or fish but thara is soma avidanca af aealogical buildup in certain water deposits, in fish and ul tiaataiy in bird life. - Aroc1ers 1243 and lower in number are believed to ba bIodegradab1 a but this has not baan conclusively as tab 1ishad as yat. . l apa1 As pact 8 - 0. W. Hiller Tha 1 aw in tha field of manufacturer's liability ts ehanin rapidly. Although tha law Is unsettled, tha present general rule is that if a manufacturer knows or should know that a product of its manufacture may causa desage if not proper 1y used, ha has a duty to give adequate warning to customers and users. Recommendations from tha legs! standpoint consist of - 1. Taka steps to Insure that PCI's are contained and not dis charged In plant affluent. . 2. Provide adequate warnings to customers and users, including advice as to disposal methods. . - 3. Establish testing program to determine precise effects of PCI's on birds, aquatic 11 fa and animals and to determine the possible escape of PCI's from plastic!lars. Plan of Action - H. I. largan and J. I. Springgata The avaliability of alternate products to satisfy customer raquiresents wes reviewed. Me In problems are that no replacement product is available for capacitors and replacement products for other uses pose a pollution problem. In plasticiser uses, evidence is not available as to whether Aroc1 ors escape from end products, aither through 1 each(ng or by d1 sparse 1 in burning. . *i 4 The .recommended plan of action is to establish a tailored program for each business -group- and each customer market situation to as sure that tha loss of PCI's in tha environment, If any, Is minimal. . ., WATER_PCB-SD0000060127 73. I. Appoint a Project Manager - res ponsib1 for the overall management of the Aroclor pollution problem. He would be assisted by a Task Force from members of each business group plus Medical, Law, Engineering end Manufactur 1 ng. '2Notify el 1 Aroclor customers of PCS problem. . 3* Reduce and effectively control PCS effluents from Monsanto plants. .. 4. Educate customers on need to reduce end effectively control PCS effluents at their plants. 5 Deve1 op and implement new peckaging systems for Aroc1 or 1254/1260. . 4. introduce to market, replacement products for Aroclor 1254/1240. 7. Continue and expand biodegradation test program with Aroclor series, particularly 1242, 1243 and 125^* 8. Continue toxicological test program. 3. Accelerate present analytical test program. . 10. Determine feasibility and cost of eliminating 5/8 Cl in Aroc1ors 1242 and 1248. 2 11. Study incineration products. -* 12. Develop business plan to offer: - Monsanto Fluid Reclamation and Recovery.with Env1ro Cham. (Reclamation already under-way at Flndatt.) Cost of this program is estimated at approximately $400M SARI and 5700M eapJtal to change equipment. Conclusions: in light of the recent and developing evidence of a possible threat to certain species of bird end aquatic lift, we should plan to discontinue the manufacture* of Aroc1ors 1254 and 1240.* The Division I s instructed to develop a program to discontinue these products and report this to the Committee. The status of Aroelor 1242 should continue to be tested whether It contributes to this problem. Other products be involved should e1 so be examined. ' (Excerpt to Messrs. H. L. Minekler, Rodney Harris, Jr., T. K. Smith.) to determine which might R. E Kelly, water_PCB-SD0000060128 OUTLINE PCS SHYIRGNKS3fTll POLLCTTQ? ABATEMENT KAN Sfcjg*gh1-1' -In:troduction r~TT- "problem . TTT- SStensiveness IT. Nature or the Problea .oal-- T. Effect on Monsanto 71- Effect on Cas toner 7H. Involvement with other producers Sources of Ccntaadaafelon At--=nds*eoi IS. Becsnt technical changes which have bearing on the ssatandnation X. Courses of Action XI. Recommended Course of Action XU. Implementation of the Recasaesded Course of Action A. ImediAte Action (12-1-69) _ . I PLAINTIFF'S i EXHIBIT 3. Interim 1-3 eenths C. Short term - .3-6 scnths . D. Long term (1-3 years) 1- Research sdteal 5-. Patent. 2. Manufacturing 3-- Si^aeerlag ` 5. ' ^vtanaental Control 7. Legxl - WATER PCB-SD0000060129 == Probability of Q:cs.. *-- y Coat Of > --- ' - * rjr:^ . * - * ^fajgjw*. at iSas-.'^r" S?SSP WATER PCB-SD0000060130 cc PCS SMYTHQJMENTAL POLLUTION' ABATEMENT PLAH Introduction Ca 15 October tee *AD HOC" Comalttee consisting of Messrs. M. Farrar, ?. Hodges, E. John, V. HI shard, and 2. Wheeler Issued a report susmarisirg the polychlorinated biphenyl (?C3) pollution problems from the known available indorsation to (' date. Cut of this report cane considerable information, conclusions, and recommendations. which we have attempted to tie together into a plan of action in this document. Our objective has been to take a reasonable and responsible approach to tee entire problem. Before we get into the problem, we should clarify tee meaning of PCS, tee nature of the entire line, and hew these tie into cur product line cf Aroclsrs. l L WATER_PCB-SD0000060131 r -a- Monsanto entered the Arcelor market in 1930 by acquiring Swain Sleetrleal Company _ or toetm today an our Anniston, Alabama plant. The first lead of lreeler-which lacldentaUy^s-^ircelQr 125-1 __ '"`A -V went eat or Anniston# Alabama to GS- in 1931V^ Since that tine the _ --------------------- ------ market has grown to 170 to 2OCR4worldwlde.. " Chemical Biphenyl Monsanto Product line . nature of Material at Ambient Solid Mcnochlorcbiphenyl D\C ^ l^rolit ~ri cnlorcei pheay1' Ci~sT " Quatarehlercbipfaenyl Arcelor 1221 Arcelor 1232 Arcelor 1242 Arcelor 1248 Pentachlcroblpfaesyl aCsCS- Eerachlcrabipheayl Arcelor 1254 Arcelor 2260 Heptaehlorebisheayl sQOt Octon loro biaiiepyl teasEoKpbm,l ^ ?* ^ ^ a Arcelor 1262 Arcelor 1263 lroclor 32715 thin liquid (oil) thin flush water oily type fluid * material ' Thicker - transaissis: oil ` HeayyMclas sea Thick - tar Very thick liquid Solid So Hd WATER PCB-SD0000060132 c -^- f I?.' Saatowan or terphenyl Solid Arcelor 5$c il Pro's lea SoUd ramags to the ecological systes by contamination from polychlorinated biphenyl (?C3-)v ' Setansi vea ess The problem Involves the entire United States, Canada, and sections of Sarope especially the united Kingdom and Sweden. As the investigation broadens other areas of Sarope, Asia and Latin America will surely beccne involved. Svidence of contamination bare bees shewn is seme of the very remote parts of the world. The involvement could and most Ulcsly will follow the DDT investigations. . Nature of the Problem Professors Widmarlc and Jensen of the Institute of Analytical Chemistry at Stockholm, Swedes, in November 1960, announced and ecafirsed findin PC3 in fish, birds, and eggs. Subsequent findings were made in 19^7 i Great Britain. In February 1969, Professor Slaebrough of the Universi of caUfamia published an article in the San Francisco Chronicle relaying his findings of PCS In the envircasent of the U5aitd States . Monsanto confirmed the presence of pa's in idis9 and confirmed the adequacy of work by Widsaxk and Jensen and others 1 truly, the ?C3rs are a worldwide ecolological problem. * WATER PCB-SD0000060133 c -4 - c Analysis indicates the environmental presence of the 5 and higher chlorinated biphenyls which take the appearance of Arcelor 1254 and Arcelor 1260. ' Ve have strong Indications that Arcelor 1242 or at leapart of it degrades biologically;. Since the Arcelor 124a contains ar: T percent of the 5 chlorine biphenyl or higher ve eannot rale cut the possibility that the observations say be a concentration affect of the higher chlorinated biphenyls of Arcelor 1242. To date there have been no reports of finding Arcelor 12'42 present in the environment (except cutside the effluent of our plants where we !