Document EdRaM2XVkpoKmrpBBREBg2Zd0

OSHA issues tentative carcinogen list The Occupational Safety & Health Ad ministration earlier this month issued a tentative list of chemicals that may be regulatfed under its proposed generic carcinogen policy. The policy, published in the Oct. 4, 1977, Federal Register, would classify chemicals into one of four categories based on the substance's known or suspected carcinogenicity. Classification into Categories I and II would trigger regulatory action based.on model standards in the proposal. In its proposal, OSHA recognized that implementation would require developing a system of priorities for the orderly handling ofa large number of substances for which there is some evidence of car cinogenicity. The agency noted that the National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health has identified more than 2000 substances for which there is alleg edly some degree of evidence of tumorigenicity or carcinogenicity. To get an idea of how many substances might fall into each of its proposed categories, OSHA contracted with Clement Associates Inc., a Washington, D.C., consulting firm, for a preliminary review and categorization of the chemicals identified in NIOSH's 1976 inventory of "suspected carcino gens." Clement's first task was to identify those chemicals listed by NIOSH that are found in U.S. workplaces. It used two sources of information to accomplish this task. The first was the Environmental Protection Agency's candidate list, a first pass at identifying chemicals produced commercially in the U.S. for regulation under the Toxic Substances Control Act. The second source was the International Trade Commission's 1976 data base on organic chemicals produced commercially in the U.S. Comparing the chemicals obtained from these two sources against the NIOSH inventory showed that, based on the EPA candidate list, 269 chemicals would be placed in OSHA's Category I, which would list confirmed carcinogens based on human data, or based on tests in two mammalian species or in one species if the tests have been replicated. An ad ditional 218 chemicals would be placed in Category II, comprised of substances whose carcinogenicity has been reported but for which the evidence is only sug gestive or is positive in only one species and not yet replicated. And 396 sub stances would be placed in Category III, which is made up of substances with no, or at most meager, evidence of carcino genic risk. Based on ITC data, 116 chem icals would be placed in Category 1,72 in Category II, and 181 in Category III. It is these 116 Category I chemicals, according to OSHA, that would be the most proba ble candidates for regulation. In compiling the list Clement Asso ciates said that if in reviewing each chemical it came across two positive re ports of carcinogenic or neoplastic effects, it went no further, It also did not take negative studies into account and there was no attempt to factor in whatever data might exist as the result of short-term testing. Thus, OSHA emphasizes that the list is only tentative. It points out that, based on further scientific scrutiny, some chemicals may be dropped from the list, others may be added based on new evi dence, or the criteria used to determine placement in the various categories may be changed in the final carcinogen policy regulation. Candidates for addition to the list inelude imported chemicals that are present in U.S. workplaces and those that are produced as by-products of combustion and other processes. Under the proposed policy once a sub stance is placed in Category I it can be removed from the list only if the Secretary of Labor determines: that the alleged carcinogenic risk based on animal data clearly resulted from nonspecific physical, rather than chemical induction; that the route of exposure was grossly inappro priate relative to the potential