Document 2j6G12MkrvO7eDm76x0bKkp26

160 CHAPTER 10 1962 Guide And Data Book Step 9. Design Panel Area Follow the procedure for slab-on-grade construction, 8tep 9. Step 10. Total Panel Output Follow the procedure for slab-on-grade construction, Step 10, substituting heat flow downward to) for the apportioned down ward and edgewise heat flow to.;- Step tt. Fluid Circuit Follow the procedure for slab-on-grade construction, Step 11. Step IS. Boiler Size Follow the procedure for slab-on-grade construction, Step 12. Installation Details and Accessories The doctgn of the two-pipe, direct return forced circulation system which is used in a panel heating system is described generally in Chapter 8, Hot Water Heating Systems. In addition to the usual valves, a balancing valve should be installed in the supply or return connection of each panel in order to permit the heat output of the panel to be HsiancpA with other panels in the same zone. While all piping should be designed to minimize trapping of air or water, few panel heating systems can be to be completely free of air traps. For that reason, panel heating systems cannot usually be filled by flooding nor drained by gravity alone. The system can be filled and the air removed if the system is flushed with a sufficient flow of water. To empty the system a flow of compressed gas-is used to assist gravity drainage of the water. Provisions for both flushing and blowing should be included in the piping. De vices for the collection and venting of the gases that will appear during operation should also be provided. Controls Automatic controls for panel beating differ somewhat from those described for convective heating because of the thermal inertia characteristics of the panel heating gnyfya and the increase in the mean radiant temperature within the space under increasing loads for panel heating. However, many of the control principles for hot water,heating systems described in Chapter 8 will also apply to panel beating. (See also Chapter 13 of the 196) Guide And Data Boos.) Panels such as concrete slabs have large beat storage capacity and continue to emit heat long after the room thermostat has shut off the supply of beating medium. In addition, there is a considerable time lag between thermostat demand and heat delivery to the space due to the large part of the heat which must first be stored in the thermally heavy radiant surface. This inertia will cause uncomfortable varia tions in space conditions unless controls for detecting load changes as early as posable are provided. In general, the temperature of the heating medium supplied to the panel surface should be varied in accordance with outdoor temperature but precautions must be taken to prevent the introduction of excessively hot water which might damage the panels in the event of control failure. A maniiaI boiler bypass or other means of reducing the water temperature may be necessary to prevent too rapid drying out of new panels (see section, Embedded Piping for Ceiling Panels, in this chapter). Due to the increase in MKT (mean radiant temperature) within a panel-heated space which necessarily takes place os the healing load increases, the air temperature under such conditions, theoretically, should be lowered in the order of \ or 2 degrees to maintain comfort In ordinary structures with normal infiltration loads the required reduction in air tem perature is small and, consequently, a conventional room thermostat may be used. In panel beating systems, lowered night temperatures will produce unsatisfactory results with heavy panels such a$ concrete floors. These panels cannot respond to either quick increase or decrease in heating demand within the relatively short time required, with the resuit that there will be a very slow reduction of space temperature at night and a cor respondingly slow pickup in the morning. Panels of light weight construction, such as plaster or metal ceilings and walls, may respond to changes in demand with sufficient rapidity to obtain moderately satisfactory results from lowered night temperatures. However, very Uttie fuel saving can be expected even with the light panels unless the lowered temperature is maintained for long periods. If reduced nonoccupancy temperatures are employed, some means of providing a higher-than-normal rate of heat input for rapid warm-up is necessary, or a long warmup period should be provided, as explained in Chapter 8. Warm Air Panels The first three steps in the design of warm air panels are the same as those outlined for warm water panels and the same performance curves can be used. The balance of the design can be determined from the data in the Chapter on Forced Warm Air Systems and Manual 7-A of the National Warm Air Heating and Air