<r Aroelor 1242 is present). The seriousness cf the problem can best be spelled cut as follows: 1. Fish - Marine or aquatic species concentrate ?C3 in the fatty "" tissue. Toxic is small quantities (down to 5 ppi) to sensitive na life such as shrimp. 2. Birds - Predatory species feeding an the marine or aguatis life ca further concentrate PCS to possible harmful effects. Specifically in birds PC3 can affect the calcium metabolism leading to egg she: imperfections which prevents proper hatch of the young. In fact, Monsanto has confirmed the eggshell by feeding chickens, a high order cf the species, ?C3's in controlled tests. 3. Man 'There Is no harmful effect taown to ran or ether mammals af* 40 years of production. Investigations are underway by varicus sources. ~ 4. Political, and Public Baotion - PCS's are falsely United with DDT because ?C3's show up in the analysis for DOT. PCB's are linked other permanent type chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides. This becomes particularly serious since about every article, of food in country is being emned for a trace of these rateriais. 4 ^ s*, Z rV^j* Sd /*'" * 'T- rr-> *. - _ *' -^1 - WATER PCB-SD0000060134 Cl Cl C2 HETAGiflft a OfRURIN a a a a tJNBANI 1NDKIIM HETACHLC8 I?CHDS a cj-oc: QH !OT DQO R9 1 Stwctani Formula# at NIn# ailorinatfid-Hytirecarbca fs. WATER PCB-SD0000060135 c -5- c- V. Effect on Monsanto ....... .. . ^Business potential at stales on a worldwide basis I. 3?Fluids Plasticisers Tota.l/Year -7Cit lbs. . 3*8 lbs. 104S lbs. $2g $61* ^ $22H $6-3* G.P. ^2-3ST G.P. ' 4S-HJT g.P. Already competition is using eertaia data against us in competitive situations. ._ ' A. legal liability Direct lawsuits are possible. The materials are already present in. nature having dene their "alleged Sassage". All customers using the products have not be5 officially notified about known effects nor cur labels carry this information. These are only a few of the possible legal implications which weald best be covered by the legal department. 3. Public Image The corporate image of Monsanto as a responsible member of the . business wcrld genuinely concerned with the welfare of our environ ment will be adversely affected with increased publicity. The evidence proving the persistence of these compounds and their universal presence as residues in the environment is beyend questioning. This combined with eertaia scare publications is cert to give as adverse image. Guilty%mseolation (with DOT) will pre vail as the background while actual facts may be sparse. ` C. Customer R@lati.ons Seme easterners who presently use these materials will be "scared . to other competitive products, prefects associated with the sane name or "trademark" will be adversely affected le., Themircl, _ Pydraul and Aroclor. Competitors will use the information fsr -an WATER PCB-SD0000060137 C -6 - influence on Monsanto products. r Customers td.ll seek the? 8outs'* rather Phan become Involved. 71;. Effect on Customers and Ultimata Consumers . One of the unique-features of PCS's is their fire resistance. Here th basis decision whether to risk lives due to fire or risk extinction sf sea# species of birds. In this ease the PCS would probably be accepter as a necessary pollutant and tolerated under controller eesditicr.s. A. Electrical -Industry - Capacitors and Transformers use Arcelor because it is the best inexpensive dielectric fluid available. B. ?ocd Processing - Bulk "deep frying'* units for potato chips, fish, - and doughnuts use the fire resistance fluid as an indirect heating medium. C. Die Caster -- and other hot metal working industries fire resistanc fluids to protect the worker? Affects a wide range of plastics and adhesives because the PCS serves as'the plasticiser. A wide range cf paints and coatings are affected. The "Carbonless carbcn paper used so widely would disappear. 7H. Involvement With Other Producers Although Monsanto is most probably responsible for the U.S, ccntaninat: and Jointly responsible with MCL for .the United Kingdom problem, we cannot accept responsibility for the world. There are five known producers in the free world, several possible producers behind the iro: curtain and caupie of additional companies overtures about atering the business. Monsanto representatives have ea one occasion discussed this problem with a couple of these producers but.they expressed no great concern. In fact, it is highly possible that ana a WATER PCB-SD0000060138 -7 - these manufacturers Is dsasping his waste Into the Rhine River. Carta'any action taken by one producer win most1 assuredly affect the other. .It is entirely possible that a Joint plan of action could be developed but will nest probably have to be spearheaded by Monsanto. It is also 'Hksly that producers of other chlorinated products used with ?C3's will be dressed into the investigation. ' Sources of Contamination " Although there nay be seas seil and air contamination involved, by Car the most critical prcbles at present is water contamination. To cur knowledge to date the contamination can be broken down into two general .categories, open and indirect pollution. . A. Open Pollution - Cur sanufacturing facilities sewered a'sizeable quantity of ?C3' s in a years time. ' 1. Fluids ` Fluids are probably the most open scarce of pollution because c their aebility. They also may be the least serious because the are generally the lower chlorinated materials. 2. Slectrioal . Hlectrieal customers have is the past sewered their .wastes. 3 Heat Transfer Heat transfer customers have sewered their objectionable and their spilled material. 