occupa tional routes of human exposure; that the human or animal studied submitted for review are only suggestive; that the human or animal studies are totally in adequate to establish any conclusion with respect to the carcinogenicity or noncar cinogenicity of the toxic substance; or that, for some other scientific reason, the positive results in experimental animals are not relevant to man. The potentially far-reaching implica tions of a Category I classification include almost automatic issuance of Emergency Temporary Standards and, within six months, permanent standards reducing employee exposure to such substances to the lowest feasible level through the use of engineering controls and the imposition of workplace monitoring and employee medical surveillance requirements. Some industry observers fear that because there is no exclusion in the proposed cancer policy for contaminants present in trace quantities, commercial products that contain only traces of Category I sub stances might have to be regulated and handled as confirmed carcinogens. Fol lowing is the complete list of substances in Category I. CATEGORY I Acetamide Acetamide, N-fluoren-2-yl- Acetamide, /V,A/-fluoren-2,7-ylenebis- Acetamide, W-[4(5-nitro-2-furanyl)-2thiazolyl]- Acetamide, A/-2-phenanthyrenyl- Acetanilide, 4'-phenyl- Acetanilide, 4'-styryl- Acetic acid, chromium(3+) salt Acetic acid, diazo-, ethyl ester Acetic acid, lead{2+) salt Acetohydroxamic acid, N-fluoren-2-yl- Acetohydroxamic acid, W-fluoren-3-ylAflatoxin B2 Aflatoxin G1 Alanjne, 4- [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino] phenyl-, L- Alanine, 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino] phenyl-, DL- Allylamine, W-methyl-W-nitrosoAmmonium, (4-(p-dimethylamino)-a-(p- (ethyl(m-sulfobenzyl)amino)phenyl)benzylidene-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene)ethyl(msulfobenzyl)-, hydroxide, inner salt, sodium salt Aniline, N,N-dimethyl-4-(phenylazo)- Aniline, 4,4'-(imidocarbonyl)bis(W,N-dimethyr- Aniline, 4,4'-(imidocarbonyl)bis(N,A/-dimethyl-, hydrochloride Aniline, W-methyl-4-(phenylazo)Aniline, N-methyl-N-nitrosoAniline, 4,4'-methylenebis [2-methyl]Aniline, p-(phenylazo)- o-Anisidine, 4-(phenylazo)Arsenic Arsenic acid, calcium salt(2:3) Arsenic acid, lead(2+) salt(1:1) Arsenic trioxide Arsenic acid, potassium salt Asbestos IH-Azepine, hexahydro-1-nitrosoAzirino[2',3':3,4]pyrrolo[ 1,2-a] indole-4,7- dione, 6-amino-8-[ [(aminocarbonyl) oxyl]methyl]-1,1a,2,8,8a,8b-hexahydro8a-methoxy-5-methyl, carbamate(ester) Azocine, octahydro-1-nitroso- Barbituric acid, 5-ethyl-5-phenyl-, monosodium salt Benz [ e] acephenanthrylene Benz [a] anthracene Benz[a]anthracene, 7,12-dimethyl- Benz [a] anthracene, 7-methylBenz[a]anthracene, 7,8,12-trimethylBenzenamine, A/,A/'-dimethyl-4-[(3- methylphenyl)azo]Benzenamine, 4,4'-methylenebis [2-chloro-a Benzene Benzene, 4-allyl-1,2-(methylenedioxy)- Benzene, 1,2-methylenedioxy-4-propyl- Benzidine Benzidine, 3,3'-diChloro- Benzidine, 3,3'-dimethoxy Benzidine, 3,3'-dimethoxy, dihydrochlorideBenzidine, sulfate(1:1) 1,2-Benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one, 1,1-dioxide 1,2-Benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one, 1,1-dioxide, sodium salt Beftzo[rsf]pentaphene Benzo[c]phenanthrene, 5-methylBenzo[a] pyrene p-Benzoquinone, 2,3,5-tris(1-aziridinyl)Benzo[b]triphenylene Benzylamine, N-methyl-W-nitroso- Bertrandite Beryl Beryllium Beryllium fluoride Beryllium hydrogen phosphate(1:1) Beryllium oxide . Beryllium sulfate(1:1) Beryllium sulfate tetrahydrate(1:1:4) 4-Biphenylamin" 20 C&EN July 31, 1978 DSW 378457 STLCOPCB4099816 4-Biphenylamine, 2',3-dimethyl- Biphenyl, 4-nitro- ' Biuret, W-ethyl-W-nltroso-.......... . Biuret, W-methyl-N-nitroso- 1-Butanamine, N-butyi-W-nitroso- Butane, 1,2:3,4-diepoxy Butane, (H--)-1,2:3,4-diepoxy- . Butane, 1,2:3,4-diepoxy-, meso 5H,6H-6,5a, 13a, 14-( 