Conditioning Association. Electric Panels Electric panel beating systems can be designed by using part of the procedure for warm water panels as a guide. See nlym Chapter 11, Electric Heating. Step t. ffeal Lots Follow the procedure for warm water panels, 8tep L Step S. Required Panel Output Follow the procedure for warm water panels. Step 2. Step S. Panel Surface Temperature Follow the procedure for warm water panels. Step 3. Step 4- Panel Beat Lose Determine the heat loss from the panel, using the panel sur face temperature found in Step 3 and the factors in Chapter 9, Heat Transmission Coefficients of Building Materials. REFERENCES 1 Standard Specifications for Gypsum Plastering, Including Requirements for Lathing and Plastering (American Standards Association, A 42.1, 1946). * Manual 7A Design and Installation of Warm Air Ceiling Panel Systems (National Warm Air Heating and Air Condi tioning Association). * W. H. McAdams: Chapters 4 and 7 {Beat Transmission, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1954,3rd ed.). 4T. C. Min, L. F. Schutrum, G. V. Parmelee, and J. D. Vouris: ASHAE Research Repost No. 1576-- Natural con vection and radiation in a panel heated room (ASHAE Trans actions, Vol. 62,1956, p. 337). 1 Cyril Tasker, C. M. Humphreys, G. V. Parmelee, and L. F. Schutrum: ASHVE Research Report No. 1444--Tho ASHVE Environment Laboratory (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 58, 1952, p. 139). * L. F. Schutrum, G. V. Parmelee, hnd C. M. Humphreys: ASHVE Research Report No. 14.73---Heat exchanges in a ceiling panel heated room (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 59, 1953, p. 197). panel Heating i L F- Schutrum, G. V. Parmelee, and C. M. Humphreys: -iSHVE Research Report No. 1490--Heat exchanges in a foot pnnol heated room (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 59,1953, p. 495). L F- Schutrum and C. M- Humphreys'. ASHVE Research report No. 1499--Effects of non-uniformity and furmshinga on pfnfel beating performance (ASHVE Transactions, VoT ro, 1954, p. 121). ' * L. F- Schutrum and J. D. Vouris: ASHVE Research Re post No. 1516--Effects of room size and non-uniformity of nanel temperature on panel performance (ASHVE Trans actions, Vol. 60, 1954, p. 455). t* H. H. Macey: Heat loss through a solid floor {Institute of fuel Journal, 22-128, p. 369). u E. h. Sartain and W. S. Harris: Performance of covered hot water floor panels. Part I--Thermal characteristics (ASHAE Transactions, Vol. 62, 1956, p. 55). <* A Subcommittee of the TAC on Panel Heating and Cool ing, R. L. Maher, Chairman; W. P. Chapman: H. T. Gilkey: P. B. Gordon; E. F. Snyder; and J. M. Van Nieukerken; and by ASHAE Laboratory Staff Members, L- F. Schutrum and C. M. Humphreys: ASHAE Research Report No. 1600-- Thermal design of warm water concrete floor panels (ASHAE Transactions, Vol. 63, 1957, p. 239). 11 A Subcommittee of the TAC on Panel Heating and Cool ing, R- L. Maher, Chairman; W. P. Chapman; H. T. Gilkey: P. B. Gordon; E. F. Snyder; and J. M. Van Nieukerken; and by ASHAE Laboratory Staff Members, L. F. Schutrum, G. V. Parmelee, and C. M. Humphreys: ASHAE Research Report No. 1559---Thermal design of warm water ceiling panels (ASHAE Transactions, Vol. 62, 1956, p. 71). BIBLIOGRAPHY B. F. Raber and F. W. Hutchinson: Trend curves for esti mating performance of panel heating systems (ASHVE Trans actions, Vol. 48,1942, p. 425). B. F. Baber and F. W. Hutchinson: ASHVE Research Re port No. 1192--Panel beating and cooling performance studies (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 48, 1942, p. 35). F. C. Houghten, Carl Gutberlet, and E. C. Hach: ASHVE Research Report No. 1193--Radiation as a factor in the feel ing of warmth in convection radiator and panel heated rooms (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 48,1942, p. 55). B. F. Raber and F. W. Hutchinson: Pane! heating and cool ing, analysis (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 47, 1941, p. 285). E. J. Rodee: Operating results of a residence radiant wall heating system (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 47, 1941, p. 123). H. F. Randolph and J. B. Wallace: Performance of a resi dential panel heating system (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. Radiant beating (Healing and Ventilating, March 1941, p.35). F. E. Giesecke: Radiant heating and cooling (Heating, Pip ing and Air Conditioning, June, July, August, September and October 1940). T. N. Adlam: Calculaions for radiant heating (Heating and Ventilating, October 1931). C. O. Mackey, L. T. Wright, Jr., R. E- Clark, and N. R. Gay: Radiant Heating and Cooling (Cornell University, En gineering Experiment Station Bulletin No. 32, 1943). R- G. Vanderweil: Design method for panel heating