4-. .industrial These fluids have generally been sprayed into drains, washed down srisers and generally regarded as very harmless. All of the fluids have had the "iinief constituent dssped on dirt roads 'dedusting agent which inadvertently found Its way back to the stream. WATER PCB-SD0000060139 c - a - c. 5,, Plastics . ; ' The plastics are not as mobile as the fluids so therefore thi 7_` * ' _ ' o ' " , * '' ' have not found and cannot find their way back to streams ir. < _______ ' - - pollution. B Indirect ' Shipping containers and the cleaning thereof for subsequent use j source of contamination), 1. Fluids a. Electrical - Disposal of "burned out" transformer and capacitors may find Its way back to streams. Scrap units (new) are generally disposed of in land fills but could possibly get back to the stream. '' . b. ` Heat Transfer - Leaks could contaminate, e. Industrial - Cross product ccntanination carried cut of a air compressor. Residual material carried on pares. 2. Plasticisers a. Process Contamination free Washing (1.) Environment Contamination Swimming pool paints . Incineration of warn coatings * Traffic paints * (2.) Product Contamination Coating for tank Using ;ing inks and paper coating! Certain adhesives JX Recent Technical Changes Which Ea^re Bearing m the Contamination ' A Maids * The sources of pollution were pointed cut as they have beer. ir. t WATER PCB-SD0000060140 f( - 9 - environment today "which was deposited over the past forty years. jpzetsazt state that responsible people throughout the industry have taken .corrective action to reduce contamination in the last two years. Then -------- -have also been technical advances which have brought about the use of lower chlorinated biphenyls which say be an advantage because to date lew chlorinated ones have not bees identified present in nature. 1. Electrical - Ee large customers have established collect systems the waste is recovered.. Incinerators are being investigated and . built for the disposal of the materials. There has been a shift away from the higher chlorinated types products and could prcbabl;shift almost entirely away from those products. 2. Heat Transfer - System have been tightened up and redesigned to . .confine the contents Here^tcc* the trend has been to shift away from the higher chlorinated materials. 3. Industrial - Selling ponds have been built by the large aanufactus . to catch the material and decant off the PCS for reprocessing. T! trend here as the other fluid areas has been towards the lower chlorinated materials. . 4>. Plants The plants effluent has been passed through limestone wh: provides surface to catch some of the material. But high ccneen- traticns can be found in cur effluent (that is relative to those findings in nature causing the problem). B. Plasticiser Quite opposite to fluids the trend in plasticiser Aroelar has been to higher chlorinated biphenyls. la plasticisers the lower chlorinated biphenyl will not be an acceptable solution however* the lower chlori terphenyl-ccould offer a possible solution. . WATER PCB-SD0000060141 r Courses of Action A* Do Nothing 10 c. ' We cannot deny the findings and the acquisitions by the various .... agencies. If we took nc action we would likely face numerous suit' e would'let government tolerances be based on public and pelfSoai pressure along with any experimental or developed data which they may generate. We would most likely be forced cut cf this business. Other product areas would be adversely affected-r We would project an image as as irresponsible member of the besides world. Project poor customer relations. The only advantage to thi technique offers is it reduces the cost but this too must be weighed against potential loss of business. S. Discontinue Manufacture of All Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCS) Although we all realise this could be an eventually unfortunately the solution is set this simple*' Assuming we did step manufacture immediately, the pollutants are present is the environment; the liability is present and possibly by the shifting to the lower chlorinated materials and the recovery techniques the contamination may already be reduced to an acceptable level. Obviously the entire business would be lost without any or very few substitutes to be offered. Other product areas would be affected. Financial loss could be considered due to raw material contracts, customer contras' ' and royalty -- secrecy contracts. Competition would take advantage on all fronts. We would be admitting guilt by cur actions. Loss of capitol investment in the plant,, associated utilities, and as se dated processes. We would possibly gain a little public image on this actios* - - C. Respond responsibly, admitting that there is growing evidence cf environmental contamination by the higher chlorinated biphenyls arts, taka action as new data is generated to correct the problem. WATER PCB-SD0000060142 This approach would enable us to phase out the higher chlorinated materials'la stay appHeatlsns where they are so longer necessary . ^ *' ' - ' - . ' or mUj desired* Vecoold malaise the corporate- Image by publicising this act. Ve would reduce a known pollutant. 'Additionally we could gala precious'time needed to develop new products and investigate further the- lower chlorinated, materials,, As new research data is generated our course may be altered considerably, Certain Halted actions may reduce or limit the problem. _ , WATER PCB-SD0000060143 12 f yr. Recommended Course of Action : ' Based, .os the Inf oraatien available today the only recommendation we ca: honestly sake Is respond responsibly admittlag that there is growing -.......- evidence of environmental csntaaihation by the higher chlorinated biphenyls and take action as new data is generated to correct the % ttt. problem. implementation of the Recccsended Course of Actisn A. Immediate (By 12-1-cS) " 1. Set up a task force under a project manager or the equivalent .responsible for initiating., directing and implementing all actio that Monsanto decides to take. This includes sufficient budget necessary to cope with the immediate problems. This task force . should include representatives from Medical, Legal, Research . and the two involved Marketing Groups and Pablic Relations and must conduct liaison with MCL and other locations involved in the problem. 2. Decide on timing and content of any public and/or customer notif cation of ?C3 problem. 2. Interim (Within J months) Fluids 1. Confirm Aroclor 1234/Aroeler 12o are found in the envi ronment . Plasticisers 1. Announce differential between fluids/plasticiser uses. 2. Publicise the difficult anal. 2. Announce safety of other ?C2' tasks. chlorinated, terphenyl. . 3- Protect other ?C3/ehi. terph. 3. Educate customers on control effluent for all products. Announce plans to reformulate Initiate program to develop- A certain Theralaols and Pydraui . * 2254, fc 1260 substitutes where control of the product . is difficult. ' WATER PCB-SD0000060144 5 . Emphasise better control over 5 Investigate -with manufacf- I other Arcelor 1254 & 1260 the feasibility of aiternat uses* ; products. : * *r 6. Vitiate easterner education or --Agglyse -^g^g seed for effluent control of _ all products. 