1,2,3,4)-Butanetetraylcycloocta(1,2-b:5,6-b')-dinaphthalene5,8,13,16(14H)-tetrone, 1,4,7,9,12,15,17,20-octahydroxy-3,11-di methyl- 1- Butanol, 4-(butylnitrosamino)- Butylamine, N-ethyl-N-nitroso- Butylamine, N-methyl-N-nitroso- . Butyric acid, 2-amino-4-(ethylthio)-,L- Butyric acid, 2-amino-4-(ethylthio)-,DL- Butyric acid, 4-[p-bis(2-chloroethyl>aminophenyl]- Cadmium Cadmium, bis(diethyidithiocarbamato)-a Cadmium chloride Cadmium oxide Cadmium sulfate(1:1) Cadmium sulfide Carbamic acid, bis(2-hydroxyethyl)dithio-, monopotassium salt Carbamic acid, ethyl ester Carbamic acid, N-methyl-W-nitroso-, ethyl ester . Carbon tetrachloride Chloroform Cholanthrene, 3-methyl- Chromic acid, calcium salt(1:1) Chromic acid, calcium salt(1:1), dihydrate Chromic acid, chromium(3+) salt(3:2) Chromic acid, dipotassium salt Chromic acid, disodium salt Chromic acid, lead(2+) salt(lil) Chromite . Chromium Chromium(VI) oxide(1:3) Chromium(lll) oxide(2:3) 6-Chrysenamine Coumarin Cyclohexane, 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachloro- Cyclohexane, 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachloro-, alpha isomer Cyclohexane, 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachloro-, gamma isomer Cyclohexane, 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachloro-, (mixed isomer) Cyclohexanecarbamic acid, 1,1-diphenyl-2propynyl ester Cyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h][ 1] benzopyran-1,11-dione,2,3,6a,9a-tetrahydro-4-methoxy- Daunomycin Dibenz[a,h]acridine Dibenz[a,y] acridine Dibenz [a,h] anthracene 7H-Dibenzo [ c,g\ carbazole Dibenzo[b,de/J chrysene 2- Dibenzofuranamine 3- Dibenzofuranamine, 2-methoxy6H-Dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one, 2-acetamidoDichromic acid, disodium salt Diethylamine, 2,2'-dichloro-N-methyl- Diethylamine, 2,2'-dichloro-W-methyl-, hydrochloride Diethylamine, 2,2'-dichloro-W-methyl-, Woxide Diethylamine, 2,2'-dichloro-N-methyl-, Noxide, hydrochloride - Diethylamine, N-nitroso- 1,4:5,8-Dimethanonaphthalene,. 1,2,3,4,10,l0-hexachloro-6,7-epoxy1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-, endo, exo- Dimethylamine, W-nitroso- p-Dioxane , Estra-1,3,5,7,9-pentaen-17-one, 3-hydroxy- Estra-1,3,5(10),7-tetraen-17-one, 3-hydroxy- Estradiol 17-a-Estradiol Estradiol, 3-benzoate Estradiol, dipropionate Estriol Estrone Estrone benzoate Ethane, azo- Ethane, azoxy- Ethane, 1,2-dibromo- Ethane, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(pchlorophenyl)- Ether, bis(chloromethyl) Ethylene, chloro-, monomer Ethylenediamine, N.W'-dimethyl-N.N'dinitroso- - Ethylene, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)- Ethylene, trichloro- Ethylenimine Fluoren-2-amine - Fluorene-2,7-diamine Formamide, W-[4-(5-nitro-2-furanyl)-2thiazolyl]- Formic acid, 2-[4-(5-nitro-2-furanyl)-2thiazolyl]-, hydrazide 7H-Furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-c]xanthen-7-one, 3a, 12c-dihydro-8-hydroxy-6-methoxy- Glucopyranose, 2-deoxy-2-(3-methyl-3nitrosoureido)-,D- /3-D-Glucopyranoside, (methyl-ONW-azoxy)methyl Glycidaldehyde Guanidine, W-ethyl-W-nitro-W-nitroso Guanidine, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitroso- Hematite , Hydrazine Hydrazine, 1-acetyl-2-picolinoyl- Hydrazine, 1,2-diethyl Hydrazine, 1,1-dimethyl-, monohydrochloride Hydrazine, 1,2-dimethyl- Hydrazine, i,2-dimethyl-, hydrochloride Hydrazine, 1,2-dimethyl-, dihydrochloride Hydrazine, methyl-, sulfate Hydrazine, monohydrate ' Hydrazine, phenyl-, monohydrochloride Hydrazine, sulfate(1:1) lmidazole-4-carboxamide, 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1triazenyl)- Isonicotinic acid, hydrazide Lasiocarpine Mesomorphic Order in Polymers and Polymerization in Liquid Crystalline Media ACS Symposium Series No. 74 Alexandre Blumstein, Editor - University of Lowell A symposium sponsored the the Division of Polymer Chemistry, Inc. of the American