systems using copper tubing (ASHVE Journal Section, Heating, Piping and Air Conditioning, November 1947, p. 123). J- M. Ayres and B. W. Levy: Air temperature gradients in * panel heated room (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 54, 1948, P-131). W. P. Chapman and R. E. Fischer: Graphical solution of radiant panel areas {Beating and Ventilating, January 1948, p. 88). D. L. Mills and L. J. LaTart: Embedding coils in radiant ""ting panels (Heating and Ventilating, December 1947, p. 75). . D. L.Mills and L. J. LaTart: Radiantbeat with copper tub* *ng {Heating and Ventilating, November 1947, p. 95). . D. L, Mills and L. J. LaTart: Panel heat with copper tubj&g~-experiment in practice (Heating and Ventilating, October 161 B. F. Raber and F. W. Hutchinson: Experimental stadies on panel heating tube spacing (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 53, 1947, p. 369). S. Koaxo: Panel besting--a basic discussion (American Artisan, October 1946, p. 68). John E. Peterson: Solar house heated by a warm air floor panel (American Artisan, December 1946, p. 83). A. B. Aigren: Design data for a warm air floor panel (Ameri can Artisan, January 1947, p. 141). C. 8. Leopold: The mechanism of heat transfer, panel cool ing, heat storage {Refrigerating Engineering, July 1947, p. 33). Radiant Heating--Simplified Design and Installation (Copper and Brass Research Association, 1949). C. M. Humphreys, H. B. Nottage, C. V. Franks, R. G. Huebscher, L. F. Schutrum, and D. W. Locklin: ASHVE Re search Report No. 2387--Laboratory studies on heat flow within a concrete panel (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 56, p. 175). L. E. Hulbert, H. B. Nottage, and C. V. Franks: ASHVE Research Report No. 1388--Heat flow analysis in panel heat ing or cooling sections (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 56, 1950, P* 189)- C. F. Kayan: Electric analogger studies on panels with im bedded tubes (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 56, 1950, p. 205). A. B. Aigren: ASHVE Research Report No. 1345--Ground temperature distribution with a floor panel heating system (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 54,1948, p. 321). F. W. Hutchinson,'D. L. Mills, and L. J. LaTart: Losses from a floor-type panel heating system (ASHVE Trans actions, Vol. 57, 1951, p. 37). C. M. Humphreys, C. V. Franks, and L. F. Schutrum: ASHVE Research Report No. 1418--Field studies of heat losses from concrete floor panels (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 67, 1951, p. 221). N. 8. Biliington: Losses from heated floors (Journal of the Institution of tleating and Ventilating Engineers, June 1953). E. L. Sartain and W. 8. Harris: Heat Sow characteristics of hot water floor panels (ASHAE Transactions, Vol. 60, 1954, p. 103). F. C. Houghten, S. I. Taimuty, Carl Gutberlet, and C. J. Brown: ASHVE Research Report No. 1213--Heat loss through basement walls and'floors (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 48, 1942, p. 369). R. 8. Dill, W. C. Robinson, and H. E. Robinson: Measure ments of Heat Lottesfrom Slab Floor (National Bureau of Standards, Building Materials and Structures Report BMS 103). H. A. Bareitber, A. N. Fleming, and B. E. Alberty: Tempera ture and beat loss characteristics of concrete floors laid on ground (American Artisan, March 1950). N. S. Biliington: Heat loss through solid ground floors (Journal of the Institution of Heating ana Ventilating Engineers, November 1951). J. R. Jamieson, R. W. Roose, and S. Koaso: Warm-air perim eter beating: Part HI--Heat losses from floor slab (ASHVE Transactions, Vol. 58, 1952, p. 217). M. Baker, J. M. O'Byrue, and A. M. Levy: Estimating the beat loss from slab floors and basements (Heating, Piping and Air Conditioning, November 1952). N. S. Biliington and E. W. Shaw: Experiments with inter mittently operated floor panels {Journal of the Institution of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, June 1952). N. S. Biliington: Heat loss through solid ground floors--II (Journal of the Institution of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, November 1952). .> H. R. Martin, P. R. Acheabach, and R. S. DM: Effect ofEdge Insulation Upon Temperature and Condensation on ConcreteSlab Floors (National Bureau of Standards, Building Materials and Structures Report No. 138, October 1953). Aydin Umur, G. V. Parmelee, and L. F. Schutrum: ASHAE Research Report No. 1528--Measurement of angular emiagivity (ASHAE Transactions, Vol. 61, 1955, p. 111). C. M. Humphreys, C. V. Franks, and L. F. Schutrum: ASHVE Research Report No. 1426--Laboratory studies of the thermal characteristics of plaster panels (ASHVE Trans actions, Vol. 57, 1951, p. 363). L. F. Schutrum and C- M. Humphreys: ASHVE Research