7. Determine composition of all PCS'3. Develop a comprehensive Program Short Term (inithin the nest 12 months) 1. Research - Expand program for mere meaningful biodegradation Medical . - studies and confirming analytical results. Expand toxicity studies. Follow developments concerning publicity and those developments covering political implications of PC3 contamination. .. 2. Marketing - Discontinue or substitute replacement products for ' these applications of Arc dors 2254 and 1260 where the Arcelor remains mobile. , Work with customers to clean up plants on other Arcclors. Report the habitual violators or 9de nothings1* to the product group. . Reclaim or safely dispose of fluids.' - Consider renaming products that do not contain PCS. Fellow an: report rarket developments such as customer disposal systems. Fellow and report any political or public feedback which, may affect the ccntaadnatien prcbls and must be coordinated with Medical# Research and Legal.' ' - 3 Production - Clean up plants and stop gross contamination. 4. Legal - Define our present position# recasaend reasonable act! that will not unduely alarm the ahst but reduce the axes sure A s> <m> - -<S3 -- WATER PCB-SD0000060145 - 14 - c- 5 Relations - ?ibHclsi actions where believed advantage Certainly discussions should be held with other producers wit.1 same period to determine their planned course of action, if a: D. "Long Hangs Tentative Cut line (From 1 year to 3 years) Realis* ing that the comprehensive program most be outlined the wLer Range Tentative GatHne" is meant to serve as a guide; All aspect lj ^4 . of this program should review quarterly by Organic Management. 1. Resaareh-Medieal ' ' Continue biodegradation studies and analytical support Isomer distribution ' Toxicity and metabolism studies Water soluble removal Incineration analytical support Confirmation analytical .0 .' - Contract academic research for reference . *' Develop new and improved formulations 2. Manufacturing a. Process Research and Development ' (1.) Identification of typical Aroclor isomers' (2.) Develop control for effluent composition (3.) Test substitute formulations, eta. (4.) Develop new processes b. Clean Dp Plants . o. Modify processes to meet market heeds . 3* Engineering .. a. Develop and set up on plant locations incineration systems b. Design new processing equipaeot m necessary ' 4. a. Specify alternates or changes WATER PCB-SD0000060146 c -15 - r c. Set reclaim or disposal of fluids d crk on same association problem 5. Patent - Investigate trademarks registered ' Caver with patents any work felt patentable .6 Isvironmental Control Develop cheap disposal systems for customers a. Incineration or pyrolysis ' b. "Biodegradation unit etc. __ - c. Consultants in pollution control 7. "Legal Investigate and define our position, on Royalty secrecy agreements, Contracts - Raw Material and Customer 8. Public Relations ` Portray to public positive actions at correcting the , contamination problem. Release periodical statements covering star position. Probability of Success . WATER PCB-SD0000060147 rf 15 - rry. Cost of Program Neither the program nor the costs have bees clearly defined at this However, & cost estimate of $220,000 for toxicological work alone ha: been presented. Tentative figures Indicated under the worst e caditic the entire program canid run as high as $2.0-2.53L At this stage It very difficult If not impossible to develop a reasonable east figure one point is clear it will be larger than the normal research budget handle. For this reason, assuming the approach is acceptable, we shs . be forced to .ask for additional appropriations to fund the program. XT. Future Follow developments 'on the problem as they unfold. Develop an aggressive research program to confirm or deny findings az better understand the problem. Develop cabts for the duplemsnfeaticn of the. Recommended course of action. '' ' Develop specific actions with each department involved Submit the actions with coats for approval Develop - timetable to solve the overall problem. Prepare for "preeipitious pullout or drastic legislative action altt we do net feel this is a likely possibility. WATER PCB-SD0000060148 ACSIQf '..ROFIT AHD LIABILITY 73. 0' ______ 1___ '* , ' . WATER PCB-SD0000060149 PHGPTTS $ . PHGBA3IUTT OF SUCCESS ' t ?. * 70 71 * 72 * 73 74 ' Tise WATER PCB-SD0000060150 WATER PCB-SD0000060151 fildo/isiL Zrr of so cczZ<. %* i WATER PCB-SD0000060152 ' Monsanto ....__ _ . Q .. Sc. Louis - Geaeral Offieas Hy U, 1970 (<na TO -..... iXH. S BEXGSf J. 2 SFSLXSGSLn W. E. Papagsorge i Attached hereto tn coplu of ch&r&s I used in the presentation with Che G1C ehls aorniag. '< ?! The CMC gave its approval for us Co implement the plan as outlined on Che evo shaecs narked "PRESENT PLAN". We are required Co report to the CMC should we stake any major deviation from these plans and we are also required to a progress report probably around the 1st of August. Would you p'Lease go ahead end take the necessary action within your individual business groups and keep ae advised of progress. ! Att. \1 t ' ' SL' -T i JOES MASON "V-I-" PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT \ WATER PCB-SD0000060153 i. 1 COST- QT SA?I3-?HASfcy0tT-:--ALL" C5I0SI3ATT3 per?? pinrmics 1970 LOSS IS SALES loss nr 02.oss feoftt - | 5.4 X $ 2.6 h ' IN ADDITION COGS WOULD EK2TASE GT7UC TOTAL LOSS IN GLOSS FXOFII OF - S 2.75 M. rr 1971 LOSS IN SALTS - $US * TOTAL LOSS IN GLOSS PXOFTT - 5 6.1 3 * ?L3S FCSSI3XT BIZ-OE OF SOS | 2.6 Tl S2ISSSICS AXOCLOL FACIUTHS. M* WATER_PCB-SD0000060154 `VUJ\wV.V 0 .ami :c eae::taz; a psoriasis eusissss savrrc tbs c~ ruscaosAL elsies usees ass the CA22CSL2SS DUPUCATZSS PAPS3. E3CST2S WHILST LIS THE ESCAPE 0? X0X-3X0S2C2ADA31S siphsttls mo tbs mmosTBST. .. t ,S^-, m' -''r-v??iSsSVs>? WATER PCB-SD0000060155 ACTION TO ACHIEVE OSJECTT.TS 1) KASEET NON -3IODECEADA2L2 CHLORINATED BIPHENYLS ONLY FOR CLOSES SYSTEM APPLICATIONS WHERE CONTROL IS POSSIBLE. 2) PHASE OCT OF ALL SOX-C0SS0LLA2L2 APPLICATIONS REPLACING WITH BIODEGRADABLE CHLORINATED SEEHEXYLS OR OTHER SATISFACTORY PECDGCTS. ...- -..Lgv * - : ^^^s&yiassr* a -y .j|T pi iNuwiiy ffnp..... WATER PCB-SD0000060156 r ! the closed loop DO WE E4VE THE CL?A3ILITY TO CLOSE THE LOO? ? * .* A *w* WATER PCB-SD0000060158 6 HOD EGRADATTQN ' " 1) GOOD PROGRESS At 20TH REASON ACT ST. LOUIS. . . 2) LONER CHLORINATED ISOMERS RESPONDING WELL, BUT 5 & 6 CHLORINE ISOMERS EITHER SOT RESPONDING OR VERY SLOW. ' 3) CRITICAL,' PRODUCT IS 1242, CSNXAXSS S022 SO ISO>:ERS '* -- GOOD RRS70XSS ON 2, 3, & SOME 4 CHLORINE ISOMERS. . 