Chemical Society. Mesomorphic order in polymers is of prime importance in the growing field of high-strength materials as well as to other fundamental aspects of polymer science including biophysics of macromolecules. Sixteen chapters present an extensive review of the broader aspects of this rapidly developing area providing a valu able source of information for polymer scientists, chemists, physicists, rheologists, and biologists in both industry ana academia. The participation of scientists from France, Germany, Japan, Italy, Hungary, and the U.S.S.R. guarantees a well-rounded international coverage of the field. CONTENTS X^-Ray Diffraction Studies on Mesomorphic Order in Polymers Enantiotropic {Liquid Crystalline) Polymers Thermotropic Cholesterol-containing Liquid Crystal line Polymers Liquid Crystalline Order in Polymers and Copolymers with Cholesteric Side Groups Influ ence of Mesomorphic Order on the Physical Properties of Poly (p-Bipheny! Acrylate) and Related Polymers Bulk Polymerization of 4-Cyano-4'-biphenyl (n +2)alkenoates Polymerization in Liquid Crystalline State Thermotropic Mesophase Reactions Nematic Polymers: Excluded Volume Effects Polyglutamates in Concentrated Solutions Magnetic Reorientation and Counterrotation in Poly(y-Benzyl Glutamate) Liquid Crystals Block Copolymers from a-Amino Acids Blomesogens: Possibilities of Mesomorphic Order in Polynucleotide Analogues Cholesteric Order in Biopolymers Liquid Crystalline Contractile Apparatus in Striated Muscle 264 pages (1978) $25.50 clothbound LC 78-9470 ISBN 0-8412-0419-5 SIS/American Chemical Society 1155 16th St., N.W./Wash., D.C. 20036 Please sendcopies of SS74 Mesomorphic Order In Polymers at $25.50 per copy. Check enclosed for $ Bill me. Postpaid in U.S. and Canada, plus 75 cents elsewhere. Name Address City___________________State Zip DSW 378458 July 31, 1978 C&EN 21 STLCOPCB4099817 Lipids as a Source of Flavor ACS Symposium Series No. 75 Michael K. Supran, Editor Thomas J. Upton, Inc. A symposium sponsored by the Flavor Sub-Division of the Division of Agricul tural and Food Chemistry ofthe American Chemical Society. - This volume presents a review of the cur rent state-of-the-art by some of the most eminent researchers in the field of lipid chemistry as it relates to the flavor of foods. These papers will be particularly useful to food scientists involved in all aspects of research and product development of food products, chemists, engineers, and manufacturers of lipid and lipid-containing food products. CONTENTS The Role Lipids Play in the Positive and Negative Flavors of Food: Jra Litman and Schelly Numrych Chemistry of Deep Fat Fried Flavor: Stephen S. Chang, Robert J. Peterson, and Chi-Tang Ho Volatiles from Frying Fats: A Comparative Study: W.W. Nawar, S.J. Bradtey, S.S. Lomanno, G.G. Richardson, and R.C. Whiteman Generation of Aroma Compounds by Photo Oxidation of Unsaturated Fatty Esters : Braja D. Mookherjee and Robert W. Trenkle Instrumental Analysis of Volatiles in Food Products: Harold P. Dupuy, Mona L. Brown, Michael G. Legendre, James I. Wadsworth, and Eric T. Rayner Chemical Changes Involved in the Oxidation of Lipids in Foods: D.A. Lillard Flavor Problems in the Usage of Soybean Oil and Meal: H.J. Dutton Flavors from Lipids by Microbiological Action: L. Wendell Haymon and James C. Acton 132 pages (1978) $16.50 clothbound LC 78-9739 ISBN 0-8412-0418-7 SIS/American Chemical Society 1155 16th St., N.W./Wash., D.C. 20036 Please send___ :copies of SS 75 Lipids as a Source of Flavor at $16.50 per copy. Check enclosed for $ Bill me. Postpaid in U.S. and Canada, plus 75 cents elsewhere. Name Address City State Zip 22 C&EN July 31,1978 Lead acetate(ll), trihydrate Lead, bis(acetato-o)tetrahydroxytri-8 Lead chromate(VI) oxide8 Lead naphthenate8 Lead(ll) phosphate(3:2)" Mannitol, 1,6-bis [(2-chloroethyl)amino]-1,6dldeoxy-, o- Mannitol, 