4) WORN IS EACT OS FRACTIONATED- 1242 GOOD PROGRESS TO DATE. ' 'Iv-uz-WTHf-..' WATER PCB-SD0000060159 WATER PCB-SD0000060160 TTCURS 2 Sasi-Conciauou* Accivaead Sludga liedagradacioa M WATER_PCB-SD0000060161 F I GUI;I llin u tcc ' PRODUCTS 7 15 1242s shoes''csoa pEomrizs as `eAiAeirsx dlelscieic SOW &2ZSS 2Q0 GALS. AT DASTCK TOE CUSTESEE T2ZALS. also kosxesc oa 1230s. 2) COCO F2CC3ZSS OS PHOSPHATE ST3' ESPIACSJSSTS FOE . HY3SAELIC FLUID APPLICATIONS. --' TCP -- C3P -- T3? -- NCNYL PH2SYL/CO:-SL PHSSTL BIPHENYL PHOSPHATE. 3) HEAT LEANSFES FLUIDS -- USUIS HAZILY ESTABLISHED * PESDUSTS, E.C. SB-40 -- ENAZZIZIC POSSIBLE SS2I . INTO DIPHENYL OXIDE PEODUCIION EITKEB CHS PECC2SS OX - LICENSING. ` WATER_PCB-SD0000060163 /rrs s. TCKICTTY . 1) NO CEANCL SXNC2 LAST HPGST HAVE DXSCUSSI3 HSUUS with be., bcecu, ssccnvs.omcs or sss jassocre. 2) US HAVE ANALYZES AXCCLO&S U43 AS USA FOR 'CCTCCZLOM BI3LN20 p-DICEZS -- KOXS FCCNS. 3) CLSI3AL 2JSTTIU3 FOX SCTSSUCS AS FG0 BSSIUCX, ZSIS7, HOLLAS ~ ECAMBSJ EAYU.HODLL.IC AS MONSANTO CHLGXINATZD 3I5E2KI5 FOE DI2220'FU3AX5 -- XCSZ FOCS IS MONSANTO MA7ZEXAL. WATER_PCB-SD0000060164 10 CSCimATIOS 1) SUCCISSiLI T3.IAL AT JOHS ZH'C 0., TULSA. 1242, 1260, 1251 DSSTZOYZD AT 2000 J. *- OFF OS HC1. eic::~Z7.::;c woax not.? ei eact to sotld suha3lz HCIITFATC?.. ESTEIAIZD COST $250,000 tt. 2) L.TZZ.T 20 CAAAT CUT FCSTETS. TRIALS GS STTLL 3) iv. rSL PEOSASLT LOCATES AT CESSICS. cr-.--r.V^- -j_ .oassBSSasssssrr C.'fcfoSa ft * ^*9**ir,TM-*-a * '.rrsrv^p ....- WATER PCB-SD0000060165 5 8 DOfi t'l'l* rn\Ti:oi. ai- w \mt ithiksions i. .11. 11. it....u .' i 3,500 fl*1* 3,000 ppl IS. AiUMsmi i.. . 50 ppi* r- Tm iirl it .* \r;- S/71 9/71 :i 5 Ibu./ili)' S`J(.y Prcirnl Tnr|'ul 10/70 9/71 fKC,rI*IM. IKMICIiIl ' - . 200 lln'./*l.iy i-iiuiit f,iru..r HlurniiT - 0.5 lls. ....v i ' .......WATER PCB-SD0000060166 JL2 CLOSING THE L^OO? :F 0 l INDIVIDUAL SUSISSSSES. i. . . 4mvw, irt -,i`^rszispsxp J^r~s*<'na***** water_PCB-SD0000060 167 TSASSTOaiga & 'CA?ACTrro 3-TKSCTaTCS ' 1) 3ZSFGSSZ3L2 E2UST2HS CSISG 1254 ASD 1242. 2) F.I2S 8ZSISX4SC2 ESaBSlY OSORasi. 3) collictic:: asd asruas of sfsst ass aegis nra. 4) EI5ZXZEATICN A13 1ECYCH. 5) 7EIALS PlAXSa FC3, 12423 A2S 12303 IF SATISEAC70ET. 6) LA2ZLLZ2S 0? ASSAEEI TEASFG22!i2S. WATER_PCB beat TSArsm nrtds 1) education c? csss rasas ms resistance is obligatory ~ MAJOR HDUSTRIAL CORPORATIONS -- I.C. GOODYEAR ASS CHEMICAL COMPANIES. ' 2) PHASE OUT OF AH FOOD APPLICATIONS -- LETTERS WILL BS SENT OUT MAY 15 ch -- SO SALTS AFTER AUGUST 15 ch -- * Wilt COLLECT AND DESTROY OLD FLUID. ' 3) INSTITUTION OF REGULAR COLLECTION ILECSrERATICN OS. INCINERATION SERVICE. ' ' 4) phasing o sbt products rasas control sot possible. WATER_PCB-SD0000060169 u h ? n. n : i e rum s * 1) 22C0C322S THAT CC3TH.0L 07 S7IIULCZ ASS KK? I3lXArs! MJJCS TH2 US I 07 S0H-2I0SEG2ADA2IZ 0HLCS.IHA.T73 SX7HZ3YLS USDESIBA2XZ. 2) AI3ZASY AZ70:UTLAT23 r32A3L 625, AC? 230 *sd 79 -- HTTLAGSSir C0J2L2I2 ST AUGUST l 3) CTHZ2 TaCSUGTS 13 132232: STAG2S (2.0. PTS2AUL AG FCS^LATTCS 03 CSSSSSa* T2ST AT J7Q3 . 4) A2i TO CCH2L2TI 9OS 7KA32-CCT ?2'D2C2S8SL, 1970. WATER_PCB-SD0000060170 1) U.S. HAJSt APPROVED K3-4Q, SOW PLACES 3ZCULA2, OBSESS -- EXPECT COMPLETE PHASE-OUT BY Isz JULY. 2) U.S. MKX2SS 7EIALS os expect decisxos 22sd MAY -- PSZLIHSwSY XXISSIEi ?S3UCriQ2i OF 40 H POESDS PEE K3XTH. XAACETEE EOS. 2Q:h AUGUST -- PUSSES FULL SCALE PLAXT IQ H LBS, BEE A23UX OS STEEiM S3 JASUA2.Y 1571 -- ESTIMATED HFC $1 1-2 JL . WATER_PCB-SD0000060171 /-r>, * :. . 17. - PLASTTCTZTE & >!ISglIjr;OT.TS APPLICATIONS 1) ' bxstelbutoes aleejunr advised so isas sales ahs 30 cb ACCUSE. (200 eUSTOISSS) 2) L2ES3S TO 661 CEST03S2S WILL 3E SSST OUT 27 cb KAT ADVESIUS SO ~2SE SALTS ATS 30 cb AC33ST -- * , DISPOSAL ISSTSCCTIQSS WILL EE GIVES. 3) is contact wm u.s.d.a. thecUgh as Division os SILO PAISI P303L2X. , 4) BY 30cb ACCUSE ALL SCSXSSS HI THIS A2EA WILL BE PHASES our. . ' WATER_PCB-SD0000060172 3 **** 1 Z 02 .423 cc::?i: CK2I: fc -i 2) rt* tlog? c; 4 *. e pMJWIMb ' i a0 V v^VaB AaW CZ'ZSl rsr w * 9 / V 4 *m jk-WATER_PCB-SD0000060173 ! 1 s \A 1 J, i. It I ^ V* ** WATER_PCB-SD0000060174 V } < \I 1 / * l Ir e N WATER_PCB-SD0000060175 WATER PCB-SD0000060176 9 Cue a liar, z ' ' Lr. you? lens?, you roks no1 sssusn of Arodar 1262 and 1253. What is their sea,ms? Ar-swtr: Is could be that their semi-solid/solid water insoluble nature means they are xr, far less likely to he earns "mobile" c5a.ra.rr.istao.ss. It could 'be that their structural differences frost Aroelor 1254 and 1250 are responsible for the apparent . lack of a pro blest, la any event, they have not been identified by scientists is. the environment and`""believe m* a lot of scientists seem to be looking for ?G3s. Question 6s . Both Aroelor 5460 and 1250 contain 60% chlorine. Why is one a problem (1250) and apparently not the other- (5460)? ^ . Answer? . ' ' A terphanyl has three bescenes linked together and biphenyl only two. They are, therefore, similar but different, just as naphthalene is different from beasens. I would emphasise that not all ?C3s appear to be esstamisassa. Those such as Aroelor 1221, 1222, and 1242 haven't been identified in marine, aquatic and wiidUfe environments. Chlorinated tarphaayLs--as least those made by Monsanto-- have not been idesstfiad in the environment, either. ' QuestionTe / Dees this ?C3 problem mean that you have discaassuad ' efforts so get Arsdor 1440 approved by FDA? . Answer? No. / t WATER_PCB-SD0000060177 Cuusua-.i 3= Is tho ::uoa for sot resubmitting your pessaa to she "DA or approval of Arodar 5460 due to this PCS publicity? Ar.jwg r*. No. Cues tier. 9 ' Waa:`* toe problem then? . Answer: We are bringing a new solid Aroolor plant on-stream La . 1 the next two-three months. We wane to make sore it produces/ the same quality Arocior 5460 we used in our feeding j- " studies far the PDA. Caee welr sure that's 0.1C -- and. we/ feel it w2. be--then we`H get the peshfas. moving again bus/ FDA clearances do take ' Gussnon 10 -Does this PCS pnhiirtry msaa that FDA approval of /' / / / Areclsr 5460 is sat going ta be obtained? Answert f / / We have ae reason ta think the two things ar related. Areolar 5460 is net chemically a PCS. Tbs delay resulted from the need . ta set up certain analytical methods ta satisfy FDA. This involved analytical iastrmeanhaa and is being essapletBd now. . It is my understanding w plan to resubmit our petition although, 1 personally don't knew the enact data, j CGNTADJZSS Geostssn l Joe Doc buys aD my used Arodar drums without me having to wash them. I get 52. 90 a piaeo.- I can't afford ta wash them out. Sves, if I did. w'aat would I do wish the washings ? WATER PCB-SD0000060178 u (Quuaiiun 1 cos1*} > t, - \Vnst should Ido ? Should'l ail Joe Doc? WiH koasaaa than anas or.pay tsc S13Q plus sty easts ta aka thorn a a dutsp ? Answe r: Don't have as, uu; u toes dsns. We just daaH !eaw. -, APPLICATIONS . Question, Is Could Arociar 1254/1250 escape from nay sealant/adhesive/ eo&dng waaav<r insa the eavireas&eat? ' This win depend entirely ee, the final us se which your product . is used--issNul*ss~at disposition. . Qua s dsn 1* T y - My product X c* ntv eustssers ? Aroclsr 1254/1260. What should^ tail Answey; Tall your Oistsaas~We west es advise you of & possible e&virps. saental prohletn Without ieswiag what your assessor dees with product X* this is hard ta- answer. (We would say that ' " is would ass sees wise to us Arociar 1254 os* 1260 far keeping dust dewu on the roads, for use. in dental sealing compounds or as carriers for pesticides.'}* : .. . /' .. Guesdoa l * / *Qsly ii you suspect or are told* this is whax the applicaaian is. ... . . : . ' . /. t ' /... : V; Does Monsanto intend to eondnua sdaesjf of Arociar 1254/ 1266, esc. ? . J 'r *'} WATER PCB-SD0000060179 Asiwer f 1 12 ' I have uer. jives so isdiratios otherwise. Guo sues 4-~i ` Should 1 look. is? reslaessasng fa? A?edor 1254/1250, esc. ? Ar.sws r r I think only you can decide this. How uy would this be far you,? Do you have asy ocas? replacetsest product is, s&asd? . Question 5a Does Mos.sas.t3 have replacemeat products far Areolar 1254 asd 1240 ? *- `* Asswert As you kaow, we have eve? eighry plasthsisscs is our lias aad there's quits a bis of predact is,asrelay so is is possible these is attache? useduct is, oas lsse that sighs ?-place tha~- What tests do you ase ? Perhaps w could look as these gasis/plastisise? Selector Coasts, is the han-k e ths I*ve got is with si. y' Book. Qusstisr. e* Is Monsanto working os seplaeasseass fa? Asads? 1254 asd 1254? A&rwe?: These re seareh fellows ase always busy oa things like that. To sente people Aseeior 1254 asd 12a0 have draw-backs quite apart ?e*n present publicity ea ?CB. Asads? 1254 is fairly volatile. Asedo? 1244 is wry viscous asd difficult ss handle. For polysuHide sealants, for esosnpls, the tseisia; _ peesis is Se. Louis have just sees us-data os products that bo have batter than Assdsr 1254 in, poiysulilde sealasss. v Maybe there`s sossthssg here fs? you ts look as. Let's go aver is. x / WATER PCB-SD0000060180 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. EDUCATION. AND WELFARE PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE DISEASE CONTROL August 20, 1976 NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH SSOO FISHERS LANE ROCKVILLE. MARYLANO 20Si Dr. W. B. Papageorge Manager, Product Acceptability " Specialty & Process Chemicals Monsanto Industrial Chemicals Co. 800 N. Lindbergh Boulevard St. Louis, MO 63166 Dear Colleague: J In a June 24, 1976 letter, Mobil Oil Corporation advised the National Institute for Qccupaclonal Safety and Health (NIOSH) of a possible association between occupational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and cancer in humans. Mobil Oil reported preliminary results of an epidemiologic analysis based on medical records of employees exposed to PCBs at their Paulsboro, New Jersey plant. This study was conducted by Professor Anita K. Bahn (School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania) and is being reported by Dr. Bahn in a letter to-.the editor of the New England Journal of Medicine, August 19, 1976. The study Included two cohorts of Mobil employees who were reported to have had varying exposure to Arodor 1254 (a mixture of PCBs). The cohort of research and development employees was exposed to PCBs be tween 1949 and 1957 and the cohort of refinery plant employees between 1953 and 1958. The extent of exposure of these workers to other chem icals is not known. The cancer incidence among these workers for the period 1957 through 1975 was determined using Mobil medical records. Because medical records for 37 employees were incomplete, these workers were excluded from this analysis. Among the 92 workers in these two cohorts for whom adequate medical records were available, eight cancers (in seven workers) were observed between 1957 and 1975. Of these eight cancers, three were malignant melanoma and two were cancer of the pancreas. This is significantly on skin cancer (melanoma) and pancreatic cancer than would be ex pected in a population of this size (based on the Third National Cancer Survey). The remaining cancers were found at three other sites in two employees; sarcoma of the right thigh and multiple myeloma in one employee, and recto-sigmoid cancer in the other. WATER PCB-SD0000060181 Page 2 - Dear Colleague NXOSH la unaware of any other published animal or human data which sug gest a correlation between exposure to PCBs and skin (melanoma) or pancreatic cancer. However, hepatomas (mice, Aroclor 1254) and hepato cellular carcinomas (mice, Kanechlor 500; rats, Aroclor 1260) have been reported in PCS feeding studies of laboratory animals. Background information on PCBs has been summarized in the NIOSH Current Intelligence Bulletin on Polychlorinated Biphenyls Issued to the occupa tional health community on November 3, 1975, and subsequently published in the Journal of Occupational Medicine, Volume 18, pages 109-113, February 1976. Since the NIOSH Bulletin was first issued, a number of large firms have introduced products (e.g., butylated monochlorodiphenyl oxide and dimethyl ailoxane polymer) claimed to be fire resistant dielectrics which can serve as alternatives to PCBs. In addition, one of the large domestic transformer manufacturers announced that it will cease using PCBs as fire resistant transformer fluids at the end of this year. NIOSH would like to stress that alternatives for PCBs should be thoroughly studied to assess the consequences they may pose to human health To aid in evaluating PCBs as a potential occupational health problem, NIOSH would welcome receiving reports of studies regarding the possible association between exposure to PCBs and human cancer. Your cooperation in this matter is appreciated. Sincerely yours Director WATER PCB-SD0000060182 Monsanto - jFtaum MONSANTO IMOUSTOtU. CHEMICALS CO. 800 H. UadMrft SouMvsrd St. Leul. UlcteuH 83188 Phone: QIA) 884-1000 torch 13, 1575 MAR 2 . Mr. Dan A. Albert Staff Supervisor . Personnel Relations' ~ Westinghouse Electric Corporation ' Eighway 58 Vest South Boston, Virginia 24592 Dear Mr. Alberts Attached are responses to the questions listed in your letter dated February 3 1975. . * * ' In addition to the industrial hygiene"*practices described in our responses to your questions', I cannot overemphasise the need to properly control the use 'and handling of Inerteens to prevent their escape into the environment. Also, in discussing this information with your employees, I strongly reccmend that the perspective gained from over 40 years of experience in which no human harm has resulted, * be emphasized. In summary, the proper handling of Inerteens should pose no environmental or human health problems, ' permitting society's continued use of a very valuable material. '` I hope the above information is useful to you. If I can. be of further service please let me know. _ Sincerely, WB?:pd / V. 