1,6-bis[(2-chloroethyl)amino]-1,6dideoxy, D-, dihydrochloride Methane, diazo- Methanesulfonic acid, ethyl ester Methanesulfonic acid, methyl ester Methanol, (methyl-O/VN-azoxy)-, Methanol, (methyl-ON/V-azoxy)-,acetate (ester) 1.3.4- Metheno- 1H-cyclobuta[ cd] pentalene, 1,1a,2,2,3,3a,4,5,5,5a,5b,6-dodecachlorooctahydro-8 1.3.4- Metheno-2H-cyclobuta[cd]pentalen-2one, 1,1a,3,3a,4,5,5,5a,5b,6decachlorooctahydro-8 Morpholine, 4-nitroso- 2,7-Naphthalenedisulfonic acid, 3,3'-[(3,3'dimethyl-4,4'-biphenylene)-bis(azo)]bis(5amino-4-hydroxy-, tetrasodium salt8 2,7-Naphthalenedisulfonic acid, 3-hydroxy-4- [(2,4,5-trimethylphenyl)azo] -, disodium salt8 . 2,7-Naphthalenedisulfonic acid, 3-hydroxy-4(2,4-xylylazo)-, disodium salt8 2-Naphthol, 1-[(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)azo]-8 2-Naphthol, 1-(o-tolylazo)-8 1-Naphthylamine8 2- Naphthylamine8 Nickel8 Nickel(ll) acetate) 1:2) Nickel, bis(dibutyldithiocarbamato)-a Nickel carbonyl8 Nickelocene (Nickel compound with 7r-cyclopentadienyl (1:2)) Nickel(ll) oxide8 Nickel refinery dust8 Nickel sulfide(3:2f 19-nor-17a-Pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one, 17acetyloxy- 19-nor-17a-Pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one, 17hydroxy- 19-nor-17a-Pregn-5( 10)-en-20-yn-3-one, 17hydroxy-8 19-nor-17a-Pregn-5( 10)-en-20-yn-3-one, 17hydroxy- mixed with 3-methoxy-19-nor17a-pregna-1,3,5(10)-trien-20-yn-17-ol 19-nor-17 a-Pregna-1,3,5(10)-trien-20-y ne-3, 17 diol 17-a-19-Norpregna-1,3,5( 10)-trien-20-yn-17ol, 3-methoxy- 7-Oxabicyclo[4.1,0]heptane-3-carboxylic acid, 4-methyl-, (4-methyl-7oxabicyclo[4.1.0]hept-3-yl)methyl ester 1,2-Oxathiolane 2,2-dioxide 2H-1,3,2-Oxazaphosphorine, 2-[bis(2chloroethyljaminojtetrahydro-, 2-oxide 2-Oxetanone8 2-Oxetanone, 4-methyl- Pentylamine, W-methyl-N-nltrosoPhenol, 4,4'-(i,2-diethylethylene)di-, mesoPhosphine sulfide, tris(l-azlrldinyl)Plperidlne, 1-nltroso- Piperazine, 1,4-dinitrosoPolychlorinated biphenyl (Kanechlor 500) Polyethylene glycol monostearate8 Progesterone8 Propane, 1,2-dibromo-3-chloro-8 Pyridine, 2,6-diamino-3-(phenylazo)-, monohydrochloride8 Quinoline, 4-(hydroxyamlno>-, 1-oxide Quinoline, 4-(hydroxyamino)-, 1-oxide, monohydrochloride Quinoline, 4-nitro-, 1-oxide Retrorsine Sarcosine, N-nitrosoSerpentine8 Silicic acid, beryllium salt Spiro [benzofuran-2(3H), 1'-[ 2] cyclohexene] - 3,4'-dione, 7-chloro-2',4,6-trimethoxy-6'/3-methyl4-Stilbenamine, A/,W-dimethyl-, (E)- Stilbene, a,a'-diethyl-4,4'-dimethoxy- Stilbene, 4-nitro4,4'-Stilbenediol, a,a'-diethyl-8 4,4'-Sti!benediol, a.a'-diethyl-, dipropionate, (E>- Sulfide, bis(2-chloroethyl) Sulfonamide, 4-(ethylsulfonyl)-1 -naphthalene Sulfuric acid, dimethyl ester8 Sulfurous acid, 2-(p-fert-butylphenoxy)-1- methylethyl-2-chloroethyl ester8 Tannic acid8 Tannin Testosterone ' Testosterone, propionate Thiazole, 2-(2,2-dimethylhydrazino)-4-(5-nitro2-furanyl)- Thiazole, 2-hydrazino-4-(5-nitro-2-furanyl)- Thiazole, 2-hyrazino-4-(4-nitrophenyl)- Thioacetamide8 p-Toluamide, N-isopropyl-a-(2methylhydrazino)- p-Toluamide, N-isopropyl-a-(2methylhydrazino)-, monohydrochloride) o-Toluidinea 4-Toluidine, a-[(p-aminophenyl)-a-(4-imino- 2.5-cyclohexadien-1 -ylidene)] - 4-Toluidine, a-[(p-aminophenyl)-a-(4-imino2.5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene)]-, monohydrochloride8 Triazene, 3,3,-dimethyl-1-phenyl- s-Trianzine, 2,4,6-tris(1 -aziridinyl)- s-Triazole, 3-amino-8 Uracil, 5-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]Uracil, 6-methyl-2-thioUracil, 6-propyl-2-thio-a Uracil, 2-thio-8 Urea, 1-butyl-1-nitroso Urea, ethylnitrosoUrea, methylnitrosoUrea, thio- Vinylamine, N-ethyl-N-nitroso- 2,4-Xylidine, a(sup 4)-[(p-aminophenyl)-cWsup 4)-(4-imino-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene)]-, monohydrochloride8 a Identified by International Trade Commission as being pro duced commercially In U.S. DSW 378459 STLCOPCB4099818