3. Papageorgs . . Manager, Froduet Acceptability Specialty & Process Chemicals WATER PCB-SD0000060183 October 17, 1975 THE EPPLEY INSTITUTE for RESEARCH IN CANCER Frederick R. Johannsen, Toxicologist , Monsanto Company 800 N. Lindberg 31vd. St. Louis, MO 63166 Ph.D. . Dear Dr. Johannsen: I received your letter of October 10th and the enclosures on Tuesday afternoon, October 14th. I realize the urgency and therefore as per your request, I adjusted ay schedule as well as my biostatistician colleague1s schedule to make the project our number one priority. We have accordingly spent almost the entire portion of this week on the project. Despite this fact, we were unable to arrange for analysis of the data via computer to ensure total correctness of the findings and to complete the entire analysis. However, because of the urgency of this matter, we have arrived at a few conclusions from the analysis which we performed by hand. These analyses need to be refined and may contain unavoidable human error although we did make it a point to check on the procedures employed. As you know, the most appropriate statistical technique for analysis of data such as this is the analysis of the birth cohorts. This method begins with finding the number of indivi duals born during a specific period and entering the workforce at differing ages in a given enviornment. These subjects are followed up to a certain point in time. Records of their health status and whereabouts supply the information necessary to construct a life table for these individuals. We have developed such life tables for two birth cohort groups bom in 1890-1909 and 1910-1919, respectively, for two events. One is the mortality from all causes of death and the other for lung cancer mortality. Such tables need to be developed for other conditions as well. The tables are for quinquennial' age intervals and these need to be refined for one-year age intervals. Therefore, 1 must emphasize that this analysis and the conclusions must be regarded as preliminary. (See the four attached tables.) Umvertity < Neoreeee MNKii Center. &3ne Oewey Avenue, Omen*. ft * ** WATER PCB-SD0000060184 Or. Frederick R. Johannsen Page 2 10-17-75 The main finding from this data is two-fold. First the mortality from all causes for the individuals in the two above cohort groups who worked in this particular environment is not materially different from what may be expected as judged by the presently available cross-sectioned analysis for the nation. Secondly, the lung cancer mortality for these employees, par ticularly for birth cohorts of 1890-1909, appears to be in ex cess of what one may expect it to be. To this end, one needs to give more consideration in any followup work to: 1) the smoking history of the deceased subjects, which is of great potential value; 2) the fact that the total number of employees exposed is too small and 3) the location of a cohort analysis life table covering specific con ditions for the time intervals 1900 and on. All three of these aspects would require considerable amounts of time. Naturally, we did not have sufficient time to investigate the level of exposure and the latency period of some cases. However, this should be done in addition to the breakdown of life tables for specific conditions according to race. A minor discrepancy came to our attention. The number of employees is 309, instead of 307, which you mentioned in your letter. Furthermore, 192 of these 309 employees were hired prioC to 1950. I, as a physician, duly understand your concern for main taining the confidentiality of these records and I have not duplicated the material. If you wish to have this material returned to you, please so indicate. I regret that we could not complete this project despite my steadfast efforts to do so. Sincerely yours, E. Mahboubi, M.D., M.P.H. Professor and Hoad Epidemiology EM:dk . 1 WATER PCB-SD0000060185 Life cable for birth cohorts of 1390-1 qng All causes Age Interval X -19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40*44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75 + Number alive ac che beginning of age incerval lx Number died during age incerval dx 77 77 77 76 75 1 68 65 1 63 6 54 6 48 3 44 6 37 3 34 2 Number lose Co follow Up - Deach race during age during age Incerval incerval ux qx - 1 1 6 0.0139 3 1 0.0155 3 0.0976 0.1111 1 0.0632 1 0.1379 0.0811 0.0588 | ; WATER PCB-SD0000060186 Life table for birth cohorts of 19in_i qia All Causes Ag Interval X Number alive ac che beginning of age lncerval lx Number died during age lncerval dx -19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75 + . ' 106 106 101 96 83 78 73 70 66 60 57 1 0 1 0 0 3 4 6 2 Number lose co follow up during age lncerval ux Deach race during age lncerval 9* 4 0.0098 ". 5 12 0.0111 5 5 0 0.0411 0 0.0571 0 0.0909 1 0.0333 1 ) WATER PCB-SD0000060187 Life cable for birch cohorts of 1390-1909 Lung Cancer Age interval X Humber alive at the beginning of age incerval lx Humber died during age incerval dx -19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 ' 70-74 75 + 77 77 77 76 75 68 65 63 54 48 44 37 34 1 1 0 2 1 0 Number lose to follow up during age Incerval ux Deach race during age incerval 9* , 1 1 6 3 1 3 0.0169 0 0.0194 1 0.0000 0 0.0482 0 0.0278 0.0000 1\ \ , >; sa * aI. . 3 WATER PCB-SD0000060188 Life cable for birth cohorcs of IA1 CL- 1 q! q Lung Cancer Age incerval X "19 20-24 23-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75 + Huaber alive ac che beginning of age incerval lx Xumber died during age incerval dx Huaber lose Co follow up during age incerval ux Oeach race during age incerval qx 106 106 101 96 83 78 73 70 66 60 57 1 0 0 0 4 5 12 5 5 0 0 0 1 0 - 0.0146 ) WATER PCB-SD0000060189 Six Lung Cancer Cases h 11 * l* ta Jft !. "I n lx Exposure dates first last jx% al 5i s Amount of time exposed (months, days) t*. it o aO gH8 ** 1 feOd a .uC II u g Ju3 51 y CL 8? 3$ Remarks 191 1909 1940 31 9/20/54 - 10/11/54 24 45 less than 1 mo. 14 1964 54 9 190 1909* 1951* 42 2/9/56 - 7/27/58 15 47 3 mo., 12 d. 5 1966, 56 9 93 1912* 1951k 38 8/21/51 - 4/12/54 17 39 27 mo. -- ' 1968 k 56 17 SI 1893 . 1943* 50 12/3/43 - 4/2/48 15 50 34 mo., 27 d. -- 1963k 69* 19 3 yrs. on , pension before death 54 1892 > 1934- 42 8/20/37 - 10/25/37 26 45 2 mo., 5 d. 3 1963k 71 26 3 yrs. on pension before death II 1909* 1942 33 8/8/51 - 12/1/53 26 43 27 mo., 22 d. 9 1968. 59 17 1 1;..... J.:Oi..________ i /' i ' H&l Indicates period of tine employees worked at other departments of the company prior to K. plant. jktency figured on basis of'-perlod elapsing between first date of exposure and death Instead of date of onset of ung cancer. WATER PCB-SD0000060190 ^ 21 1978 December 20, 1976 Or. jerry M. Johnson Acting Chief, Criteria Documentation, Section 1 IXOSH, DCD6D, IM 142 4676 Columbia Parkway Cincinnati, Ohio 45226 Seer sr. Johnsons At the review meeting held on Movsmber 30 on the draft criteria doouaent for polychlorinated biphenyls X was left with the impression that future drafts of the doouaent would eontiaue to contain allegations that PCS are huoan carcinogens and that they should be labeled ae "cancer euspeet agents". Xn previous opportunities to eoaaeat X have emphasised the leek of persuasive evidence to provide a sound basis for designating PCS* as carcinogens. At the review aeeting Be. Peul I. Brubaker reported that the cohort in the ongoing Mobil ipideaiologioal study has been reideatified and changed and that the results are now expected to differ from those initially reported, the reports, from industrial Biotast Xaboratories and the Sppley institute, which X gave to Mr. John fa^ea, eontain conclusions which differ from those reaped by Dr. leasts Kimbrough in her studies with female rats. Xt is our considered opinion that this information further emphasises the umcertaiaty of some of the available data and we strongly recommend that your office reconsider its decision to continue to designate f3s ae cancer suspect isgents. . Sincere^ ^ 3 oct John rajen 1XQSH bcci^ *. A. Stohr/J. C. Weber W. B. PapegsMi Manager, *5%$ Product Aeeeptafel Y I PLAINTIFF'S i EXHIBIT f WATER PCB-SD0000060191 Monsanto industrial chem- ls co. t MOM <***( ft lCCt 'O* J. P. Mieure - T2F o. M October 29, 1975 AROCLOR 1016 - G.E. TO W. B'. Papageorge B2SK -l - 's zz. rRv. CE.. hKeeI l1leHr - TI IIBQ 0. C. Weber - BIND 0. Wood - B2SD G.E. is aware of the chlorodibenzofuran issue and might bring it up in their defense at the November hearings. During a phone conversation today (10/29) primarily discussing analytical methodology, Bob Stenger of G.E. for the second time raised the issue of chlorodibenzofurans in Aroclor 1016. Stenger just encountered the article by Bowes, Risebrough, et al, qnp. 305 of Nature, 256 , 1975, reporting identification of chlorodibenzofurans in Aroclor. Stenger wondered what significance might be drawn from the data in Table I which suggest the chlorodibenzofuran content is maximum for Aroclor 1248, with lesser amounts in higher or lower chlorinated products. I indicated my reluctance to draw any conclusions from one analysis of one or two lots of each product, particularly when using an unvalidated analytical technique for a very difficult analysis. , The observed two-fold- differences were not, in my opinion, statistically significant. I also pointed out to Stenger that the method would not detect chlorodibenzofurans with three or less chlorine atoms per molecule. If Aroclor 1016 contains chlorodibenzofurans. one would expect to find trichloro or lower homologs. This precludes drawing sweeping conclusions from the data in Bowes' paper. J. P. Mieure ss WATER PCB-SD0000060192 Monsanto ' ft kOC*f0< W 8 Papageorge - B2SK OftT WftJCT September 29, 1975 PCB REVIEW ('fSCNCl . TO : Memo WBP to FJF, 9/19/75 H. S. Bergen " G. L. Bratsch D. Bishop T. H. Bottinl J. T. Garrett R. G. Potter G. Roush w. W. Withers Attached is the Medical Department's recommendation In response to Item 4 of the reference memo. /P<3 Attachment V. B. Papageorge tM 10 KV * 'T* 1 PLAINTIFFS i EXHIBIT iW / WATER PCB-SD0000060193 PCB EXPOSURE CONTROL PREMISE Current data indicates that PCB type materials may be more hazardous to working personnel than had previously been con sidered . Based on these facts, the control of exposure of workers where PCB's are manufactured or used should be re examined and made more restrictive. Currently the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGXH) shows threshold limit values for chlorodlphenyl (42$ chlorine) (Arochlor 1242) of 1 mg/M^ and for chlorodlphenyl (54$ chlorine) (Arochlor 1254) of 0.5 mg/M^. Very limited analysis in the Arochlor department indicates that the airborne concentrations are below these numbers. Die two routes of entry of importance in FOB manufacture and use are vapor inhalation and skin absorption. Although there is no evidence that skin absorption presents a significant hazard, it is probable that some absorption does occur. Since the vapor concentrations are quite low In the operating depart ment that manufactures this product, some type of biological test is needed to determine if skin absorption is occurring, and if so, to what degree. An analytical program must be de vised to determine if PCB analysis of the urine is feasible, end can be used as an exposure indicator. WATER PCB-SD0000060194 Page 2 2. RECOMMENDED METHODS OP CONTROL . A. Urine Analysis for PCB If, Indeed, PCB can be analyzed In human urine and levels can be determined that represent the very best operation from an exposure standpolnt, a routine urine sampling pro gram should be Initiated with limits established for urinary PCB levels that are unacceptable. B. Vapor Inhalation Vapor inhalation is a problem only when Aroclor is heated above ambient temperature. Where vapor exposure is possi ble, air supplied respiratory protection must be worn. An airborne control limit for all PCB vapor exposure must be set as low as is practicable and certainly below the stan dard for PCB with the lowest TLV currently listed In 29 CPR 1910.93 which Is chlorodiphenyl (5*# chlorine) (Aro clor 125*0. Routine air monitoring must be conducted. / C. Skin Any operation, particularly maintenance operations, where liquid FCBs or PCB mists can come in contact with the skin, akin protection including gloves and suitable l^ervlous clothing should be used. Where heated Aroclor Is present resulting in vapor exposure, air supplied respiratory equipment and impervious clothing both must be WATER PCB-SD0000060195 Page 3 tiled. For example, in maintenance work on a chlorinator that hai been drained but is still hot, air supplied res piratory protection and impervious clothing should both be used. D. Exposure Registry An exposure registry must be established on all PCB workers. All urine sample results, if this method proves effective, all air sampling data must be recorded along with all appropriate health information. This registry would be a composite, therefore, of all medical and health data, all airborne exposure data, and all biological ex cretion data if appropriate. This registry should be so constructed that each individual employee can have avail able to him all data that pertains to him for examination or transfer to any subsequent employer. 1. Environmental Contamination Ve would recommend that all means be exercised, either through engineering changes or through work practice changes to minimize environmental releases, either by air, water or through solid residues. In short, we would recommend that all means within the limits of economic feasibility be utilized to limit releases of these materials into the en vironment. Jack T. Garrett WATER PCB-SD0000060196